The purpose of this study was to assess the peak plantar pressure distribution under foot areas according to the height of heel lifts in obese adults and non-obese adults during walking. Thirty-one participants volunteered for this experiment. The average body mass index (BMI) value of the fourteen subjects in the obese group was 26.5±1.4 ㎏/㎡ (from 25.1 to 29.3 ㎏/㎡), and of seventeen subjects in the non-obese group was 20.0±1.1 ㎏/㎡ (from 18.7 to 22.7 ㎏/㎡). The subject ambulated while walking in the sneakers, walking with 2 cm heel lifts, and walking with 4 cm heel lifts in the shoes. We measured the peak plantar pressure under the hallux, 1st, 2nd, 3~4th, and 5th metatarsal head (MTH), mi foot, and heel using F-scan system. The obese group had significantly higher peak plantar pressure under all foot areas than the non-obese group regardless of the height of heel lifts (p<.05). The peak plantar pressure under the 5th MTH and heel was significantly decreased, also the peak plantar pressure under hallux, 1st, and 2nd MTH was significantly increased according to the height of heel lifts in the obese group and non-obese group (p<.05), We proposed that individuals with heel lifts in shoes should be careful, as there is high plantar pressure under the forefoot.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of high-heeled shoes on walking of obese women as it was already proven an extrinsic factor of knee osteoarthritis in women with normal weight. In this study the aimed therefore in particular was to utilize high-heeled shoes in proving it's causal influence on knee osteoarthritis by measuring the angle and torque of the knee joint. Fifteen obese women (BMI>25 ) were measured in their twenties. Each angle and torque of their knee joints during walking on 6.5 cm high-heeled shoes and with a bare feet, were compared with each other and analyzed with a 3D motion analysis system. There was no significant difference in walking speed, cadence and stride length between the two conditions. However, there was a significant increase in a double limb support time and the stance phase when walking on high-heeled shoes as when walking with bare feet. The peak knee flexion angle and peak knee varus torque was higher when walking on high-heeled shoes than with bare feet. On the contrary, the peak knee flexion angle in the swing phase was not statistically different. The prolongation of peak knee varus torque was also proven. There was a significant increase in peak knee varus torque in the initial and last stance phases during walking on high-heeled shoes as compared to walking on bare feet. Through the above results, it was proven that when obese women walked on high-heeled shoes, rather than with bare feet, peak knee flexor and varus torque increased along with the changes of the in knee joint angle. Therefore, the influence of high-heeled shoes might be a significant intrinsic factor in knee osteoarthritis of obese women.

This study was carried out to find out differences about meal conditions and food preference between non-obese and obese elementary school children. Ten children(non-obese 5 and obese 5) from each of the nationwide 192 schools were surveyed by self-developed questionnaire. Total of 1,767 questionnaires(815 from non-obese and 952 from obese children) were collected and data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 program. The results of the comparative analysis were summarized as follows. There was not significantly different in height between non-obese group(151.0±12.5cm) and obese group(151.2±12.3cm). But BMI was significant difference between non-obese group(18.0±2.2cm) and obese group(27.3±3.2cm). Economical status was not significantly different between 2 groups. But educational level of parents and mother’ job were significant differences between 2 groups. Only 2/3 of the subjects reported to have breakfast at regular basas, regularity of having breakfast was not significantly different between 2 groups. Also regularity of having lunch during vacation was not significantly different between 2 groups. But Reasons of skipping breakfast and lunch were significantly different between 2 groups. Regularity of having dinner, reasons of skipping dinner, intake amount in dinner, and frequency of having snacks were significantly different between 2 groups. But the time required for lunch and dinner were under 20 minutes of 60-80% of the subjects, and were not significantly different between 2 groups. Non-obese group have liked fast foods, fruits & juices, sweets, and cakes & cookies than obese group. Obese group have liked meat & meat products and ramyeon, but they have not eaten those foods frequently because of anxiety about being more fatty. These findings suggested that nutrition education programs include different strategy according to obesity and obese prevention program is needed for non-obese school children.

