주요 벼 해충의 경제적 피해 수준을 결정하고 약제살포 회수의 감소 가능성을 모색하기 위하여, 수원 등 4개 지역의 농가 포장 조건하에서 본 연구를 수행하였다. 무살포구 관행방제구 및 2.3의 관행 방제를 수정한 처리구를 두었으며, 해충 밀도 및 병의 발생에 대해서도 상세한 기록을 행하였다. I) 이화명충의 제1세대가 활발한 중부지방의 수원과 이천의 경우 수회 약제 살포구와 무살포구 사이의 수량의 차에 유의성이 없었으며, 평균 수량은 높아서 5.2-7.6t/ha였다. ii) 일본형 품종이나 다수성 품종인 통일 어느 품종에서도 수량의 감소를 인정할 수 없었던 고로 피해경율이 까지 상승한 제1세대 유충의 가해행위는 경제적 피해 수준 이하였다. iii) 유충에 의한 피해는 피해경이 대체되는 보상생장에 의해서 호전된다는 증거가 얻어졌다. 이화명충의 제2세대 개체군은 언제나 낮았다. iv) 수원과 이천에서 얻어진 결과를 볼 때 현재의 관행 약제 살포 회수 6-7회는 합당하지 않다. v) 남부지방인 이리의 경우 애멸구에 의한 줄무늬잎 마름병이 초기에 대발생하여 이로 인해 실질적인 수량의 감소가 일어났다. 이앙 직후에 애멸구의 평균 밀도는 주당 1-2마리였다. 이화명충도 이러한 수량의 감소에 영향을 주었을 가능성이 있다. vi) 이리에서 애멸구에 대해 수회의 약제 살포를 행하였으나 감수성 품종에서 급속하게 번져가는 줄무늬 잎마름병을 막을 수 없었으며, 그 주변 포장의 저항성 품종인 통일은 비교적 영향을 받지 않았다. vii) 끝동매미충, 벼멸구, 횐등멸구 및 벼잎굴파리는 중요성이 적은 해충이다.실효를 거둘 수 없는 반면 신문지 봉지는 피해율을 나타냈으나 숙기가 약간 지연되는 외에는 하등의 지장이 없었다. 5) 백색 전구는 비래 나방수가 10.8마리로 청색 0.95마리, 황색 전구 0.22마리에 비하여 많이 비래하였으나 방제효과 면에서는 기대하기가 어려운 것으로 본다의 밀도를 조사였다. 1. Carbofuran, Omethoate 액상근부처리에 비하여 캡슐 근부처리는 이화명충, 애멸구방제효과가 월등히 좋았고 Omethoate보다는 Carbofuran의 방제효과가 좋았다. 2. Carbofuran 1회 액상근부처리는 Carbofuran 2회 수면시용과 대등한 수도해충의 방제효과가 있었다. 3. A포장에서 보다 B포장에서 이화명충 방제효과가 좋았는데 그것은 B포장에서의 약제처리시기가 이화명충 방제적기에 해당하기 때문인 것 같다. 4. Carbofuran 1회 근부처리는 수도 전 생육기간에 걸친 수도해충방제가 가능한 것으로 보였다.이었다. 따라서 양자간의 상관관계를 밝히는데 도움이 되지는 못하였다. 그러나 본 연구기간 중 필자의 주장을 뒷받침 해 주는 중요한 새로운 정보를 입수할 수 있었다. 즉 1946년에 흰둥멸구의 대발생으로 충남, 전남지방에 피해가 심했으며 그중 피해액이 밝혀진 곳은 라주군에서 16만석, 서산군에서 19만석이었다. (당시 농사시험장 곤충담당관 이봉우씨 담, 현재선 교수 전) 1910년 이후의 우리나라에서의 벼멸구 생기록을 보면 항상 흰등멸구와 함께 발생하고 있으며 최근의 예찰등성적을 보아도 함께 나타나 있고, 해에 따라 1975년도와 같이 벼멸구가 대발생하는 수도 있

For four calender years (1971-1974), daily observations of weather conditions (air temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, cloud amount, fog, precipitation etc.) at six stations in the north western Pacific Ocean are used to calculate mean monthly values and to check extra-conditions. At Petropavlosk and Miko'skoe, where indicate the characteristics of modified continental climate, the temperature and humidity are high in summer, and Iow in winter. At A Dak and She Mya, where indicate the characteristics of warm current type maritime climate, humidity is high in all season and annual range of air temperature is nearly negligible. At Simusir and Vasi!' eva, where indicate the characteristics of cold current type maritime climate, humidity is high in all season and annual range of air temperature is 15℃. As dry cooling power is relatively high in winter, working condition on deck is bad. Most of fogs are advection fog in the area of cold current type climate in summer.

