PURPOSES : This study aims to provide societal benefits that demonstrate the effectiveness of remodeling projects, thereby providing a basis for activating and systematically and continuously promoting remodeling projects METHODS : Using the International Roughness Index (IRI) and World Bank's HDM-4, a model for vehicle operating costs was estimated. The change in vehicle operating costs was calculated by inputting the pre- and post-remodeling IRI values into the estimated model. Additionally, the future IRI over the life cycle was derived using the results of a study on the changes in pavement conditions between conventional and remodeling methods. The vehicle operating costs for different maintenance alternatives were compared by inputting them into the estimated model. RESULTS : The improvement in road smoothness after the project resulted in an annual vehicle operating cost benefit of approximately 1.6 billion won, with an estimated benefit per kilometer of approximately 64 million won. Furthermore, a comparison of vehicle operating costs for maintenance alternatives over the life cycle revealed that the remodeling method led to savings of 2.1 billion won compared with conventional methods. CONCLUSIONS : The findings of this study will serve as fundamental data supporting the necessity and justification for remodeling projects, particularly in the current scenario, where the need for maintenance of existing roads exhibits a faster growth trend than the extension of new roads. Additionally, this study could be supplemented by further research focusing on the consideration of pavement conditions in unit cost estimation and additional benefit estimation studies tailored to remodeling projects.

Background: Water deer and sika deer, which breed in the wild environment, are known to have similar reproductive physiology mechanisms. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the differences in uterine development between water deer and sika deer during estrus. Methods: MMPs and uterine development-related factors were analyzed and morphological differences were compared in the uterus of sika deer captured near Russia near Korea and water deer captured in the wild in Korea. Results: In terms of morphological differences in the uterus, the glands that form villus within the endometrium of the water deer were newly developed, and the formation of small glands was high, but the villus and glands of the sika deer were expanded, and the stroma zone in the myometrium was higher than that of the water deer. Development has increased. Additionally, the expression of PAPP-A and VEGF factors was increased in the endometrium of water deer than in sika deer, but the actions of MMPs were increased in sika deer. Conclusions: As a result of this study, there is a significant difference in the development of glands in the endometrium of water deer and sika deer during estrus, and it is believed that there is a significant difference in the development of the uterus due to the physiological effects of estrus between water deer and sika deer. Additionally, it is believed that there will be differences in the timing at which pregnancy can be decided.

PURPOSES : This study proposes a framework for promoting future expressway remodeling projects by reviewing similar overseas cases and comparing them with current Korean expressway remodeling projects. METHODS : Based on a literature review, this study examines the major issues in expressway remodeling projects and proposes the development of a framework for establishing and promoting such projects. This framework provides detailed guidance by categorizing the project into legal system adjustments, traffic management plans, and social consensus. RESULTS : The diagnosis of issues in domestic expressway remodeling projects revealed significant problems in conceptual aspects, criteria for project evaluation, formulation of traffic diversion strategies, and deficiencies in related legal frameworks. To address these issues, a framework for advancing future remodeling projects was established based on the results of overseas case studies. CONCLUSIONS : As roads deteriorate, the demand for remodeling projects to restore them increases. However, the current implementation of remodeling projects lacks systematic procedures. This study serves as foundational research for establishing an environment conducive to the smooth progress of such projects. By initiating subsequent research, conditions for the smooth progress of remodeling projects are expected to be established.

This study aimed to determine whether hormonal hypersecretion could cause morphological problems in the mouse vagina and affect the ovaries and nearby extra uterine organs. All mice were synchronized to estrus before the experiment. Then human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, and testosterone were continuously administered for about 6 days to maintain hormone hypersecretion, and then morphological changes were analyzed, and Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity and Casp-3 expression were evaluated. As a result of the analysis, in the case of hCG, the morphological change did not show a significant difference from the vagina of normal estrus. In the case of progesterone, changes were observed in the mucosa zone and basal membrane, and it was confirmed that the activity of MMPs was increased in squamous epithelium cells. On the other hand, in the case of testosterone, overall changes in vaginal tissues were observed, and MMPs activity was increased to a very high level in all sections. The expression of Casp-3 was also the highest compared to other groups. Therefore, as a result of this study, it is thought that hormone hypersecretion affects the morphological changes of the vagina other than the ovaries and uterus and induces the activity of MMPs to cause morphological degeneration of tissues.

