The objectives of this study are to examine the genetic variation in oriental fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) and to use it as a barcode for the origin elucidation, in preparation for the their incursions into Korea. About 1,600 specimens of B. dorsalis sp. complex and B. correcta were collected from 10 countries, the Indochina peninsula, the Philippines, Taiwan and South China. A total of 182 cytochrome c oxidase (COI) sequences were obtained and aligned from these regional specimens. Three sequences from the Genebank reference were also included. Six hundreds base pair fragments were aligned and trimmed and used for a barcode. The phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbor-joining method with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. There were two distinct groups in the phylogenetic tree, Bactrocera dorsalis sp. complex and B. correcta. Three specimen, intercepted in the hand-carried mango at the airport inspection and collected in the confiscated mango, smuggled from Vietnam were included for a test. The DNA from the airport were 100% identical to that of one of various Vietnam specimens, and that from the confiscated mango was mostly similar to those of Vietnam, suggesting the usefulness of the barcode for the origin elucidation tool of oriental fruit fly.

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson), is a serious insect pest of blueberries and cranberries in North America. which was firstly found and identified on blueberris in Sanju-city, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. For epidemiological investigation of this pest, DNA barcoding and microsatellite markers were used. First, mitochondrial COⅠ(658 bp) was analyzed with 292 D. oxycoccana individuals, which were 163 individuals from 32 regions in 25 counties, Korea and 102 individuals from 10 regions in 4 states, USA and 26 individuals from USA, Canada and UK in GenBank. Genetic distance of seven individuals from Cheonan and two from Bonghwa was 10.5% and that of two individuals from Sunchang and New Jersey was 16.6%, which are considered to be different species within the genus Dasineura. Second, population genetics of 632 D. oxycoccana individuals 29 locations was analyzed using 12 microsatellites newly developed by next-generation sequencing. The results showed that some of the populations in Korea genetically close to those in USA. Fst of Hweongseong, Bonghwa, Jeju populations compared to remaining local pops. were ranged from 0.15 to 0.24, whereas average Fst between Georgia, Michigan, and New Jersey pops. were 0.14. The origins of Hweongseong, Bonghwa and Jeju populations were assessed as Michigan, Florida (southern part of Georgia), respectively.

四柱命理學은 시간의 吉凶을 해석하는 학문이다. 그렇다면 처음 四柱의 年月日時라는 시간 의 기록은 언제부터 시작되었으며, 여기에 吉凶의 의미가 부여된 것은 어느 때부터일까. 고대 인들은 天文을 통해 일 년과 四時라는 시간의 기점을 만들었다. 특히 해와 달의 변화를 관측 하여 만든 시간의 의미는 신화를 통해 10개의 태양으로 표현되었는데, 이는 태양숭배 사회인 商나라에서 통치 전반에 영향을 미치는 중요한 가치체계가 되었다. 그들은 10일을 旬의 단위 로 사용하였고, 10개의 태양과 12달을 의미하는 글자를 혼합하여 60干支로 조합된 달력을 만 들었으며, 天干의 명칭으로 조상의 묘호를 삼아 제사를 지내었다. 甲骨文에서 時는 해의 밝기 나 생활관습에 따라 이름 지어졌으며, 달과 윤달은 朔望의 순서에 따라 숫자로 매겨지고, 年 은 거의 기록되지 않았다. 干支는 날의 표기부호로만 사용되었는데, 甲骨文 卜辭의 신탁과 그 것의 실현 여부를 대조하여 庚, 乙, 辛, 丁, 甲의 날이 점차 길한 날로 인식되었다. 길한 날은 조상들의 묘호와 제사의 이름이 되었으므로, 점차 미리 점을 치지 않아도 天干을 통해 길한 날을 알 수 있게 되었다. 商代의 날짜 표기 부호인 干支는 고대를 거쳐 축적된 天文學的 지 식과 商代의 甲骨文化 속에서 시간에 吉凶의 의미를 부여하는 단초가 되었다.

