The insecticidal activities of 27 different commercial products with environmentally friendly organic material (EFOM) against Scotinophara lurida, a major rice pest, were evaluated in the laboratory using spraying methods on plants and insects. Seven plant-derived organic farming materials (EFOM-8, -10, -12, -13, -19, -20, and -26) with high insecticidal effects when sprayed directly on the insect’s body rather than on the plant were selected. In the indoor rice pot test, all 7 EFOMs showed an insecticidal rate of over 73.3% under irrigated conditions. Notably, EFOM-13 and EFOM-20 demonstrated much higher insecticidal rates, ranging from 1.5 to 1.8 times, in irrigated conditions compared to drained conditions. In the semi-paddy field test, EFOM-10 (80% garlic extract), EFOM- 13 (62% neem extract), and EFOM-26 (70% sophora extract+28% ethyl alcohol+2% pyrethrum extract) exhibited a higher control value of 88.9% in the irrigated paddy on the 7th day, surpassing the control values in the drained paddy by 1.4 to 1.9 times. The control value in the irrigated rice paddy field sprayed with EFOM-10 reached 86.2% on the 7th day, which was 1.4 times higher than 61.9% in the drained paddy. Taken together, the findings suggest that direct contact of the insect’s body with sufficient amounts of spray solution and the maintenance of paddy irrigation can enhance the controlling effect of EFOMs. These findings will be valuable in developing an optimal S. luridacontrol strategy for application in rice paddy fields in the near future.

2017년 국내 육성 사과 ‘아리수’ 품종에서 노린재류에 의한 피해와 유사한 반점 증상이 확인되었다. 사과 과실 전면에 발생하는 이 반점 증상은 크기가 2∼4 mm이며 진한 갈색, 짙은 고동색으로 반점 중심부가 약간 함몰되는 형태를 가진다. 이 연구는 이러한 반점증상의 원인이 노린재에 의한 피해인지 여부를 알기 위해 수행하였다. 노린재류는 접종 전 채집하였고, 6월 초순부터 ‘아리수’ 사과에 약 15일 간격으로 썩덩나무노린재와 갈색날개노린재를 각각 접종하였다. ‘아리수’ 사과의 수확기인 9월 초순까지 총 5회(6월 상순, 7월 상순, 7월 중순, 8월 상순, 8월 중순) 접종하였으며, 접종후 접종시기별로 피해 양상을 확인하였다. 6월 상순에 노린재에 의해 가해 받은 과실은 비대하지 못하거나 낙과하였다. 다른 시기에 노린재에 의해 가해 받은 접종 1~2일후 흡즙구멍을 확인할 수 있었고, 5일 후부터는 가해 받은 부위 주변이 붉게 착색되는 halo 증상이 나타났다. 노린재류에 의한 ‘아리수’ 사과의 피해양상은, 기 보고된 ‘후지’ 품종에서의 피해양상과 거의 유사하였다. 실험결과 2017년 ‘아리수’ 사과에 발생한 반점증상은 노린재에 의한 것이 아님을 확인할 수 있었다.

Family Pentatomidae has a worldwide distribution, and is considered as one of the largest groups within the Heteroptera. The family is subdivided into 10 different morphological lineages (subfamilies): Aphylinae, Asopinae, Cyrtocorinae, Discocephalinae, Edessinae, Pentatominae, Phyllocephalinae, Podopinae, Serbaninae and Stirotarsinae, however the internal phylogeny and subfamily level relationships of the group remain unstudied. In this talk, molecular markers COI, 16S RNA, 28S RNA and 18S RNA with more than 200 species have been used to test their monophylies and relationships. Based on the results, reclassification and reinterpretation of the characters and groupings should be necessary to understand the evolutionary lineages that make up the Pentatomidae family.