PURPOSES : The Korea Expressway Corporation has been working on an early remodeling project for the Jungbu Expressway, to prepare techniques for the rehabilitation of the old CRCP. In this study, a literature review, field survey, and thickness design using MEPGD were conducted. This is to provide a procedure for the pre-treatment, or repair of the existing pavement in the JungBu Expressway. METHODS : To evaluate the pavement condition of the JungBu Expressway, the existing PMS data were analyzed, and field surveys were conducted for each pavement condition. The SMA overlay thickness design was performed using the pavement thickness design program (MEPGD). In addition, the repair procedure was reviewed considering the characteristics of the old CRCP in Korea. RESULTS : From the analysis of existing PMS, field surveys, and laboratory tests, it was discovered that the old CRCP condition of the Jungbu Expressway was not satisfactory. Using MEPDG, the SMA thicknesses for each scenario were proposed as 5, 8, and 10 cm. In addition, appropriate repair procedures for each distress type(punchpout, multiple repair, re-failure, failure of longitudinal joint, etc.) of damaged CRCP in Korea were proposed. CONCLUSIONS : For the remodeling project of the Jungbu Expressway, appropriate repairs should be performed for each type of distress in the old CRCP. In this study, an appropriate overlay thickness and pre-treatment method are suggested.

PURPOSES : Korea Expressway Corporation has been working on an early remodeling project for the Jungbu Expressway to prepare methods for the rehabilitation of the old CRCP(Continuous Reinforced Concrete Pavement). In this study, the distress of the old CRCP was classified, and the engineering properties of the core specimens for each failure type were evaluated. Based on the test results, the concrete conditions of the existing CRCP were evaluated. This provides a basis for the pre-treatment or repair of the existing CRCP in the JungBu Expressway. METHODS : To evaluate the pavement condition of the Jungbu Expressway, existing PMS(Pavement Management System) data were analyzed, and field surveys were conducted for each pavement condition. The longitudinal rebar depth, rebar spacing, horizontal crack, and pavement thickness were examined through core sampling and non-destructive testing. In addition, the core specimens were used to evaluate the compressive strength, chloride penetration test, chloride ion penetration resistance, and freeze-thaw resistance. RESULTS : From the analysis of existing PMS data, field surveys, and laboratory tests, it was found that the old CRCP condition of the Jungbu Expressway was not good. Various types of failures occurred, and horizontal cracks at the rebar location, upward rebar locations, and rebar corrosion were confirmed. In addition, the compressive strength was considerably high, but the durability-related index was judged to be poor. CONCLUSIONS : For the remodeling project of the Jungbu Expressway, appropriate repairs should be carried out for each type of distress in the old CRCP.

목포의 관광명소인 전설의 섬 삼학도는 과거 개발의 시대에 매립되어 육지로 변해버린 곳이다. 그런데 이 삼학도를 섬으로 되돌리고자 하는 시도가 21C 환경시대에 시민들의 노력으로 시작 되게 된다. 삼학도 복원화 사업은 지금도 진행 중이며, 부분적으로 공원 및 공공건축물 등은 개 방되어 이용되고 있다. 본 연구는 삼학도 공원을 대상으로, 현재 진행 중인 복원화 사업을 포함 한 이용현황 및 공간구성 등을 검토하여 개선방안을 제시해보고자 진행된 것이다. 삼학도 원형 복원의 의미와 가치 그리고 섬다움을 느낄 수 있는 리모델링 계획을 수립하였다. 대상지는 목 포 내항과 마주하고 있는 근린공원으로, 면적은 약 454,850㎡이다. 계획추진을 위한 기본방향 은, 1) 삼학도 전설이 꽃으로 피우는 낭만이 있는 안전한 꽃 섬, 2) 어린이와 가족 모두, 1-3세대 가 함께 즐기는 테마가 있는 체험형 공원, 3) 복원된 삼학도의 물길과 숲길을 따라 자연과 사람 이 함께 하는 미래 공존의 숲으로 제시하였다. 계획대상지는 매립으로 이루어진 기존공원 Zone 과 삼학도 원형 복원 Zone으로 크게 구분하였다. 복원된 삼학도는 지역 Identity를 근거로 특화 된 테마를 부여하여 계획하였다. 대삼학도는 ‘학 섬 동산’, 중삼학도는 ‘꽃 섬 동산’, 소삼학도는 ‘꿈 섬 동산’ 으로 공간을 구성하였고, 부여된 이미지가 이용자들에게 쉽게 전달될 수 있도록 계획하였다. 그 외에 공원입구 상징 Zone과 목포내항 해안 Zone을 설정하고, 각각의 공간특성 을 적극 활용하면서도 상호 연계할 수 있는 소공간 및 관련시설 등을 계획 배치하였다. 특히 삼 학도 공원으로 연결되는 매립제방 형태의 도로를 가동식 교량으로 변경하여 삼학도가 섬이라 는 인식과 상징적 의미를 부여하는 진입교량 조성계획은 높은 평가를 받았다. 연구성과로 도출 된 리모델링 계획의 적극적 추진을 통해 삼학도가 다시 목포의 섬으로 되돌아오길 기대한다.