한우육과 수입산 우육(호주 및 뉴질랜드)으로 육포를 제조하여 품질특성 및 항산화 활성을 비교하였 다. 육포의 두께는 한우육포에서 다소 두꺼웠고 전단가는 수입산보다 유의적으로 낮았으며, 표면색은 시료간에 차이가 적었다. 육포에 대한 전체적인 선호도는 뉴질랜드산 우육으로 제조한 육포와 한우육포 가 호주산 우육으로 제조한 육포보다 높은 것으로 인지되었다. 4주 동안의 실온 저장 시 저장기간의 경 과에 따른 수분활성도는 한우육포가 가장 낮았다. 육포를 4주간 실온에 저장하는 동안 지질과산화물 함 량은 수입산 우육으로 제조한 육포에 비해 한우육포에서 함량 변화가 적었다. 육포의 총 페놀 및 플라 보노이드 함량은 한우육포와 호주산 우육으로 만든 육포에서 서로 비슷한 수준이었다. 육포의 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성 및 환원력은 시료 첨가량의 증가에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다. 한우육포는 저 농도(10∼50mg/mL)에서 항산화 활성이 높은 경향이었다. 한우육포는 전체적인 선호도 및 항산화 활성 이 높아 저장 안정성이 우수한 바, 한우육은 기능성 측면에서 육포 제조에 적절할 것으로 여겨진다.

본 연구는 축산식품으로부터 식중독균 검출을 위한 시료 전처리법을 확립하기 위해 전처리용액, 균질화 시간, 시료와 전처리용액의 비율에 따른 회수율을 비교하였다. 이를 위하여 햄, 발효유, 소고기에 E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus, S. Typhimurium를 7.0 log CFU/g로 접종하고 PW, SS, BPD, BPW로 처리하였다. 또한 균질화 시간은 30, 60, 90, 120, 300초, 시료와 전처리용액 비율은 1:2, 1:4, 1:9, 1:19로 각각 처리하였다. 그 결과 발효유와 소고기에서는 BPW로 처리하였을 때 전반적으로 식중독균의 회수율이 높았으나(p < 0.05), 햄의 경우에는 전처리 용액에 따른 유의적 차이는 없다. 전처리용액의 최적 비율은 햄, 발효유, 소고기가 각각 1:9, 1:2, 1:4였으며(p < 0.05), 균질화 시간은 모든 시료에서 120초로 처리했을 때 유의적으로 가장 높은 회수율이 나타났다(p < 0.05). 따라서 선정된 최적 전처리 조건에서 식중독균 회수율을 수행한 결과 모든 시료및 균종에서 85%이상의 높은 회수율을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 축산식품으로부터 식중독균 검출을 위한 전처리 용액 및 시료와 전처리용액의 비율은 시료의 종류에 따라 적절한 것으로 사용하는 것이 식중독균 검출의 정확성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단되어진다.

목재의 재질특성은 토양, 지형, 기후변화 등의 다양한 환경적 요인이나 임분특성에 의해서 바뀌게 된다. 본 연구에서는 후박나무 목재의 역학적 특성을 임분특성으로 볼 수 있는 지역과 임종에 따라 비교하였다. 지역에 따른 역학적 특성을 비교한 결과 경남 고성이 전남 완도지역에 비하여 높은 값을 나타내었으며 t-검정 결과에서도 유의성이 인정되는 상관관계가 나타났다. 또한 성림 기원에 따른 생장량과 밀도특성을 비교한 결과 후박나무 인공조림지가 후박나무 이차림에 비하여 높은 값을 나타내었으며, 역학적 특성은 전체적으로 후박나무 이차림이 후박나무 인공조림지에 비하여 높은 값을 나타내었으나 t-검정 결과 압축강도를 제외한 나머지 역학적 특성에서는 유의성이 인정되는 상관관계가 나타나지 않았다.

This study aimed to discriminate the geographical origins of domestic and chinese Wolfiporia extensa. They were subjected to oxygen (45.32 to 48.07%), carbon (38.09 to 40.12%), hydrogen (6.05 to 6.78%), and nitrogen (0.16 to 0.23%). Antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH free radical scavenging activity. According to the results of the experiment, no significant differences were found between domestic (IC50, 7.25 mg/ml) and Chinese (IC50, 8.35 mg/ml) W. extensa. However, as determined by the inorganic mineral contents were significantly different between domestic and Chinese W. extensa. The amount of potassium in domestic and Chinese W. extensa was and 33.14 ± 17.27%, 47.60 ± 8.78%, respectively. The results of this study suggested that the analysis of inorganic components by ED-XRF should be useful for origin identification of W. extensa

For building up the Tephritid Tree of Life, we have so far accumulated fresh samples of 570 species of 220 tephritid genera, covering 11% and 44% of World species and genera, respectively. Based on the molecular systematics approach, the followings are examples of our findings: (1) two monophyletic groups within the superfamily Tephritoidea were clearly recognized (compatible with Willi Hennig’s Pallopteroidea and Otitoidea that are not currently used); (2) expanded concept of the family Tephritidae including parasitic taxa (Tachiniscinae, Ctenostylidae and Pyrgotidae); (3) reconfirmation of monophyletic Trypetini, Carpomyini, Tephritinae, and Dacinae; and (4) the first Tephritoidea might have evolved around the middle of Paleocene Epoch (~59 mya) and the family Tephritidae around the late Eocene (~36 mya).

