미국의 시민소송은 행정절차법(Administrative Procedure Act, APA)상 시민이 정부 행위의 작위와 부작위에 관해 이의를 제기할 능력 을 부여한 조항에 뿌리를 두고 있으며 개별 환경실체법을 통해 시민들에 게 정부, 그리고 직접적인 환경오염 원자를 제소할 수 있는 보다 강력한 권리로 자리매김하였으며 시민소송 제도의 활용은 환경정책의 개발과 이 행에 있어서 시민이 강력한 역할을 할 수 있게 하였다. 본고는 미국의 시민소송을 개괄하고, 시민소송이 환경법에 미친 영향을 살펴볼 것이다. Ⅱ장에서는 시민 소송과 사법심사 제도의 세 가지 유형을 살펴보고 Ⅲ장 에서는 미국 환경법상 시민소송 사례를 살펴보고 IV. 장에서는 시민소송 을 제기하기 위해 넘어야 하는 법적 장애물과 구제수단을 논할 것이다. 끝으로 결론에서는 환경정책의 집행에 적극적이고 능동적인 동반자로 서 참여할 수 있는 소송 구조의 문제점과 소송절차의 대안의 모색이 필요하며 미국 법원이 환경행정처의 정책과 집행에 영향을 미쳤던 교 훈을 참고하여 시민소송 제도의 도입과 평가가 요청된다. 지난 40년 간의 시민집행제도는 여전히 미국의 권력분립과 대의민주주의 원칙에서 논쟁의 주제이며 시민소송은 계속해서 향후 미국 환경법 제도에 걸쳐 중 요한 영향을 줄 것임에 분명하다. 우리나라의 경우 환경 침해에 대한 사 법적 구제는 대부분 불법행위로 인한 손해배상 청구 소송에 한정되어 있 어 환경 보호의 본령이라고 할 수 있는 사전 환경 침해방지는 거의 외면 되다시피 한 실정이고 이를 타파하기 위해서는 무엇보다도 현행 환경 정 책 기본법을 위시한 개별 환경법에 대한 근본적인 수술이 절실하며 그중 여기에 소개되는 시민소송 제도의 장․단점을 면밀히 검토한 뒤 가까운 시 기에 그 입법화를 과감히 추진해야 되리라고 본다.

The nature of molecular mechanisms governing embryo development is largely unknown, but recent reports have demonstrated that proper execution of programmed cell death is crucial for this process. The main objective of this study is to examine the mode of programmed cell death during nuclear transfer embryos development in porcine. In particular, the relative employment of two major pathways in programmed cell death; e.g. apoptosis (type I) and autophagy (type II) was compared. Oocytes use in the study was matured in vitro in the presence of 10% FBS maturation medium. After nuclear transfer embryos were cultured for each programmed cell death control factor [Cysteamine(Cyst : 0.4mM), 3-methyladenine(3MA : 2.5mM) and Rapamycin(RP : 100nM)] in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 0.1% BSA. In this study results of among the blastocysts development in 3MA; PCNA, MAP1LC3A and ATG5 RNA gene expression level increased in the order of IVF<Cyst < 3MA < RP. However Casp-3 and TNF-r RNA gene expression level decreased in the order of IVF < 3MA and RP< Cyst. The expression of mTOR showed a pattern opposite to that of MAP1LC3A. That is, its expression was the lowest in Cyst group. And next experiments analysis of MMP expression patterns. Analysed this MMPs enzyme activation to evaluate the effectiveness of high quality brastocyst culture in porcine. In this results of the enzymatic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was assessed in culture, the level of active MMP-9 was higher expression in the medium of each 3MA and RP treatment group, with the level of another treatment group being relatively higher. These results suggest that the autophagy activation culture medium is more effective for stable and innovative nuclear transfer embryos development.