The domestic of modern architectural remodeling method emphasizes simple aesthetic elements, and the correct design and construction methods are not established based on quantitative grounds, thus damaging the value of cultural properties. This study attempts to re-examine the value of modern buildings recognized as old buildings. It is a basic step to present the correct remodeling of the building. The design criteria for exterior wall remodeling of modern buildings were presented. These research results are suitable for energy conservation design standards and can prevent defects in buildings. In the future, more accurate analysis will be required by securing physical property values for various domestic materials through subsequent research.

본 프로젝트는 목포의 대표 관광지이자 시민들의 수변공원이기도 한 평화광장에서 현재 제기되고 있는 이용 및 구조적 문제점 해결을 포함한 리모델링 계획방향 제시를 목적으로 진행된 것이다. 평화광장의 최우선 과제인 공간 구조개선을 위해 ‘보차도 및 녹지 공간조정을 통한 무장애 거리 조성’ 을 목표로 설정하고 구체적인 해결방안을 도출하였다. 광장과 수변을 단절시키는 차도 폐지, 보차도의 높이차 조정 그리고 차량동선 변경으로 수요부족이 예상되는 주차공간확보 등이다. 다음 단계로 대상지역 전체에 대한 리모델링 계획을 추진했다. 대상지의 역사성 및 위치특성을 살려 특화된 4개의 존(zone)으로 구분하고, 서로 다른 역할 및 기능을 부여하는 공간으로 계획하였다. 중심상징 존, 체험 및 동적활동 존, 역사 및 지역문화예술 존, 인접 도시 연계 존 등을 제안하였다. 본 연구대상지인 평화광장은 20년 전 조성되어 현재까지도 많은 사람이 이용하고 있는 공간으로, 당초 시에서는 차도폐지 및 바닥포장 개선이라는 토목사업의 성격으로 추진하고자 했던 사업이었다. 이러한 움직임에 대해 지역 연구자들이 의견을 모아 공간 구조개선 제안 및 광장과 수변공간 전체에 대한 통합적인 리모델링 계획추진을 건의한 결과, 당초의 사업범위를 확대시켜 진행된 프로젝트이다. 따라서 1단계로 목포시의 당면과제를 전제조건으로 우선 해결한 후, 2단계 통상적인 리모델링 계획을 수립하는 방식으로 진행하였다. 단순한 방식의 공사에 불과했던 토목사업을, 사전 제안을 통해 종합프로젝트 방식의 리모델링 사업으로 이끌어냈다는 점에서 본 연구는 의미있는 작업이 되었다.

본 연구에서는 아파트단지 내 불량한 식생공간을 보수하거나 다양한 식생으로의 재조성하여 녹색의 질을 높이기 위한 방안으로 아파트 단지 내 조경관리 현황을 조사하고 식재지반인 토양상태를 파악하여 합리적인 계획 수립을 위한 기초 자료화 하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 아파트 준공시점을 기준으로 동일한 규격의 수목이 동시에 식재되는 것을 감안해 준공연도를 5년 단위로 구분하고 식재기간 경과에 따른 수목생장과 토양성분의 차이를 분석하였다. 전체 조사대상지 9개소에 모두 식재된 수종 중 침엽수 4종과 활엽수 4종의 생육상태를 조사하여 한 결과 침엽수 중 가이즈까향나무 소나무, 활엽수 중에서는 꽃사과나무가 5년 이상의 식재기간이 경과되었을 때 가장 생육이 좋았다가 10년 이상 되었을 때는 생장이 감소하였다. 측백나무와 단풍나무는 10년 이상 된 지역의 수목이 생육이 가장 좋아 비교적 생장을 위한 기간이 많이 요구되는 수종이었다. 수목은 식재되어 있으나 지표면이 나지가 되어있는 지점의 토양경도를 분석한 결과 준공 후 5년 이상이 되면 20㎜ 이상의 답압 된 상태가 되는 것으로 조사되었고 토양이화학성은 준공 초기부터 지속적으로 pH는 높고 유기물함량은 비옥한 토양의 1/3 정도로 추가 시비가 필요한 상태였다. 본 결과를 토대로 나지부분의 재식재시에는 식재지 주변 배수로 설계와 토심 50㎝ 정도를 객토하고 왕겨 등의 유기질재료를 혼합하는 정도의 토양 개량 계획을 추가하여 수목 하부에 지피식물을 식재하는 것만으로 토양의 답압과 토양건강성을 회복하는 방안이 될 것이라고 사료된다.