우리나라에서 처음 발생되었던 Kresek에 과한 발생의 균형 및 재현에 관한 시험결과는 다음과 같았다. 흰빛잎마름병균에 의한 Kresek 현상은 주로 남부방인 전라남도 화순, 무안, 강진, 영암, 곡성, 광산, 경상남도 진양군에서 볼 수 있었다. Kresek 발생지의 병원균의 균형은 I, II, IV, V군에 의한 발생을 나타냈다. 3. Kresek이 가장 심하였던 화순군에서는 21균주중 17균주는 IV군, 2균주는 II군, 2균주는 V군이었으며 광산군의 5균주는 IV군dp 속하는 균주였다. 4. 화순군에서는 II, IV, V군이 혼재하고 있음을 볼 수 있었다. 5. Kresek 재현에 관한 시험에서는 접종 5일만에 발병을 볼 수 있었으며 뿌리 절단법에서 발병율이 현저히 높았고, 분무접종, 침접종에서도 발병을 볼 수 있었다. 6. 병원균농도가 높을수록 발병이 많았다.

통일품종의 도열병저항성 유전자구성과 저항성의 유전에 관련하는 이들 유전자의 상호관계를 구명하기 위하여 통일품종과 5개의 이병성 재래품종, 밀성, 팔굉, 신 2호, 중국 4.호 및 관동 89호 등을 교잡하여 얻어진 및 집단에 도열병균주 E-7과 100-14를 각각 주사 접종하여 그들의 분리비를 Chi-square test하였다. 1. 유전자분석에 사용된 도열병균주 E-7, T-1 및 100-14sms 일본판별품종에 의하여 각각 C-3, T-1 및 C-5로 동정되었다. 2. 식물체는 접종균주에 대하여 저항성 모품종과 동일한 수준의 저항성을 나타냈으며 이것은 도열병 저항성이 이병성에 대하여 완전우성임을 시사한 것으로 보였다. 3. 집단에서는 접종균주 E-7과 100-14에 대하여 저항성과 이병성의 분리비가 각각 3:1로 나타나 이들 균주에 대한 토일의 저항성은 단성유전을 하는 것으로 보였다. 4. 접종균주 E-7에 대하여 저항성인 집단에 100-14 균주를 2차로 접종한 저항성과 이병성이 3:1로 분리되어 이 두 균주에 대한 통일의 저항성은 서로다른 별개의 유전자에 의하여 발견되는 것으로 보였다. 5. 본 실험의 결과를 종합하면 접종균주 T-1, E-7 및 100-14에 대한 저항성은 서로 다른 유전자에 의하여 지배되므로 통일품종은 적어도 3개 이상의 도열병 저항성 유전자를 갖는 것으로 추정되었다.

The optical properties of the sea water were studied by use of underwater photometers in the coastal waters of Busan, from December 1975 to May 1976. The absorption coefficient of the sea water in the area ranged from 0.223 to 0.901 and the mean was 0.355. Maximum valae of monthly mean was 0.454 in December, while the minium was 0.301 in January. The transparency in winter was higher than that in spring and the mean was 4. 7 meters. The relation between absorption coefficient (m) and transparency (D) was m= 1. 67/ D. The rate of light penetration at 5 m-layer in the area ranged from 1. 73 to 24.09 percent and the mean was 13.63 percent, while the rate at 10 m-layer ranged from 0.067 to 8.05 percent and the mean was 2.95 percent.

An improved version of the galatic mass distribution has been derived by increasing the number of shells in each spheroid of our earlier model. It is found that the increase of the number of the shell improves the model considerably, thus making it agree far better with observations.