This study was conducted to investigate the total polyphenol, total flavonoid and the antioxidant activity in different origin and parts of Moringa olerifera cultivated in Cheorwon. The extraction yield from leaf, root and stem were 25.5, 23.0, 12.3%, respectively. The total polyphenol content was high in the leaf extracts (15.77 mg/g) followed by root extracts (11.23 mg/g) and stem extracts (3.50 mg/g) but the difference of origin was not observed. The total flavonoid content was high in the leaf extracts (14.78 mg/g) followed by stem (1.36 mg/g) and root (1.14 mg/g). The total flavonoid content of Philippines and Thailand leaf were statistically high compared to india leaf. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was high in the leaf extracts at the 1 mg/ml, 0.25 mg/ml but the difference of origin was not observed. The DPPH radical scavenging activity may be attributed to the presence of several compounds such as polyphenol and flavonoid. Hence consumption of diet supplemented with Moringa olerifera leaves could protect the human against diseases induced by oxidative stress.

The country of origin effect (COE) has been a central topic in scholarly international marketing literature for over half a century, but the concept seems to have stubbornly resisted all attempts at providing an encompassing account of how it comes to affect consumers in practice. Through an approach which treats COE as a perceptual phenomenon that is contingent on various psychological mechanisms this conceptual work revisits some three central theoretical issues of COE research and attempt to ferret out tentative means of addressing some of these long lived problems that have been identified in the literature to date.

Consumers use their five senses to experience and evaluate products, especially visual sense. According to the previous psychological studies, they purpose that there are two opposite effects when consumer encounters a serial trail process. The two order effects are primacy effect and recency effect. When consumers are selecting items and considering which one is more favorable, they are starting to recall what experiences they just gone through. If they clearly recall what they firstly experienced than the following ones, the effect is primacy. Conversely, recency effect, which has the opposite direction, comes out when the data in the memories are decaying over the time. Despite of product presenting order, consumers rely on other cues before evaluating products. This study purposed that country of origin or so-called brand of origin is a critical determinant of making choice. Experiments were developed to test country of origin effect when participants sampled the item in a sequence. Other possible variables which affect choice were controlled in this study. The study examined order effects and the moderating effect of country of origin of sampling a sequence of products with similar visual cue and dissimilar visual cue on preference. The study used crystal glasses and let participants see them sequentially. The study aimed (a) to investigate the primacy effect and recency effect in the (dis)similar visual cue scenario, and (b) to investigate COO effect moderates the route between order effects and consumer preference. The study conducted four experimental studies. The data were collected from Taiwanese aged 22 in average. In the pretest, the study adopted one-way ANOVA to choose the experimental items and country of origin. The study also adopted one-sample T-test to examine participants’ preference orientation in the main test. The result showed that: 1. the appearance of the product did not affect preference, but order effects did have an impact on preference;2. primacy effect would be strengthened or weakened according to different country of origin labeling on the products. Participants mostly preferred the product from a relatively high image country no matter the item is presented firstly or secondly. Findings contribute to marketers to develop positive impression on certain products by the appropriate product display under the influence of country of origin effect.