The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a generalist predator commonly found in North America. The spined soldier bug can feed on more than 70 species of insects including immature stages of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. The spined soldier bug can inhabit various agricultural ecosystems (i.e. crop fields, forests, and grasslands) and plays a key role in the control of major insect pests. The spined solider bug has high the potential for augmentative biological control because it has a high reproduction rate. In 2016, 500 eggs of the spined soldier bug were introduced to South Korea from U.S.A. under the cooperative research project between West Virginia University and the National Institute of Agricultural Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration. Currently the spined soldier bug is being reared in a quarantined facility at NIAS. In this presentation, we will describe the natural history of the spined soldier bug in North America including its feeding ability as a generalist predator, its potential for biological control of various agricultural and forest pests, and its response to aggregation pheromone. In addition, current research at West Virginia University including mass rearing and aerial release using unmanned aerial vehicles (a.k.a. drones) of the spined soldier bug will be presented.

Halyomorpha halys(Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), also known as Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), is a recent invasive pest in America and Europe. It originated from East Asia such as Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan. Genus Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) which is regarded as important species for biological control of H. halys, was described 6 species previously in Korea. But biology and taxonomic character of this genus is poorly known in Korea. Herein, we report two species from Korea, T. japonicus Ashmead, 1904 and T. plautiae Watanabe, 1954. We have investigated the morphological characters and COI sequence, and conducted an experiment about parasitic preference on BMSB's egg. Morphological key and picture of two species, and result of sequence investigation and experiment will be presented.

Since 2000, the damages of hemipteran pests have severely increased. This study was performed to find the proper monitoring methods and investigate seasonal occurrences of the two apple-infesting stink bug species by the year and to evaluate the orchard rate of infestation and rate of damaged apple. Also the preferences of stink bugs to the crabapple cultivars were investigated in orchards. Compared data obtained from monitoring methods using visible counts, aggregation pheromone traps or mercury light traps, the occurrence density of apple-infesting stink bugs (Plautia stali and Halyomorpha halys) could be monitored more effectively in aggregation pheromone trap than visible count or mercury light trap. The occurrence densities of two species during growing season were low in 2013, but increased in 2014. From the investigations at 25 orchards of eight districts was the infestation rate was at 16.7% in 2013 and 62.1% in 2014 . The occurrence density of stink bugs in crabapples was highest in ‘Purple lemoine’ followed by ‘Professor sprenger’ ‘M. baccata’, ‘Robinson crab’, ‘Sandong pingguo’, damaged fruit rate. The number of damaged holes was high in order as ‘Hopa-A’, ‘Sandong pingguo’, ‘Adam’s crab’, ‘Professor sprenger’, ‘Purple lemoine’.

Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive species from Asia causing major economic losses in agricultural production in the United States. H. halys is also well known for nuisance problems as massive numbers of adults often invade human-made structures to overwinter inside protected environments. However, overwintering ecology of H. halys in natural landscapes is virtually unknown. We explored forested landscapes in the mid-Atlantic region to locate and characterize natural overwintering structures used by this invasive species. We also confirmed the identified overwintering structures by training and using detector canines in the natural landscapes. Overwintering H. halys were recovered from dry crevices in dead, standing trees with thick bark, particularly oak (Quercus spp.) and locust (Robinia spp.); these characteristics were shared by 11.8% of all dead trees in surveyed landscapes. Dispersal ecology of H. halys were evaluated in the laboratory and field to understand how this pest disperses among its overwintering sites, cultivated crops and wild hosts. In the laboratory, we evaluated the baseline flight capacity of H. halys using flight mill systems. Both foraging and overwintering populations flew on average 2.5 km over a day with some exceptional individuals flying >20 km. In the field, direction observations indicate that H. halys are not likely to initiate flight when temperatures are below 17oC. In addition, H. halys did not initiate flight even under very mild wind (2.4 m/s). We also evaluated the potential of using a portable harmonic radar system to individually track H. halys movements in the field. Our study demonstrates that a portable harmonic radar can be used to track adult H. halys without affecting its survival, walking mobility or flight capacity. In diverse semi-field settings, the success rates of locating radar-tagged H. halys were >85%. The knowledge of overwintering and dispersal ecology reported here would serve as baseline to develop and enhance the management programs of H. halys at landscape levels.