구기자혹응애(Eriophyes kuko KISHIDA)의 침입기에 의하여 구기자나무(Lycium chineens MILL.)외 잎형성된 혹(mite gall)의 생화학적 성질을 구명할 목으로 몇 가지 효소의 활성도, 화학성분의 함량 및 호량 등에 관하여 실험한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Catalase와 peroxidase 활성도는 건전한 잎의 직보다 혹 조직에서 높았으며 혹이 점차로 커짐에 따라 활성도도 높아졌다. 2. 조효소의 phosphorylase 활성도는 큰 혹(matured gall) 조직과 건전한 잎의 조직에 있어서 차이가 없었으나 활성 측정에 미치는 다른 효소의 영향을 고려하면 건전한 잎의 조직이 높은 것 같으며, phosphomonoesterase의 활성도는 건전한 잎의 조직보다 큰 혹 조직이 5배 가까이 높았으며 와 invertase 등의 활성도는 큰 혹 조직이 2배 가까이 높았다. 3. 조단백질 함량은 혹의 발생 형성초기인 작은 혹일때는 정도 건전한 잎의 조직보다 증가하였으나 혹이 점차 커 짐에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 환원당은 자은 측일 에는 약간 감소하는 경향이었으나 혹이 점차 커짐에 따라 증가하였다. 인과 tannin의 함량도 혹이 점차커짐에 따라 증가하여를 혹이 건전한 잎보다 2배정도 많았다. 4, 호흡에 있어서 는 혹 조직이 건전한 잎보다 높았으나, 는 반대로 건전한 잎이 높았으며, RQ는 혹 조직이 낮았다.

합성하고 이에다 를 작용시켜 cadmium pentachlorphenolxanthate(Cd-PCP-xanthate)를 항성 하였다. 2. 시료 I, II, III, IV 및 V를 합성하여 화학분석 한 결과 시료 V가 가장 순도가 높았으며, 이의 분석치는 Cd-PCP-xanthate와 Cd-PCP가 약 씩 함유된 것과 동일하다. 3. 시료 V를 가지고 수화제, 및 분제를 조제하였다. 4. 살균효과시험은 수도의 깨씨무늬병균과 도열병균에 대하여 분생포자 발아 억제시험 및 균사신장억제 시험을 한 결과 포자발아억제효과는 10∼20ppm에서 유효하였고 균사억제효과는 분제 30초 부착구에서 Ceresan 석회와 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 5. 수도에 대한 약해 시험결과는 약해를 볼 수없었다.

The gain of internal energy of a star cluster caused by the tidal attraction of our Galaxy is examined. Expressions are derived which include the effects of a two-body orbit and internal motions of the cluster. These formulae are compared with previous results based on (i) uniform rectilinear motion and (ii) neglect of internal motions induced by cluster gravitation(i.e., impulsive approximation), and it is found that these simplifying assumptions generally introduce significant uncertainties.

4종의 탄저병균, Colletrichum panacicola, C. gloeosporides, C. truncatum 및 C. nicotianae의 분생포자형성에 미치는 광선의 영향을 감자과당한천배지에서 각 분생포자현탁액을 Petri접시 전면에 접종하여 시험하였다. C. nicotianae를 제외한 세 탄저병균은 지속광선구에서 다른 두구보다 분생포자형성이 증가되었는데 그 두 구간에는 현저한 차이가 없었다. 공시 탄저병균 별로 보면 C. panacicola의 분생포자량이 가장 적었고 C. gloeosporioides는 중간, C. truncatum은 가장 많았다. 분생포자형성량의 차이는 공시 탄저병균(P=0.99), 광선처리 (P=0.95) 및 그 상호작용(P=0,99)에 따라 통계학적으로 유의성이 있었다.

Technetium has been identified as an element of interest for the safety assessment of a deep geological repository for used nuclear fuel. In this study, the sorption of Tc(IV) onto MX-80 bentonite, illite, and shale in ionic strength (I) 0.1–6 mol·kgw−1 (m) Na-Ca-Cl solutions at pHm = 4–9 and limestone at pHm = 5–9 was studied. Tc(IV) sorption on MX-80 increased with pHm from 4 to 6, reached the maximum at pHm = 6–7, and then gradually decreased with pHm from 7 to 9. Tc(IV) sorption on illite gradually increased with pHm from 4 to 7, and then decreased as pHm increased. The sorption properties of Tc(IV) on shale were quite similar to those on illite. Tc(IV) sorption on limestone slightly increased with pHm from 5 to 6 and then seemed to be constant at pHm = 6–9. Tc(IV) sorption on all four solids was independent of ionic strength (0.1–6 m). The 2 site protolysis non-electrostatic surface complexation and cation exchange model successfully simulated the sorption of Tc(IV) onto MX-80 and illite and the optimized values of surface complexation constants were estimated.

Currently, off-site dose calculations for nuclear power plants are conducted using a computer program (K-DOSE 60). The program is developed based on the regulatory guidelines of the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS), which is a domestic nuclear regulatory agency. In this study, a domestic application of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) TRS (Technical Reports Series)-472 methodology for 3H and 14C in liquid effluents was studied. The dose-evaluation methods adopted and the program configuration for dose evaluation are described based on 3H and 14C in the liquid-effluent-evaluation module of the computer program. The accuracy of the program is verified by comparing the program-calculated results with hand calculation values. Furthermore, a comparative evaluation with LADTAP II, which is a liquid-effluent-evaluation methodology developed by the U.S. NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission), is performed. The result confirms that the program-calculated results for the IAEA TRS-472 methodology are consistent with the hand calculation values. Meanwhile, the result of comparative evaluation with LADTAP II indicates different results depending on the methodology used.