This research was conducted in order to examine the reverse effect of brand loyalty on the emotional attachment to the place-of-origin. Results indicate that consumers that are highly loyal to a brand tend to be more emotionally attached to the place-of-origin; the effect is mediated by affective place image. Affective place image also partially mediates the brand loyalty–place attachment relationship in cases when the brand is authentic in the place. Human beings tend to extend their affect towards one object based on another object related to the first one. Building on this notion researchers have been trying to understand two related concepts—a place, and a brand originating from that place. In this endeavor, one literature stream has been focusing on place-based branding from the perspective of international marketing, including work on country-of-origin (COO) or product-country image (Baldauf et al., 2009; Hong & Wyer Jr, 1989). Another stream focusing on place branding adapts traditional marketing theory to market a place (Kotler 2002), and focuses on destination image (Bramwell & Rawding, 1996; Lee & Lockshin, 2012; Qu, Kim & Im, 2011), and place attachment (Gross & Brown 2006). Notwithstanding the above, there is a dearth of research combining these two aforementioned streams. One of few exceptions is Lee and Lockshin (2014), who explored the reverse COO effect of product perceptions on destination image. However, they focused on consumers’ cognitive beliefs and, thus, the underlying mechanism of the relationship is yet to be examined. Hence, the current research aims to answer the following questions: can brand loyalty be leveraged to consumers’ relationship with the place-of-origin as a tourism destination? And, if so, what is the mechanism underlying the effect? We present a global survey with consumers of place-based wine brands as a means to understand whether consumers’ loyalty to a brand will influence their emotional attachment to the place where the wine brand origins. A moderated mediation model is proposed. Affective destination image mediates the positive effect of brand loyalty on place attachment, which is positively moderated by authenticity of the brand-place associations. The study contributes to the tourisms marketing field by identifying the emotional linkage between brand loyalty and place attachment. It serves as a starting point for further investigation of how company or product branding could benefit place marketing and branding theory. Affective components are suggested to play a vital role in the relationships between a place and a brand. It further enriches understanding of the role of brand authenticity. Place marketers need to understand the role of brand loyalty in the decision-making process of tourism consumption.

There has been an increasing trend of using code-switching to enhance ad persuasion among local and global brands. Ads that include two or more languages are referred to as code-switched ads (Luna and Peracchio 2005a; 2005b). It is noted that previous studies investigating code-switched ad effectiveness have focused on bilinguals, not monolinguals. Due to the emerging use of code-switching in ads in monolingual markets, more research efforts are required to understand its effectiveness and boundaries among the monolinguals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating role of consumer local-global identity in the effectiveness of code-switched ads among monolinguals. Two experiments were conducted and the results confirmed our hypothesis that consumer local-global identity moderates the effect of code-switched ads. The results indicated that congruence between consumer local-global identity and code-switching enhanced persuasiveness. In addition, the mediating effect of ad involvement was identified. These findings provide managerial implications for marketers.

As the global cosmetics market becomes more competitive, cosmetics firms need to be more market-oriented. Consumers purchase cosmetics products not only based on product-related attributes (e.g., function) but also for non-product-related reasons such as novelty and a pursuit of variety. They are exposed and have access to a variety of choices imported from other countries, which further complicates decision-making. Globalization offers great opportunities for marketers as it may help expand the horizon of the market beyond the domestic boundary. Given that the market is becoming more competitive, it is imperative to understand what influences purchase decisions of global consumers. This study considers and examines extended susceptibility to global consumer culture (Extended SGCC) and its effect on affective commitment, which in turn influences behavioral commitment and loyalty. We consider four elements of extended SGCC: conformity to consumer trend, social prestige, quality perception, and corporate social responsibility. In addition to examining the structural relationships among the variables, we test whether country of origin (COO) moderates the proposed relationships. In order to test the model, we collected data from the purchasers of botanical cosmetics products that came from several different countries. A total of 798 users participated in the survey (425 users of domestic brands and 373 users of foreign brands). We performed several analyses related to the measurement model such as reliability analysis (Cronbach’s alphas), confirmatory factor analysis, and correlations analysis. Using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0, we estimated the structural model. The overall model fit indices include: χ2=1118.934 with df=239, p=0.000; GFI=0.884; AGFI=0.855; NFI=0.924; CFI=0.934; RMSEA=0.068; RMR=0.069. The study finds that all elements of SGCC, with the exception of social prestige, have a significant influence on affective commitment. Specifically, conformity to consumer trend is found to have a significant effect on affective commitment. This means that consumers who conform to the global trend tend to have a higher level of commitment. One implication is that cosmetics firms may want to communicate to the consumers that their products fit the lifestyle corresponding to the global trend. Contrary to our expectation, social prestige is not found significantly related to affective commitment. It seems that social prestige is not an important factor in choosing botanical cosmetics products. This is understandable because, unlike some prestige products that consumers wear or use to be associated with their image or perceived quality (e.g., car, handbag), consumers may not purchase botanical cosmetics products to upgrade their social status. As expected, quality perception has a significant positive effect on affective commitment. The study shows that quality perception has the most significant impact on affective commitment. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is also found to have a significant impact on affective commitment. The finding suggests that companies should be or remain active in taking initiatives that advance social welfare. Our study shows that both affective and behavioral commitments are positively related to customer loyalty. Behavioral commitment, which consists of items representing purchase tendency, has a greater influence on loyalty than affective commitment. We anticipated that country of origin (COO) would moderate the proposed relationships. We find no significant moderating effect of COO. This can be interpreted that the structural relationships are upheld regardless of COO. It seems that global consumers evaluate foreign brands in the same manner as they do domestic brands. This suggests that cosmetics firms may want to be careful in differentiating their strategies based on countries as the return on investment may not be as handsome as they thought and global consumers may have more similarities than differences with respect to how they evaluate and purchase cosmetics products.