Understanding of dispersal ecology is a critical component to build robust and practical simulation model for insect populations. In this study, we report multifaceted approaches to examine dispersal capacity, behavior and ecology of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). We first evaluated the baseline flight capacity of adults using flight mill systems in the laboratory. The results indicates that this species has strong flight capacity: adults were found yielding flight distances of >2 km in 24 hours with a small portion of the BMSB population capable of flight into double digits. In the field, we made direct observations on BMSB flight to examine free flight capacity and diurnal patterns. BMSB made flight when ambient temperature was >15 oC and flew with the speed of 3 m/s under field conditions, yielding its prevailing flight directions away from the sun’s position over a day. Dispersal capacity and behavior of nymphal stages (2nd through 5th) were also studied. In the laboratory, video image analysis indicates that all nymphal stages have strong walking capacity comparable to adults. In the field, the walking distance of 3rd and 5th instar nymphs on mowed grass was quantified based on direct observation of individuals. Under these conditions, 5th instars moved nearly two-fold greater distances compared with 3rd instars, but surface temperature affected both nymphal stages similarly. Shorter bouts of movement were common at surface temperatures below 25 oC, whereas individuals showed longer walking distances above 25 oC. These baseline knowledge on BMSB dispersal will be key to building and improving simulation model in order to predict spatiotemporal dynamics of the pest populations.