Thermodynamic sorption modeling can enhance confidence in assessing and demonstrating the radionuclide sorption phenomena onto various mineral adsorbents. In this work, Ca-montmorillonite was successfully purified from Bentonil-WRK bentonite by performing the sequential physical and chemical treatments, and its geochemical properties were characterized using X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, cesium-saturation method, and controlled continuous acidbase titration. Further, batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the adsorption properties of Cs(I) and Sr(II) onto the homoionic Ca-montmorillonite under ambient conditions, and the diffuse double layer model-based inverse analysis of sorption data was performed to establish the relevant surface reaction models and obtain corresponding thermodynamic constants. Two types of surface reactions were identified as responsible for the sorption of Cs(I) and Sr(II) onto Ca-montmorillonite: cation exchange at interlayer site and complexation with edge silanol functionality. The thermodynamic sorption modeling provides acceptable representations of the experimental data, and the species distributions calculated using the resulting reaction constants accounts for the predominance of cation exchange mechanism of Cs(I) and Sr(II) under the ambient aqueous conditions. The surface complexation of cationic fission products with silanol group slightly facilitates their sorption at pH > 8.

After the Fukushima accident in 2011, relevant concerns regarding the contamination of the natural environment rose abruptly. For example, water contaminated by radionuclides such as Cs and Sr may directly flow into the ocean and threaten the marine ecosystem. In this respect, costeffective and efficient decontamination techniques need to be developed and verified to remediate the contaminated water. Prussian blue (PB) is known as a representative material that can adsorb Cs by ion-trapping and is widely used for medical purposes. However, there is a limitation that PB itself is non-separable and highly mobile in aqueous system, so it needs a fixture, such as bentonite, to be collected after the adsorption. Furthermore, while the performance of PB toward Cs is relatively well known, its behavior toward Sr has rarely been reported. The object of this study is to investigate the sorption characteristics of Cs and Sr onto PB-functionalized bentonite at various conditions. The adsorbent employed in the present work was prepared by mixing bentonite, FeCl3, and K4[Fe(CN)6] at room temperature for 24 hours in the aqueous solution. The concentrations of FeCl3 and K4[Fe(CN)6] were set to a range of 5-200 % compared to the cation exchange capacity of bentonite. After that, the PB-functionalized bentonite was sieved with a mesh size of 63 μm and then reacted with the Cs and Sr solution at various liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratios of 2-10 g/L for up to 500 minutes. Moreover, synthetic seawater containing additional Cs and Sr was reacted with PBfunctionalized bentonite to characterize the ion selectivity of PB. After the completion of the adsorption experiment, a part of the adsorbent was separated and desorption of Cs and Sr with 2 M of nitric acid was performed. For the quantification of aqueous Cs and Sr concentrations, ICP-MS was employed after the filtration with a pore size of 0.45 μm. The result obtained in this study revealed a high sorption affinity of Cs and Sr onto PBfunctionalized bentonite. The analysis results also presented that the sorption reactions of Cs and Sr reached their steady state within 10 minutes of reaction time. Furthermore, the ion selectivity toward Cs and Sr was verified through sorption test with synthetic seawater. According to the high sorption affinity and selectivity, the PB-functionalized bentonite synthesized through this study is expected to be widely used for remediating the Cs- and Sr-contaminated groundwater and seawater, particularly in nuclear waste-relevant industries.

During the operation of a nuclear power plant (NPP), corrosion products called CRUD (Chalk River unidentified deposit) accumulate on the surface of the primary system. The CRUD components of pressurized light water reactors or heavy water reactors, represented by (NixFe1-x)(FeyCr1-y)2O4, are composed of Fe3O4, NiFe2O4, FeCr2O4, NiCr2O4, etc. Radionuclide such as Co-60 are deposited within this CRUD, so the entire deposited material must be dissolved and removed for decontamination. Chemical decontamination has the advantage of being able to decontaminate a wide metal surface, but has the disadvantage of generating a large amount of secondary waste. Recently, chemical decontamination methods that add an electrodynamic process are being studied to overcome these shortcomings. This technology is a method of dissolving CRUD by applying an electric field in the anodic compartment of a cell separated by CEM. It is a method of accelerating CRUD dissolution by generating a large amount of hydrogen ions in the anodic compartment. Dissolved metal ions pass through the CEM (cation exchange membrane) and move to the cathodic compartment (pH > 12), where they are removed by adsorption or precipitation process. Therefore, the speciation characteristics between decontamination agent (oxalic acid) and metal ions are very important. In this study, we investigated the speciation characteristics of Fe(II), Ni(II), Co(II) - oxalate, which are important complex species in CRUD dissolution cells. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant for hydrolysis of each ion and of M(II)-oxalate were collected and speciation characteristics were analyzed using the MINEQL 5.0 program. From the speciation characteristics of M(II)-oxalate, effective radionuclide removal methods in an electrodynamic cell were considered.

