미셸 판데르아(Michel van der Aa, 1970-)의 오페라 ≪기억의 재구성≫(Blank Out, 2015-2016) 은 디지털 테크놀로지로 다변화되는 21세기 동시대 오페라를 이해할 수 있는 중요한 단초를 제공 한다. 2016년 초연된 이 작품에서는 가족의 익사를 목격한 주인공의 트라우마를 집요하게 추적하 면서 무의식에 침투한 상실의 감정을 정교한 테크놀로지로 구현하는 시도가 나타난다. 그러나 이 작품에서 주목할 점은 결코 관객의 시각을 현혹하는 화려한 기술이 아니다. 오히려 이 작품은 첨 단의 테크놀로지를 매개로 가족을 잃은 등장인물의 심리적 외상을 심층적으로 표현하고 있다. 본고에서는 오페라 ≪기억의 재구성≫에서 동시대의 진보된 테크놀로지를 활용하여 ‘트라우마 와 기억’이라는 주제를 재현하는 독특한 내러티브 구조와 연출방식에 주목한다. 본 연구는 인물의 복잡한 심리에 탐닉하는 판데르아의 작품세계와 더불어 기술의 확산에 따라 동시대 공연예술 및 오페라에 나타난 변화를 짚어보는 것으로 출발한다. 이후 주인공이 겪는 트라우마 심리에 조응하 는 순환적 구성을 조명하고, 무대와 스크린을 활용하여 실재와 가상, 기억과 현실, 영화와 오페라 의 경계를 가로지르며 작품의 모티브를 형상화하는 연출 방식을 분석한다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 다양한 미디어를 활용하면서도 기술에 함몰되지 않고 전통 오페라에서 표현하기 어려웠던 심리적 주제를 구현해내는 동시대 오페라의 극적인 상상력을 탐색해본다.

1991년 작품 Seeing Things를 『사물보기』 혹은 『환영보기』로, 1995년 노벨문학상 직후의 작품인 The Spirit Level을 『기포 수준기』 혹은 『영혼 측정』으로 변역할 수 있는 이유는 작가가 물질세계로부터 영혼세계로의 건너가기를 시도하고 있기 때문이다. 그런데 작가의 이 같은 시도는 부모님의 죽음이 가장 큰 동기였다고 생각한다. 작가는 그에게 영향을 끼친 부모와 지인들의 추억을 그들이 남긴 유품이나 업적과 함께 불멸의 유골 단지인 자신의 시에 보존시키려 한다. 아울러 『영혼 측정』의 많은 시들이 애가나 소네트 그리고 패스티쉬 형식의 헌정 시로 쓰인 점은 필자로 하여금 시인이 다가오 는 자신의 죽음을 준비하고 있다는 생각을 갖게 한다. 이 논문의 목적은 위의 추론을 이 시집 전체의 시를 읽어 증명할 뿐 아니라 수수께끼 같이 어려운 후기 시에 우리 말 번역과 해설을 시도하는 것이다.

이 논문은 사진가들과 미술가들이 매향리를 기억하고 상징화하기 위해 어떠한 작업을 했는지 살펴보고자 한다. 매향리는 1950년 한국전쟁 이후부터 50여 년간 미공군이 작은 해안 시골마을 옆의 섬을 표적삼아 폭탄 투하 연습을 했던 곳이다. 1980년대 민주화운동 이후 촉발된 사회참 여와 미국의 폭력성에 저항하고자 했던 작가들은 매향리 주민들의 고통을 대변하여 비판적인 목소리를 냈다. 작가들은 권력의 주류 담론에 대한 저항 의식과 자주화, 민주화에 대한 열망이 폭발 적으로 터져 나오면서 매향리 주민들과 그들의 메시지를 예술로써 사회에 전달할 것을 촉구했다. 1990년대부터 쿠니사격장의 폐쇄 전까지 임옥상은 매향리에 떨어진 포탄 잔해물을 모아 미국을 풍자하는 조형물을 설치했으며, 노순택은 제도적 폭력과 분단 상황을 리얼리즘 사진으로 포착했 다. 이후 2018년 탈북화가 선무는 《반갑습니다》를 개최하여 남북의 화해와 평화를 염원하는 차원에서 남북미 세 지도자의 초상화를 매향리에 설치했다. 이러한 미술가들의 작업은 한국전쟁 이후 이데올로기적 갈등과 한국사회의 모순을 지적함으로써 한반도의 평화라는 의미가 무엇인지 되묻는다.