With the multiple practices of bone graft using different artificial bone regenerative substitutes, the bone graft procedures have been widely performed to increase the bony stabilization of dental implant. Xenogenic bone graft materials have been well developed because of their good biocompatibility and abundant source of bone materials. The present study demonstrated the histological findings from excellent bony remodeling in xenogenic bone graft biopsies compared to those findings in autogenous bone graft. For the graft bone biopsies which were usually done in 5-9 months after graft bone insertion, five types of histological grades including excellent, favorable, partial, degenerative, and poor bony remodeling could be assessed to give prognostic information for dental implant. However, recently the xenograft bone materials have been much improved and produced strong osteogenic effect. Among 239 cases of trephine bur-supported core bone biopsy the excellent bony remodeling was found in 20 cases (13.1%) out of 153 xenogenic bone grafts and in 13 cases (43.3%) out of 30 autogenous bone grafts. They produced abundant new bones on the surface of the graft bones in 5–9 months, and the graft bones were partly resorbed and also surrounded by the repetitive deposition of new bone. The osteophytic new bones showed strong birefringence under polarizing microscope, and were gradually elongated and anastomosed with each other to form trabecular bony networks which became proper stress-baring structures for dental implant. Their marrow stromal tissues were composed of loose connective tissue which was well vascularized but rarely infiltrated with inflammatory cells. The present study compared the histological features of excellent bony remodeling between xenogenic and autogenous bone grafts. Although the ratio of excellent bony remodeling in xenogenic bone graft was still low, 13.1%, the recent advance of xenogeic bone products was remarkable in biological aspect and almost comparable to the autogenous bones. Therefore, it was suggested that the xenogenic bone graft will be applicable to the bone regeneration procedures for dental implant with beneficial output in the near future.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on eruptive movement during tooth development. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat pups were randomly divided into two groups; control group and experimental group. The experimental group was administered daily with n-3 PUFA by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. After 10 days postpartum, rat pups were sacrificed to evaluate the effect of n-3 PUFA on eruptive tooth movement. Histological analyses were by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay was performed to compare the osteoclast distribution in the bone matrix above the developing molar teeth. Incisor teeth eruptions were noticeably observed in IP group, as compared to control group. Rat pups in IP group showed faster tooth eruption on day 8 after birth. Through histological analyses, IP group showed thinner bone matrix and more osteoclasts above the 1st molar teeth, as compared to control group. TRAP assay showed significantly stronger stained pattern that the osteoclast above the 1st molar teeth in IP group, as compared to control group. The results suggested that n-3 PUFA could affect osteoclastic activity involved in bony remodeling during eruptive tooth movement.

There are only 10 projects of the domestic greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions trading scheme in building sector (i.e., 1.5% of 652 registered projects) because the certified methodologies to reduce GHG emissions can not be applied to building sector. This study presents remodeling techniques to reduce GHG emissions in existing buildings. First of all, preconditions and related regulations were reviewed. And then, a pool of factors for GHG reduction are selected and evaluated with respect to factors for reducing energy consumption. This study also investigates the criteria and the decision making process for remodeling techniques to reduce GHG emissions. Finally, the remodeling techniques using the decision making process were grouped based on redundancy of each effect. If reducing methodologies for GHG offset program can be developed using the analyzed remodeling techniques in this study, registered projects in building sector would be increase.