The country-of-origin (COO) concept has obtained considerable attention by marketing researchers and managers since its introduction by Schooler in 1965. The relevance of this construct has been underlined by various studies indicating that a product’s COO serves as a signal for product quality, thus driving consumers’ product evaluations (Han & Terpstra, 1988), and consequently coloring their decision-making processes (Herz & Diamantopoulos, 2013). However, “despite a large body of research, country-of-origin effects are still poorly understood” (Verlegh & Steenkamp 1999, p. 521). This view is reiterated by Jaffe and Nebenzahl (2006) and Knight and Calantone (2001) who argue that academicians have so far not been able to provide an integrative theoretical framework capable of explaining the country-of-origin concept and the effects it has on behavioral intentions. The lacking consensus on a formalized and theory-based framework has resulted in various and often inconsistent views on the conceptualization of the COO concept (Laroche, Papadopoulos, Heslop & Mourali, 2005; Roth & Diamantopoulos, 2009). More specifically, several researchers view COO as a cognitive mental construct, consisting of associations, attributes and beliefs which consumers link to a particular manufacturing country (e.g. Gürhan-Canli & Maheswaran, 2000). However, other researchers propose to include not only cognitive but also affective components in the COO concept (e.g. Häubl, 1996). Further, studies also differ on the question whether COO should be viewed as a host of various beliefs (e.g. Martin & Eroglu, 1993) or rather as an overall evaluative attitudinal construct (e.g. Kotler, Haider & Rein, 1993). To complicate things further, existing studies also only loosely define whether COO should be conceptualized as a mental construct or rather as an effect that stems from a mental construct (Verlegh & Steenkamp, 1999). As a consequence, this conceptual ambiguity within the COO literature has yielded different operationalization for the measurement of the COO construct. As a consequence, and perhaps not surprisingly, the empirical work on COO has often resulted in conflicting findings (e.g. Pappu, Queste & Cooksey, 2006), limiting the advancement of the whole research area and making it harder for managers to apply it. Existing research (Josiassen, Lukas, Whitwell & Assaf, 2013) has addressed the conceptual ambiguity of COO by providing a framework for the macro-structure, explaining how different units of analysis relate to each other. However, researchers’ 1) fk.marktg@cbs.dkIntroduction The country-of-origin (COO) concept has obtained considerable attention by marketing researchers and managers since its introduction by Schooler in 1965. The relevance of this construct has been underlined by various studies indicating that a product’s COO serves as a signal for product quality, thus driving consumers’ product evaluations (Han & Terpstra, 1988), and consequently coloring their decision-making processes (Herz & Diamantopoulos, 2013). However, “despite a large body of research, country-of-origin effects are still poorly understood” (Verlegh & Steenkamp 1999, p. 521). This view is reiterated by Jaffe and Nebenzahl (2006) and Knight and Calantone (2001) who argue that academicians have so far not been able to provide an integrative theoretical framework capable of explaining the country-of-origin concept and the effects it has on behavioral intentions. The lacking consensus on a formalized and theory-based framework has resulted in various and often inconsistent views on the conceptualization of the COO concept (Laroche, Papadopoulos, Heslop & Mourali, 2005; Roth & Diamantopoulos, 2009). More specifically, several researchers view COO as a cognitive mental construct, consisting of associations, attributes and beliefs which consumers link to a particular manufacturing country (e.g. Gürhan-Canli & Maheswaran, 2000). However, other researchers propose to include not only cognitive but also affective components in the COO concept (e.g. Häubl, 1996). Further, studies also differ on the question whether COO should be viewed as a host of various beliefs (e.g. Martin & Eroglu, 1993) or rather as an overall evaluative attitudinal construct (e.g. Kotler, Haider & Rein, 1993). To complicate things further, existing studies also only loosely define whether COO should be conceptualized as a mental construct or rather as an effect that stems from a mental construct (Verlegh & Steenkamp, 1999). As a consequence, this conceptual ambiguity within the COO literature has yielded different operationalization for the measurement of the COO construct. As a consequence, and perhaps not surprisingly, the empirical work on COO has often resulted in conflicting findings (e.g. Pappu, Queste & Cooksey, 2006), limiting the advancement of the whole research area and making it harder for managers to apply it. Existing research (Josiassen, Lukas, Whitwell & Assaf, 2013) has addressed the conceptual ambiguity of COO by providing a framework for the macro-structure, explaining how different units of analysis relate to each other. However, researchers’Information about a COO is not only hold at the aggregated level, as reflected by CI, but may also be manifested through various, potentially unrelated beliefs, that individuals link with a particular country-of-origin. Attitude researchers widely agree on the notionInformation about a COO is not only hold at the aggregated level, as reflected by CI, but may also be manifested through various, potentially unrelated beliefs, that individuals link with a particular country-of-origin. Attitude researchers widely agree on the notionIn conclusion, we propose that the myriad of conceptual views on the COO concept can be theoretically integrated in a formalized model (Figure 1). Thus, instead of viewing the different conceptualizations on COO as conflicting, we show that they are indeed complementary, and can be understood by applying seminal psychology literature. The model also provides conceptual structure to the interactions between the three35 components, as well as enhancing our understanding how mental representations form behavioural intentions (Ajzen, 2001; Eagly et al., 1994).