Radionuclides in low- and intermediate-level radioactive wastes from the decommissioning process of nuclear power plants were generally immobilized by cementation methods. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which is extensively used as a decontamination agent, can affect the behaviors of radionuclides immobilized in cement waste forms. In this study, the effects of EDTA contained in simulated radioactive decommissioning wastes on the leaching characteristics of immobilized Co and Cs and the microstructure evolution of cement waste form. Co leaching was accelerated by the formation of Co–EDTA complexes with high mobility and solubility. Cs leaching was hindered by the ion competition with other metal–EDTA complexes for releasing from the cement waste form. Cs leaching was also retarded by carbonated layer at edge of the cement waste form, which process is facilitated by the presence of EDTA. Finally, the effects of EDTA on the leaching characteristics of immobilized Cs and Co and the microstructure evolution of the cement waste form should be considered to ensure the safety of disposal for lowand intermediate-level radioactive wastes.

The potentiostatic titration method is one of the effective methods for determining the total uranium assay in high-concentration uranium samples. A notable approach is the Devies-Grey titration method, which was first reported in 1964. In the U sample treatment process of this method, the reduction of U(VI) by Fe(II) is initially a non-spontaneous reaction based on the reduction potentials of the two half-reactions. However, in a high-concentration phosphoric acid medium, the reduction potential of Fe(II) is enhanced, simultaneously increasing the reduction potential of U(VI). As a result, the redox reaction becomes spontaneous due to these dual effects. On the other hand, the reaction kinetics can elucidate why nitric acid does not oxidize U(IV) during the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III). Furthermore, the role of Mo(VI)/Mo(V) as a redox enhancer, employed alongside nitric acid, can be comprehended through electrochemical means. Similarly, the function of V(IV) as an electrochemical enhancer, aiding the action of the Cr(VI) titrant, becomes understandable. Grasping the various phenomena that manifest during the titration process is imperative for refining existing titration methods and pioneering new ones.

The need for the development of sustainable, efficient, and green radioactive waste disposal methods is emerging with the saturation of spent nuclear waste storage facilities in the Republic of Korea. Conventional radioactive waste management methods like using cement or glass have drawbacks such as high porosity, less chemical stability, high energy consumption, carbon dioxide production, and the generation of secondary wastes, etc. To address this gigantic issue of the planet, we have designed a study to explore the potential of alternative materials having easy processability, low carbon emissions and more chemical stability such as ceramic (hydroxyapatite, HAP) and alkali-activated materials (geopolymers, GP) to capture the simulated radioactive cobalt ions from the contaminated water and directly solidify them at low temperatures. Physical and mechanical properties of HAP alone and 15wt% GP incorporated HAP (HAP-GP- 15) composite were studied and compared. The surface of both materials was fully sorbed with an excess amount of Co(II) ions in the aqueous system. Co(II) sorbed powders were separated from aqueous media using a centrifuge machine operating at 5,000 RPM for 10 minutes and dried at 100°C for 8 hours. The dried powders were then placed in stainless steel molds, and shaped into cylindrical pellets using a uniaxial press at a pressure of 1 metric ton for 1 minute. The pellets were sintered at 1,100°C for 2 hours at a heating rate of 10°C/min. Following this, the water absorption, density, porosity, and compressive strength of the polished pellets were measured using standard methods. Results showed that HAP has a greater potential for decontamination and solidification of Co(II) due to its higher density (2.65 g/cm3 > 1.90 g/cm3), less open porosity (16.2±2.9% < 42.4 ±0.9%) and high compressive strength (82.1±10.2 MPa > 6.9±0.8 MPa) values at 1,100°C compared to that of HAP-GP-15. Nevertheless, further study with different constituent ratio of HAP and GP at various temperatures is required to fully optimize the HAP-GP matrix for waste solidifications.