This study was carried out to compare UCP2 polymorphism, dietary habits, and obesity index in normal and obese university students. The survey was carried out using self-questionnaires collected from the 126 normal and 60 obese university students. The results are summarized as follows. Breakfast was skipped in 43.7% of normal and 49.3% of obesity students and it appeared obese students eat faster than normal students. The percentage of weight control experience were 49.2 and 71.0 in the normal and obese students, respectively. Blood levels of lipid profiles(triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol), hemoglobin, AST and ALT were anaylzed. In UCP2 genes, the frequency of deletion homozygote(DD) was 71.5%, heterozygote(DI) was 26.9% and insertion homozygote(II) was 1.6%. Plasma levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol of normal students were 79.06, 172.25, 100.86 and 57.03 mg/dl, and those of obese students were 93.06, 173.22, 101.22 and 54.39 mg/dl, respectively. Blood parameters were in normal range in both group. Plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels of obese students were higher than those of normal students. On the other hand, plasma HDL cholesterol levels of obese students were lower than those of normal students. Plasma levels of AST and ALT were in normal range in both group. However, AST and ALT levels of obese students were higher than that of normal students. Thus, it was recommended for them to have a nutritional education program to improve their dietary and living habits for obese students’health. Nutritional education program should also be organized practically and systematically.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of eating habits and control of overeating of obese children on the body weight control program. The program included nutritional education, psychotherapy and physical exercise on weekly session for 9 months. The results of this study were as follows. Participants of the study involved 30 obese children attending elementary school. The average age of the children was 11.78 years, mean height and weight were 146.22cm and 50.61kg. The average BMI and body fat contents were 24.06 and 30.49% respectively and WHR of the children was 0.87. There was a significant difference between boys and girls' BMI(25.18, 23.31, p<0.01). As a result of the eating habits test, 50% of the subjects showed low level of regularity of diet, and 76.7% of the subjects showed high level of balanced diet score. Large portion(83.3%) of the subjects had high level of healthy behavior score. WHR of girls significantly decreased from 0.86 to 0.82(p<0.01) after the body weight control program. There were no significant differences in serum components of the obese children after the program. When regarding the score of eating habits in relation to obesity indices, the WHR significantly decreased(p<0.05) in a group of children with high eating habits score. Also in the group of overeating controls, significantly decreased WHR(p<0.05). In the results of correlation analysis, body weight was positively correlated with BMI(r=0.624), the level of total cholesterol(r=0.5109) and HDL cholesterol(r=0.5088). The score of healthy behavior was positively correlated with height(r=0.5286) and negatively correlated with the level of LDL cholesterol(r=0.3555) and WHR(r=0.4028) These results suggest that the body weight control program must be considerate of the different groups of children with different scores in the eating habits and overeating controls test.

평균 연령 10.8세인 비만 아동 17명을 대상으로 12주간 영양교육을 중심으로 한 체중조절 프로그램을 실시한 결과 비만도와 BMI에서는 유의적인 변화를 보이지 않았으나 허리둘레 및 엉덩이 둘레가 유의적으로 감소하였고, HDL-콜레스테롤이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 지방 조직 분비 호르몬-resistin, adiponectin, leptin의 수준은 체중조절 프로그램 실시전과 후에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. Resistin과 leptin의 변화량은 BMI 변화량과 양의 관계를, adiponect의 변화량은 음의 관계를 나타내 체위와의 상관성을 보여주었으나 본 연구만으로 이들 호르몬들과 체위변화와의 상관성을 규명하기에는 부족했다. 또한 체중조절 프로그램 후 열량 외에 무기질과 비타민 등 대부분의 영양소 섭취가 감소하여 체중조절 프로그램을 진행할 때 열량섭취는 줄이면서 미량 영양소의 섭취는 유지할 수 있게 올바른 식품을 선택할 수 있도록 하는 교육이 강화되어야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 비교적 단기간의 체중조절프로그램의 효과를 살펴본 것으로서, 본 연구결과를 토대로 앞으로 영양교육의 내용을 수정하고, 체조성 변화에 대한 연구를 강화하며 좀 더 장기적인 체중조절 프로그램을 수행한다면 아동 비만 치료에 더 좋은 효과를 낼 수 있을 것이라 사료된다. 또한 비만과 체지방분비호르몬의 상관성에 대한 후속연구도 필요한 것으로 본다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of food habits and anxiety level of obese children on body weight control program. The body weight control program included nutrition education, psychotherapy and exercise for weekly session during 9 months. The results from this study were as follows. A total of 27 obese children(boys 44.4%, girls 55.6%) participated in this study. The average age of children was 11.7 years, average height and weight were 141.7cm and 48.1kg respectively. Rohrer index(RI) of children was significantly decreased from 167 to 163(p〈0.001) and BMI was significantly decreased from 24.5 to 23.9 (p〈0.01) after body weight control program. This study also found obesity index(OI) was significantly decreased from 133% to 128%(p〈0.01) of 18 children after program. There was not significant difference in food habits score but frequency of overeating, and eating frequency of meats were significantly decreased(p〈0.05) after body weight control program. Also depression score significantly decreased after body weight control program(p〈0.001) and there was significant negative correlation(r=-0.552) between food habits and anxiety level. The factors analysis of anxiety items indicated that children had feelings more calm and sate after program(p〈0.05). Therefore