What is the value, impact and meaning of Jeju 4·3 survivors giving their oral histories and witness testimonies in public venues? These community forums and international conferences are opportunities for Jeju 4·3 survivors to bear witness to previously untold lived experiences and memories during the seven-year bloodbath, known as the Jeju 4·3 Events. Many narratives and stories are revelations of closeted memories, hidden traumas, and unreconciled historical pasts. The audience-listeners who can empathize and identify with speakers’ depictions in bearing witness to the inhuman can become co-witness bearers and coowners of the trauma experiences. Audience-listeners can join the witness-speaker as a fellow traveler in the difficult journey into witnessing, and as a comrade in the struggle to transcend persistent traumas, and society’s ongoing domination and dehumanization.

Cultural tourism has always been recognized as the heart of the new tourism trend, and Chinese culture has received increasing attention worldwide. Cultural tourism to China delivers the values of traditional Chinese culture and provides a satisfying authentic experience for tourists. Experience is an emotional reflection of tourists’ true feelings and evaluations during the tourism process and encompasses more than the delivery of a physical product or service. Experience involves creating unique memories of destinations and is inimitable of the individual sensitivity for special events. While these creative experiences have received increasing attention from marketing scholars and various industry practitioners in general product domains, the creative experience factors of tourism systems remain unexplored. Furthermore, although the matter of experience affects tourists’ behaviors and attitudes, little is known regarding how Chinese culture affects tourists’ creative experiences, destination attachments and memories. The effects of cultural contacts and creative experiences on destination attachment and roles of satisfaction and attitudes should be considered with respect to the development of cultural and creative tourism. This study proposes cultural contact as an important enabler of destination attachment. Moreover, we examine both how and when culture contacts enhance tourists’ destination attachments by considering two critical attributes as mediators, including creative experience (i.e., Escape and Recognition, Unique Involvement, Interactivity, Peace of Mind and Learning) and cultural memories. We also considered two elements of tourists’ behaviors (satisfaction and attitude) as important contingencies. We test and integrate our concepts of a moderated mediation framework using the cultural and creative tourism from a sample of 651 tourists. We discuss how our empirical results extend Chinese culture, creative experience, and destination attachment research and provide the study’s theoretical and managerial implications.

Nostalgia refers to the sentimental longing for the valued past (Sedikides, Wildschut, & Baden, 2004). It is considered a bittersweet emotion, involving both wistful joy and sadness (Sedikides et al., 2004). Nostalgia is also a social emotion. Nostalgic memories typically center on social activities involving the self and close others (Wildschut et al., 2010). Prior research has mainly focused on the social and emotional nature of nostalgic narratives, and researchers have only recently started to investigate the motivations triggered by the process of recalling nostalgic narratives. For example, recalling a nostalgic event can heighten people’s motivation to savor such an experience and prolong it (Huang, Huang, & Wyer, 2016). In the current research, we posit that thinking about nostalgic events can trigger another motivation, namely, a desire to revive the past. Whenever people experience nostalgic feelings, they are likely to perceive differences between the present and their memorable past and desire to go back in time (Hepper et al., 2012; Sedikides et al., 2004). This motivation, once activated, can lead people to take actions to change their current state in the hope of reviving the past (Koole & Jostmann, 2004; Kuhl, 1985). This tendency of taking actions to make changes may generalize to subsequent unrelated situations (Kruglanski et al., 2002), and consequently increase consumer switching behavior (Jiang, Zhan, & Rucker, 2014). These predictions were tested across five studies in various consumption contexts. Our findings contribute to consumer research in two important ways, (a) by demonstrating a novel motivational impact of nostalgia on consumer behavior, and (b) by delineating a systematic influence of an unexplored but pervasive emotional factor— nostalgia—on consumer switching behavior. This research also offers practical implications. Conventional wisdom suggests that nostalgia can make consumers prefer products reminiscent of the “old days”. Our findings show that nostalgia can have broader implications for consumer choices and marketers may use it to manage consumer switching behavior.

상상이 “놓친 여인”에게 가장 잘 머무를 것이라는 예이츠의 내적 탐색은 그의 연시의 지향점과 밀접한 연관성이 있다. “놓친 여인” 모드 곤은 역설적으로 불변하는 주제인 사랑의 완전한 스펙트럼을 제공한다. 시인에게 사랑의 번민과 고뇌를 안겨준 그녀는 그의 작품에서 다채로운 이미지로 등장하며 대부분의 연시에 영감을 준다. 예이츠의 후기 연시에 그려진 연인의 모습은 초기의 정서적 좌절과 정신적 고통을 극복하고 새롭게 승화시킨 기억속의 놓친 여인이다. 예이츠는 이루지 못한 사랑의 기억을 상상으로 승화시켜 시화한 것이다. 문학으로 승화된 이 여성은 그의 시에서 언제나 살아 숨 쉴 것이다.