The mean global surface temperatures have increased since the late 19th century by approximately 0.3-0.6 o C (IPCC, 2007). The linear warming trend over the last 50 years is nearly double that of the last 100 years. The impact of climate warming on insects was studied using the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula as a model insect. This bug is known as a cosmopolitan agricultural pest that damages diverse crop plants worldwide. Effects of climate warming on insects include distribution, abundance, phenology, voltinism, physiology, behaviour, and community structure. It should be noted here that climate warming affects insects not only directly but also indirectly through interaction of species in ecosystem. 1. Northward range expansion of N. viridula in Japan. Past and current limits of the distribution range of N. viridula were compared (Tougou et al., 2009). It was found that the climate warming promoted northward range expansion of N. viridula by providing favourable overwintering conditions close to the specie’s range limit. The past and the current limits of the distribution range of N. viridula in central Japan were investigated. In the early 1960s, the northern limit of the species’ range was in Wakayama Prefecture and was limited by a +5 o C isothermal line for the mean January temperature. Forty five years later (2006–2007), a new survey in Wakayama and five neighbouring prefectures demonstrated that this northern limit shifted northward by 85km, at a rate of 19.0km/decade. The shift northward was likely promoted by milder winter conditions. The mean January–February temperature in the region was 1.03–1.91ºC higher in 1998–2007 than in 1960–1969. In the 1960s, the mean January temperature exceeded +5 ºC only in Wakayama city, but by now it has surpassed +5 ºC in Osaka and Tsu cities, located further north (52 and 59 km respectively), which corresponds to the current distribution of N. viridula. The number of cold days (with mean temperature below +5ºC) also significantly decreased, while the annual lowest temperature significantly increased. N. viridula was found mostly at or close to those locations where (1) the mean January temperature exceeded +5ºC, (2) the mean number of cold days did not exceed 26 during January–February, and (3) where the mean annual lowest temperature did not drop below –3.0 ºC. The general linear model shows that the mean January temperature and number of cold days are the most important factors controlling the northern limit of distribution of N. viridula. All the climatic data suggest that over the last 45 years environmental conditions have become more favourable for overwintering of N.viridula at many locations in central Japan. This has likely promoted the northward spread of the species, representing the direct response of the species to climate warming. A sympatrically distributed congeneric N. antennata is responding to the warming by retreat from the ocean coast towards cooler elevated habitats, which might be a complex response to elevated temperature and interspecific mating with N. viridula. This range expansion of N. viridula is now accelerating the extinction of N. antennata by the infertile interspecific copulation. 2. Ecophysiological responses of N. viridula to simulated warming. The effect of simulated climate change on N. viridula was studied close to the species’ northern range limit in Japan (Musolin et al., 2010). Insects from the same egg masses were reared for 15 months in 10 consecutive series under quasi-natural (i.e. outdoor) conditions and in a transparent incubator, in which climate warming was simulated by adding 2.5ºC to the outdoor temperature. The warming strongly affected all life-history and phenological parameters. In the spring, the simulated warming advanced the timing of body colour changes and post-diapause reproduction. In the early summer, it increased egg production and accelerated nymphal development. In the late summer (the hottest season), the effect of the simulated warming was strongly deleterious: nymphs developed slowly, suffered higher mortality and had difficulties during final moulting; the emerged females were smaller, some exhibited abnormal cuticle, produced fewer eggs and had a decreased life span. Our current studies are going to clarify that such an adverse effect of high temperature is caused by the decrease in bacterial symbiont which is harboured in the midgut of stink bugs. As in many phytophagous heteropteran species, N. viridula possesses a number of sac-like outgrowths, called crypts, in a posterior section of the midgut, wherein a specific bacterial symbiont is harbored. In previous studies on N. viridula from Hawaiian populations, experimental elimination of the symbiont caused little fitness defects in the host insect (Prado, et.al., 2006, Prado et al., 2009). N. viridula from Japanese populations consistently harbor the same gammaproteobacterial gut symbiont. However, in this case, contrary to the previous works, experimental sterilization of the symbiont resulted in severe nymphal mortality, indicating an obligate host-symbiont relationship (Tada et al., 2011). Considering the worldwide host-symbiont association and those experimental data, N. viridula is considered to be generally and obligatorily associated with the gut symbiont, while the symbiont effect on the host performance may be different among geographic populations. In the autumn, the warming accelerated nymphal development, resulted in larger female size, affected the timing of the diapause-associated adult body colour change from green to russet and enhanced preparation for overwintering. Larger females had higher winter survival rate than smaller females. The warming strongly increased survival rate in both size classes and allowed smaller females to reach the same winter survival rate as larger females had under the quasi-natural conditions. The winter survival also differed between the green and dark-coloured females under the quasi-natural, but not under the warming conditions. However, under the warming conditions, green females survived the winter even better than dark-coloured females did under the quasi-natural conditions. Moreover, the warming shortened the life span of females from the summer generations and prolonged it in those from the autumn generation. It is concluded that even a moderate temperature increase (+2.5 ºC) in the future is likely to have a complex influence upon insects, strongly affecting many of their life-history and phenological parameters.

The completely sequenced mitochondrial genome of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, is a circular molecule of 16,518 bp with a total A+T content of 76.4%. Nucleotide composition and codon usage of this genome are near the means observed in other 12 hemipteran mitochondrial genomes; however, the initiation codon for CO1 gene appears to be TTG, dissimilar to what has been seen in the 12 mitochondrial genomes. In this genome, the A+T rich region between srRNA and tRNAIle gene includes two extensive repeat regions, in which each region includes 4 and 12 tandem repeats of a 73 bp sequence, respectively. The gene content, order, and structure of the H. halys mitochondrial genome are consistent with that of Triatoma dimidiata, belong to the same suborder Heteroptera, but different from two suborders, Auchenorrhynca and Sternorrhyncha, including various gene rearrangements. Analyzing phylogenetic relationship and comparing gene order and content of the 13 hemipteran mitochondrial genomes of three suborders, Heteroptera, Auchenorrhynca, and Sternorrhyncha, supported the morphology-based current hypothesis that both Auchenorrhynca and Sternorrhyncha are a monophyletic group.