국내 고속도로는 1981년 건설된 남해고속도로를 시작으로 많은 구간이 콘크리트로 시공되어 현재 약 62.2%가 콘크리트 포장으로 이루어져 있다. 현재 그 중 대부분이 공용 년수가 설계수명인 20년이 넘은 노후화된 포장으로 그 연장은 2014년을 기준으로 1,426km에 이르고 있다. 노후 콘크리트 포장의 보수 보강은 현재 아스팔트 덧씌우기가 주로 사용되고 있다. 하지만 이미 내구성 에 한계를 느끼는 구간들이 많아지면서 노후포장에 대한 소규모의 단편적인 보수로는 파손의 반복적 발생 및 교통안전 사고, 교통 정체로 인한 사회적 비용증가를 감당하기 어렵기 때문에 부분보수 등이 아닌 대 대적인 개량방안이 필요한 시점이다. 엄청난 물량의 노후 콘크리트 포장을 일시에 개량할 수 없기 때문에 우선 현재 노후 콘크리트 포장의 상태를 평가하여 노후 콘크리트 포장의 구조적인 상태를 수치화 할 필요가 있다. 또한 개량이 필요한 콘 크리트 포장 구간의 개량 우선순위를 정할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 노후 콘크리트 포장의 구조적인 상태를 수치화할 수 있는 도구인 리모델링 시급성 지수(Remodeling Index, RMI)를 개발하였 다. 통계분석을 통한 리모델링 시급성 지수를 개발을 위해 국내 고속도로 포장 전문가 및 실무자들로 구 성된 패널 멤버를 구성하여 다양한 종류와 심각도 및 기타 조건을 갖는 포장 구간에 대하여 Panel Rating을 실시하였다. 리모델링 시급성 지수 회귀모형은 식 1과 같이 현재의 포장상태를 평가하는 RMI present와 미래의 포장상 태를 예측하는 ΔRMI로 형태를 구성하였다. 현재의 포장상태를 평가하기 위한 인자로는 노후 콘크리트 포장 내 존재하는 선상균열의 길이, 면상균열의 면적, 알칼리 실리카 반응(ASR)의 존재유무를 사용하였으며, 미래의 포장상태를 예측하기 위한 인자로는 포장의 재령, 제설제 사용량, 교통량을 사용하였다. RMI = RMI present  식 1 여기서, RMI = 목표 재령의 RMI RMI present = 현재의 RMI ΔRMI = 현재 재령에서 목표 재령으로 변화할 때의 RMI 변화량 본 연구를 통하여 노후 콘크리트 포장의 현재상태와 함께 노후 포장의 개량에 필요한 예산 확보를 위한 미래의 포장 상태까지 예측이 가능할 것으로 기대한다.

Histone H4 is a protein subunit of nucleosomes in eukaryotes and play crucial roles in DNA package and in regulation of gene expression by covalent modification. A viral histone H4 is encoded in a polydnavirus called Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV). The viral H4 (CpBV-H4) is highly homologous with other H4 proteins except 38 extended residues in N terminus. Its expression alters insect gene expression and suppresses immune and development. In this study, CpBV-H4 was expressed in a natural host, Plutella xylostella, and its suppressive activity on host gene expression was detected by suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique. SSH targets, of which expressions were down-regulated by CpBV-H4, were read by 454 pyrosequencing and annotated using the published P. xylostella whole genome. Resulting targets were assigned to most GO functional categories. Two chromatin remodeling factors were included in the SSH targets. Lysine demethylase (Px-KDM) of P. xylostella was highly expressed during entire larval period in all tested tissues. However, the suppression of Px-KDM expression by a specific RNA interference (RNAi) did not affect immune response, but significantly impaired the larval development. SWI/SNF of P. xylostella (Px-SWI/SNF) was expressed in all developmental stages. Its RNAi did not affect larval development, but led to significant alteration in adult metamorphosis. CpBV-H4 suppressed expressions of both Px-KDM and Px-SWI/SNF, but its truncated mutant lacking in the extended N-terminal tail did not. These results suggest that the developmental alteration in P. xylostella parasitized by C. plutellae can be caused by an epigenetic control of CpBV-H4 against chromatin remodeling factors.

The purpose of this study is to identify ways of remodeling from the traditional hanok to the modern local governmental facility in 1910s. Analysing architectural drawings in the National Archives of Korea, 58 hanok remodeling cases of 52 facilities were verified like the provincial office, county office, county court from 1907 to 1910s. Using hanok as the local governmental building, exterior walls were all changed to the scaled-wooden wall like one of western-wooden building in 1910s and the western-style entrance was set. Change of the plan caused by remodeling interior walls had an intention of the centralized closed plan. Remodeled semi-outer corridor using the space of the eave became changed to the inner corridor with expansion of space. Expansion of hanok for spatial demand was in three ways. First was the expansion towards the eave space, second was direct extension from hanok, and last was the use of external corridor to the new building. Using the eave space was simple but had limitation of space, it was planed with other expansion ways. The way of direct extension was usually used than the one with the corridor, because it was more economical way.