continuous and practical nutritional education and psychotherapy to change food habits and anxiety level are necessary to decrease child obesity. These results suggest that body weight control program including nutrition education, exercise and psychotherapy may be effective physiological and psychological body health of obese children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of obesity and depression level of obese children on body weight control program. The body weight control program included nutrition education, psychotherapy and exercise for weekly session during 9 months. The results from this study were as follows. A total of 27 obese children participated in this study. The average age of children was 11.7 years, 70% of children had regular exercise. Average exercise time was 1.2 hours and watching television time was 1.8 hours. Children's serum composition were within normal ranges. Rohrer index(RI) was significantly decreased to 163 from 167(p<0.001) and BMI was significantly decreased to 23.9 from 24.5(p<0.01) after body weight control program. There was not significant difference in depression score after body weight control program and there was not significant correlation between obesity and depression level. The response tendency of depression items indicated obese children had negative depression feelings and couldn't have hopeful mind to the future. But there were significant increase(p<0.05) in depression and hopeful mind in factor analysis. The suggestion and limitations of this study were discussed. These results suggest that body weight control program including nutrition education, exercise and psychotherapy may be effective for helping obese children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of parent's nutritional education for body weight control of obese children. The weight control program include nutritional education, exercise and behavioral therapy during 20 weeks. Twenty- three children completed this program, the children were divided into two groups by control group and parent's nutritional education group. Parents volunteered to participate in a 4 week nutritional education program for parents and contact the therapist at least once per week to help their obese children. The results from this study were as follows. There were not significant differences in anthropometric values after weight control program between two groups. Triglyceride(TG) level in serum was decreased after weight control program in group of parent's nutritional education, but there was not significant difference. Parent's nutritional education did not add improvements in weight and fitness, but the children of parent's nutritional education group showed increased general self-worth upon completing the program(p<0.05) whereas the other children of control group did not. Also there were desirable changes of exercise and life habits in group of parent's nutritional education group.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of body weight control program for obese children. The program included nutrition education, exercise and behavioral therapy for 20 weekly sessions. The results from this study were as follows. The average age of the subjects was 11.3 years, mean height and weight were 146.12cm and 59.42kg respectively. After weight control preogram, Rohrer index(Rl) was significantly decreased from 186.78 to 182.72(p<0.001). There were not significant differences in body fat percent(%) and fat weight(kg) but it showed decreased pattern. In the change of body circumferences, chest circumference was significantly increased(p<0.01) and mid-arm circumference was significantly decreased(p<0.001) after weight control program. Triglyceride(TG) level in serum was significantly decreased from 113.79 to 80.36(p<0.01) and total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol level showed declind pattern. The food habits of obese children significantly improved(p<0.001) after weight control prgram. And there were desirable changes of food attitude, excercise and life habits. These results suggest that weight control program including nutrition education, exercise and behavioral therapy may be effective for helping obese children.

The survey was conducted in July first to 15th, among 463 elementary school students, 4th grade to 6th grade in Chonj. The subjects were 252 male and 211 female students. The mean age of the subjects was 9.8 year The percent of relative body weight of the subjects compared to Korean standard was 100.1%, it almost matched to Korean standard. The percent of relative body weight in male students was 100.4%, where as the female's was 99.7%. Thirty six percent of the subjects have breakfast irregularly. The reason skipping breakfast were 'no appetite' 50.5%, 'get up late' 35.8%,' no delicious food' 18.2%. The reason skipping breakfast was significantly different by sex and obese index. The frequency taking snack was significantly different by sex, 34.6% of female subjects took snack more than twice per day, while 16.7% of male subjects did it. The most frequently taking snack were fruits, the points was 4.0 of 5.0. Ramyun, Sundai were taking more frequently among males than females. Females took fruits more frequently than males. Hot dog, ice cream ,and chocolate intakes were significantly different by obese index. The most preference of snack were fruits and ice cream in all subjects. The preference of ramyun, hamburger, egg, chicken, dried squid, milk, peanut, and soft drink were higher in males than in females. Biscuit, ice cream, and chocolate preference were significantly different in obese index.