In this study, the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of low-salt Myungran jeotkal (Alaskan pollock roe) were evaluated after fermentation at 4℃ and 20℃ with or without the addition of deep sea water, salt from deep sea water, and vegetable-origin lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus fermentum JS, LBF). When fermented at 20℃, the addition of LBF to Myungran jeotkal resulted in a slow increase in lactic acid content, followed by an abrupt increase after five days of fermentation. However, when fermented at 4℃, the lactic acid content did not change significantly. Further, when Myungran jeotkal fermented at 4℃, the pH decreased as lactic acid production increased. The salinity of Myungran jeotkal fermented at 4℃ and 20℃ was 7% and was not affected by fermentation period. When fermented at 20℃, volatile basic nitrogen and amino nitrogen contents increased with increasing duration of fermentation. Further, volatile acid content decreased, however, the content of amino nitrogen increased after 11 days of fermentation with LBF and no salt effects were observed. When fermented at 20℃ for 13 days, preference (sensory evaluation) was the highest in all experimental groups after 9 days of fermentation, and then decreased as the fermentation period increased. The free amino acid content was highest (1,648.8 mg/100 g) in Myungran jeotkal when sun-dried salt and LBF were added, 2.3 times higher than in the control.

한국 정부는 그동안 음식점 원산지 제도를 지속적으로 발전시켜왔는데, 2015년 기준 16개 품목에 대 한 원산지 표시지가 시행 중에 있다. 그럼에도 소비자 측면에서의 음식점 원산지 표지제도에 대한 분석 이 부족하여, 연구의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 소비자 설문조사와 계량분석(순위 프로빗 모형)을 통해 음식점 원산지 표시제도에 대한 소비자 인식을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 소비자들은 현지 시 행중인 원산지 표시제에 긍정적인 인식을 가지고 있었고, 향후 대상 품목 확대를 요구하고 있었는데 농 산물에 대한 표시제도 확대에 대한 요구가 더 많았다. 소비자들은 원산지 표시제도 위반자에 대한 처벌 강화도 요구하고 있어 향후 검토가 필요한 것으로 생각된다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 한국의 음식점 원 산지 표시제도는 성공적인 성과를 내고 있는 것으로 나타났고, 앞으로 더욱 제도를 강화할 당위성이 제 기되었다.

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, was introduced about a decade ago from Asia into North America where it has become a serious pest of soybeans. This invasive pest has rapidly spread throughout the midwestern United States and southern Canada since 2000. We examined 689 individuals obtained from 23 different collections in USA, Korea, China and Japan for testing eight microsatellite loci. To estimate the relative likelihood of alternative introduction scenarios of the soybean aphid, an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) was performed for microsatellite data as implemented in DIYABC. The ABC analysis tested for three scenarios (B1, B2, and B3) hypothesizing an introduction from one of the Asian countries. In this analysis, scenario B1 obtained the highest posterior probability ranging from 0.90 to 0.91 with a 95% CI of 0.81-0.99 and 0.88-0.94, which assumes an introduction from Korea. The ABC analysis revealed that one hypothetical scenario, which assumes an introduction of the soybean aphid into USA from Korea, was very robustly suggested than the other two scenarios (from China or Japan).