The ㎝bryonic and postembryonic developments of Nezara antennata Scott were observed in 5 different rearing cages such as A (Cylindrical, ø 10 ㎝ × 4 ㎝), B (Cylindrical, ø 14.5 ㎝ × 2.8 ㎝), C (Rectangle, 6.5 L × 6.5 ㎝W × 10 ㎝H), D (Cylindrical, ø 9 ㎝ in bottom & ø 11.5 ㎝ in upper × 10.8 ㎝) and E (Cylindrical, ø 15 ㎝ × 7.5 ㎝) containing soybean and peanut seeds as food, and sponge soaked with water under laboratory condition of 24℃ and 15L : 9D. Hatchability ranged from 93 to 97%. Nymphal duration was shortest of 6 days in the 1st instar and longest of 10 days in the 5th instar. The nymphal duration was 38 to 39 days observed in the rearing cages. Emergence rate was in the range from 53 to 62% with highest in A and B cages. Adult longevity was 65 to 75 days for male, and 67 to 74 days for female, and was longest in the B cage. Total number of eggs laid by female adult was in the range from 51 to 56 without significant difference in the rearing cages, and was the most in the B cage. Accordingly, the reproductive rate of N. antennata for 1 generation was within 25 to 33 times, and was highest in the B rearing cage. Therefore, it could be concluded that B cage is most suitable for stable rearing of N. antennata under laboratory condition.

Stink bug species and host plants occurred in fallow lands for rice product regulation were studied in Honam area from 2004 to 2005. A total of 26 bug species in 8 families were surveyed in the fallow lands. Population density of Cletus punctiger adult reached its peak in July and was higher in fallow lands close to mountain area in Muan. Population density of stink bug species occurred in plain area of Wanju were significantly low in 2004 and population density of C. punctiger adult reached its peak in July and August in fallow lands in 2005. Five species of stink bug including C. punctiger immigrated from fallow lands to rice fields in August, and three other species including Cletus schmidti in September. Eight stink bug species which were observed to feed on weeds in fallow lands were C. punctiger, C. schmidti, Eurydema gebleri, Pachygrontha antennata, Trigonotylus caelestialium, Aelia fieberi, Eysarcoris aeneus, and Nezara antennata.

규격이 다른 5가지 사육용기, A용기 (원통형, 직경 10 cm, 높이 4 cm), B용기 (원통형, 지름 14.5 cm, 높이 2.8 cm), C용기 (사각통, 가로세로 : , 높이 10 cm), D용기 (원통형, 밑지름 9 cm, 밑지름 11.5 cm,높이 10.8 cm), E용기 (원통형, 직경 15 cm, 높이 7.5 cm)에 두류종자 (대두+땅 콩종자) 및 스폰지급수물을 제공하여 , 16L:8D 실내조건에서 가로줄노린재의 부화율, 우화율 및 산란수를 조사하여 증식율을 구하였다. 난기간은 사육용기에 관계없이 6일 이었다. 부화율은 로 B용기에서 가장 높았다. 영기별 발육기간은 1령에서 5일, 5령에서 11일로 영기가 증가할수록 현저히 증가하였다. 약충기간은 일로 사육용기에 따른 현저한 차이는 없었다. 우화을은 로 B용기에서 가장 높았으며, 다음은 A용기 였다. 성충수명은 수컷에서 일, 암컷에서 일 이었고, 성별에 관계없이 B용기에서 가장 길었다. 암컷의 산란수는 개로 사육용기에 따라 현저한 차이가 있었으며, B용기에서 가장 많았고, E용기에서 가장 적었다. 따라서 가로줄노린재의 1세대 증식율은 약 배로 사육용기에 따른 현저한 차이와 함께 B용기에서 가장 높았다. 그러므로 실내에서 가로줄노린재를 가장 안정적으로 사육하기 위해선 B용기를 이용하는 것이 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났다