This study was conducted to find the effect of in-class nutrition education and exercise program for obese adolescent boys in Taegu with the nutrition knowledge test before and after education program and anthropometric measurement. The subjects were consisted of a normal group (NG; n= 13) and an obese group (n=30). The obese group is divided into two groups; obese group A (OG-A; n=12), participated in a ten-week nutrition education only; and obese group B (OG-B; n=28), participated in a ten-week nutrition education and exercise program. The anthropometric data of the three groups were increased after the nutrition education program. However the obesity index(BMI, R hrer, WHR, Skinfold thickness) of OG-B were significantly decreased after the programs. The nutrition intake data were also changed after the nutrition education program. Especially the intake of carbohydrate was significantly decreased in OG-B from 421.5±155.9g to 349.0±41.0g (p〈0.05) after the nutrition education program. It was noted that the intake of Ca was significantly decreased in all three groups after the nutrition education program. The mean score of the nutrition knowledge test also significantly increased from 13.7±3.1 to 17.8±3.0 after the nutrition education program. The result strongly suggested that nutrition education program should be successful if the obese adolescents and their parents especially mothers participated in the same class. In summary, nutrition education and exercise programs were effective on reducing obesity of obese adolescents. Nutrition knowledge of obese adolescent was significantly increased after nutrition education program.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the biomechanical variables of the walking patterns of the obese children compared with those of normal children would revealing significant differences. Normal(N=25) and obese(N=19) subjects were screened based on a health record which was examined to eliminate any subjects who had any pathological condition related to their gait. Data for a minimum of 5 repeated walking trials were collected using a stop watch and a tape measure. Basic kinematic analyses yielded data based on the following variables : stride length divided by leg length, and cadence divided by leg length. This measurement data was classified by the Obesity Index calculated from by height, weight data. Results showed no significant difference among normal, obese and subjects(p>.05). Difficulties in formulating the experimental condition and poor equipment quality are thought to be reason for the inconclusive results. Future studies might include medical complications such as tibia vara, genu valgum, other diseases caused by obesity.

본 연구는 고지방 식이로 유발된 내당능 장애 모델의 학습 및 기억력 장애에 대한 스피룰리나 섭취의 개선 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 당부하 검사(IPGTT)를 통하여 고지방식이를 통한 내당능 장애가 유발되었음을 확인하였고, SP는 HFD 대비 약 20%의 당 내성 개선효과를 나타내는 것으로 나타났다. 고지방 식이로 인지 기능 손상을 유발시킨 동물모델의 Y-maze 및 Morris water maze 시험을 진행한 결과는 SP에서 CND 대비 학습 및 장·단기기억력 장애가 유의한 수준으로 개선됨을 확인하였다. 실험동물의 혈청분석 결과는 스피룰리나 섭취가 일반식이로 전환한 것과 비교하였을 때, HFD 대비 LDLC 감소 및 HTR(HDLC의 비율) 증가를 통한 혈중 콜레스테롤 개선에 효과를 나타냈다. 적출된 뇌와 간 조직을 대상으로 SOD 활성, oxidized GSH 함량 및 MDA 함량을 측정한 결과 스피룰리나 섭취가 뇌조직뿐만 아니라 간 조직에서 항산화 활성을 향상시켜 주는 것도 역시 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 고지방 식이를 통한 혈당 상승 및 이로 인한 기억능력 저하에서 스피룰리나 섭취는 CND 수준으로의 개선 효과를 유도할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, 스피룰리나 섭취는 뇌 기능과 직접적으로 연관된 콜린성 시스템 손상에도 CND 대비 AChE 활성에 더 높은 저해효과를 나타냄을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 스피룰리나가 고지방 식이로 유도된 내당능 장애 모델에서 발생될 수 있는 뇌기능 저하에서 혈중 콜레스테롤 개선 효과, 항산화 효과 및 AChE 저해효과를 통하여, 비만으로 유도될 수 있는 대사성 인지 장애에 대한 개선 소재로의 잠재적인 가능성을 갖는 것으로 판단된다.