Tet1 is well known initiatior of DNA demethylation by converting 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in CpG-rich regions of the brain. There have been studies using Tet1-KO mice about adult neurogenesis, cognition and memory extinction, it is still unclear whether Tet1 overexpression is beneficial for CNS networks. Thus in this study, Tet1 overexpression TG mice were developed and behavioral phenotypes were analyzed with related gene studies. Most of all, they showed anxiety-like behaviors and improved memories with increased immature neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Hence, they showed increased immediate-early gene levels (c-Fos, Arc, Egr-1, and BDNF), activation of intracellular calcium signaling (CamKII, ERK, and CREB) and changes in the expression of GABA receptor subunits (GABRA2, and GABRA4) in several brain regions. By overexpressing Tet1 in NB41A3 cells, effect of Tet1 overexpression on intracellular calcium levels with higher Egr-1 promoter activity was evaluated. These findings suggests Tet1 overexpression affects excitatory synaptic networks via activating NMDAR-dependent calcium signaling which leads to dysregulation of inhibitory synaptic networks. Also, it implies chronic and excessive activation of intraneuronal calcium signaling by Tet1 leads to behavioral differences in mice. Additionally, it suggests Tet1 overexpression in the PFC, hippocampus, and amygdala contributes as both beneficial and harmful for neural networks in differing aspects.

최근 중국 대륙 문학에 비해 상대적으로 비주류 문학이자 소수자 문학으로 인식되어왔던 홍콩이나 대만문학, 또는 전 세계에 흩어져 있는 화인(華人)들의 화문문학(華文文學)에 대한 연구가 점차적으로 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 이에 필자는 홍콩작가 예쓰(也斯)의 작품을 통해 과거 식민지 홍콩에 대한 기억과 흔적들이 어떻게 표현되고 있는지 살펴보았다. 특히 1970년 대 홍콩 정부가 시행한 사회개혁안 중 도시개혁으로 인해 사라져버린 특정 장소나 건물에 대 한 개인의 기억과 생각들이 작품 속에서 어떻게 나타나고 있는지 살펴보았다. 이를 통해 필 자는 식민지 홍콩이 중국 대륙의 정치, 사회, 문화와는 상당히 다른 자신만의 독자성과 로컬 적 특징을 어떤 식민지 역사적 과정을 통해 형성시켜왔는지 개인의 기억을 통해 살펴봄으로 써, 동시에 홍콩 문학 역시 그만의 독자성을 가지고 있음을 살펴보고자 하였다. 홍콩은 서로 다른 문화가 섞여서 만들어진 곳이다. 하지만 서로 다른 문화가 단순히 혼재되어 있는 것이 아니라 둘 이상의 서로 다른 문화가 섞여서 제3의 새로운 성질을 지닌 어떤 곳으로 재탄생한 것으로 볼 수 있었다. 그리고 그것이 예쓰가 그의 작품을 통해서 말하고자 하는 홍콩이다.

This study mainly treats a new type of the bracing friction damper system, which is able to minimize structural damage under earthquake loads. The slotted bolt holes are placed on the shear faying surfaces with an intention to dissipate considerable amount of friction energy. The superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) wire strands are installed crossly between two plates for the purpose of enhancing recentering force that are able to reduce permanent deformation occurring at the friction damper system. The smart recentering friction damper system proposed in this study can be expected to reduce repair cost as compared to the conventional damper system because the proposed system mitigates the inter-story drift of the entire frame structure. The response mechanism of the proposed damper system is firstly investigated in this study, and then numerical analyses are performed on the component spring models calibrated to the experimental results. Based on the numerical analysis results, the seismic performance of the recentering friction damper system with respect to recentering capability and energy dissipation are investigated before suggesting optimal design methodology. Finally, nonlinear dynamic analyses are conducted by using the frame models designed with the proposed damper systems so as to verify superior performance to the existing damper systems.

본 연구에서는 남성과 여성에 있어서 정서적 자극에 대한 기억이 다른지를 알아보고자 하였다. 또한 제시되는 자극의 기억을 측정할 것이라는 기억지시문을 주고, 또한 자극제시 후 곧바로 자유회상의 방법으로 기억을 측정함으로써 정서적 자극으로 유발된 정서의 표현을 조절할 필요성을 가능한 최소화시켰다. 그리고 남성과 여성의 정서적 자극과 중성적 자극에 대한 기억을 측정함으로써 선행사건초점 정서조절 과정에 의해 남성들의 정서적 자극에 대한 기억이 손상됨을 밝히고자 하였다. 전체적으로 여성들이 남성들보다 제시된 자극에 대하여 더 많이 기억하고 있었으며, 특히 중성적 자극보다 정서적 자극에 대해 남성들보다 더 많은 내용을 회상하였다. 회상내용을 중심적 요소에 대한 기억과 지엽적 요소에 대한 기억으로 나누어 남녀 차이를 분석해본 결과, 여성들은 정서적 자극의 중심적 요소에 대하여 중성적 자극보다 더 많이 기억하였으나 남성들은 정서적 자극과 중성적 자극에 대한 중심적 요소에 대한 기억차이가 나타나지 않았다.

A study on the traditional houses of North Korea(I) have been published in 1996. This paper is written to supplement the preceding paper. This paper aims at collecting new data of traditional house in North Korea. But still being prohibited for the researchers of South Korea to approach to the field, I had to depend on the memories and experiences of the immigrants from North Korea who are now living in Kangwon and Incheon Province. Through the questionnaire and drawings, they described vivid memory of their old houses. I was able to add new data of 70 cases, which are significant and valuable as much as those of the real field are. Those data, including the exisiting data, are enough for me to analize statstically the regional charateristics, the differnces among economical classes, and the periodical change. It opens the way for verfying the existing theory. Regional charateristics of house in North Korea can be described as followings: a. Hamkyong-do ; Concentrating spaces into one building, Double-fold type plan, Including 'cheongju-kan' space, Weak fences b. Pyongan-do ; Concentrating spaces into two buildings, 二 shape buildings , Single-fold type plan, Strong fence c. Pyongannam-do to Myolak mountains; Concentraing spaces into two buildings, ㄱ, ㄷ shape buildings, Single-fold type plan, Strong fence d. Southern area of Myolak mountains; Concentrating spaces into one building ㅁ shape building, Single-fold type plan with wooden floor space

Architectural researches on the traditional houses of Korea have been studied mainly based on the data collected in the field survey. From explosively incresed real mesurements and drawings in the field, plenty of data have been collected. Those have been the basic data for verifing and developing the theories on the traditional house. But after Korean war the researchers in South-Korea were not able to approach to the field in North Korea, so the new data of North Korea were not added any more. The poverty of real data have caused regional unbalance in the researches. This paper aims at collecting new data of traditional house in North Korea. But still being prohibited for the researchers of South Korea to approach to the field, I had to depend on the memories and experiences of the immigrants from North Korea who are now living in Kyon-Nam and Pusan Province. Through the questionnaire and drawings, they described vivid memory of their old houses. I was able to collect the data of 71 cases, which are significant and valuable as much as those of the real field are. The data include the address and site condition, family structure, economic condition, construction period of each house, The drawings by themselves show the building forms and plans, the plans of each building, and the included spaces. Although the quantity of those data is not enough for statistical analysis, it shows general tendency for analizing regional charateristics, the differnces among economical classes, and the periodical change. It opens the way for verfying the existing theory. Analizing the data, I have some conclusions as followings: a. Most of researchers have classified the dominant housing type of Hamkyong-Do as 'the double fold' type. In this study, all cases of Hamkyongbuk-do also show 'the double fold plan with Chongju-kan'. But in Hamkyongnam-do some cases show 'the double fold plan without Chongju-kan, or projecting the stable into the yard, which seem to be different type from 'the double fold plan with Chongju-kan' b. Existing theories classified the dominant housing type of Pyongahn-do as 'two buildings with pararell arrangement'. This classification is verified with the plentiful cases in this study. Futhermore, I found new tendency, that is, getting higher econnomic condition, they construct annex buildings between the main buildings. Finally their houses show 'scattered ㅁ shape'. The houses included in this two types has narrow and closed inner yard, which is different from the houses of the same shape in the south region of Korea. c. Existing theories classified the dominant housing type of Hwanghae-do as 'ㅁ sape with Daechong' type. I found many cases of 'ㅁ shape', but only two cases show 'Daechong'. 'The doble fold' type was also founded. Unfortunately very few cases were sent from Hwanghae-do, it is not enough for finding general tendency.

This paper, first of all, re-reads the memory of the 1937 deportation endured by the Koryŏin in Kazakhstan from the aspect of it being a traumatic memory. The aim is to see how the memory of deportation constructs into traumatic memory that is repeatedly summoned to the present rather than just remain in the past. In this paper, the deportation is seen as an incident that drove the Koryŏin out to the world of dehumanization where human vulnerabilities become revealed and forced them to live in constant innate fear afterwards. However, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the late 1980’s, Koryŏin, rather than forget their past history of deportation, forged their own collective memory and is performing the act of remaining in mourning. I argue that, through such process, the remembering can act as a call for universal human rights to be guaranteed for all ethnic groups in Kazakhstan, against the backdrop of Kazakh-centralism becoming more entrenched.