Ganglioside GT1b, glycosphigolipids with three sialic acid, is known to play an important role in signal transduction such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGF is also known to induce resumption of meiosis and cumulus cells expansion during porcine oocyte maturation. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of ganglioside GT1b on resumption of meiosis and cumulus cells expansion in porcine oocyte maturation. First, porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes were cultured in NCSU-23 medium supplemented with GT1b (0, 1, 2 and 4 μM) at 44 h. We observed that the proportion of the metaphase II (M II) stage was significantly increased in the 2 μM GT1b (78.0 ± 2.3) treated group than in the other groups. Furthermore, expression of cumulus cells expansion factor genes (Has2, TNFAIP6, Ptx3) were significantly increased in the 2 μM GT1b treated group than in the other groups. Next, we investigated the meiotic maturation and the expressions of cumulus cells expansion factor genes after GT1b and/or EGF treatment. The proportion of the M II stage was significantly higher in the GT1b+EGF (90.1 ± 2.3) treated group than in the other groups. Moreover, expressions of cumulus cells expansion factor genes were significantly increased in the GT1b+EGF treated group than in the control group. After in vitro fertilization, fertilization rate, preimplantation development competence and quality of blastocyst were improved in oocytes derived from GT1b+EGF treated group. Taken together, these results suggest that exogenous ganglioside GT1b improving the developmental competence of porcine embryos via increase of resumption of meiosis and cumulus cells expansion during in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes.

Membrane-based gas separation is one of the next generations’ gas separation technology for carbon capture and storage (CCS). Membrane process has the advantages of i) low energy consumption without a phase change during the separation, ii) small footprint and easy scale-up of membrane modules, and iii) clean process without any emission of harmful byproducts. However, the requirement of CO2 separation membrane for CCS has limited the application of gas separation membranes in the industrial field. Here, we demonstrate the strategies to approach to the current limitation by developing a high flux of polymeric hollow fiber membrane. The membrane performance in this work is 900 GPU (1 GPU = 10-6 cm3/cm2‧sec‧cmHg) of CO2 permeance. The CO2 capture pilot plant using multi-stage membrane processes at KDHC has been on-site tested.

옥수수수염은 다양한 플라보노이드를 함유하고 있어 항산화능이 보고되었으며, 전통의학에서는 부종의 제어에 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 LPS로 자극된 RAW 264.7 대식세포의 염증모델에서, 옥수수수염 추출물의 항염증기작을 탐색하였다. 옥수수수염 추출물과 함께 배양한 RAW 264.7 대식세포의 대식능, 항원제시 단백질 (CD80, CD86, MHC class II)의 발현량, 염증성 유전자 (iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6)의 전사 및 염증성 싸이토카인 (TNF-α, IL-6) 분비능을 측정하였다. FITC-latex beads를 이용하여 대식능을 측정한 결과, 옥수수수염 추출물을 처리함에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보이며 농도 의존적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, 형광항체를 이용하여 LPS 자극에 따른 항원제시 단백질의 발현량을 flow-cytometer로 측정하였다. 그 결과, CD80 단백질은 옥수수수염 추출물을 처리하였을 시 농도에 관계 없이 그 양이 유의적으로 증가하였으며, CD86 단백질은 농도 의존적으로 유의적인 차이를 보이며 증가하였다. 대식세포의 대표적인 염증성 신호전달체계인 NF-kB의 down-stream 유전자의 전사량을 qRT-PCR을 이용하여 측정한 결과, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α 및 IL-6의 전사량은 모두 유의적으로 감소하였다. 염증성 싸이토카인인 TNF-α와 IL-6의 전사량의 변화가 세포배양액 내 분비량과의 상관관계가 있는지 확인하기 위하여 ELISA법을 이용하여 배양액 내 싸이토카인을 정량한 결과, 모두 유의적으로 감소함을 보였다. 따라서, 본 연구결과는 옥수수수염 추출물의 항염증 기능을 밝히고 있다. 더불어, 대식세포의 후천성면역을 매개하는 항원제시능은 영향을 받지 않음으로서 면역저하효과는 없을 것으로 판단된다.

급성 췌장염은 다양한 원인에 의해 발생되는 췌장의 염증성 질환으로 담도질환에 대한 내시경 시술이나 영상의학적 시술에 의해서 유발되기도 한다. 담도 시술과 관련하여 발생 하는 췌장염은 담도에 대한 조작보다는 바터팽대부를 절개 또는 확장시키거나 바터팽대부를 통과시켜 스텐트 혹은 도관을 거치하면서 유발되는 췌관의 압박에 의해 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 바터팽대부에 대한 조작을 시행하지 않는 경우에는 췌장염 발생의 위험성이 없는 것으로 되어 있고 더 하여 경피경관담도경 시술을 위한 도관 삽입 후에 췌장염이 발생한 경우는 보고된 바가 없었다. 본 증례에서는 3cm 가량의 거대 총담관 담석들에 의해 발생된 담도염에 대해 경피 경관담도경 시술을 준비하는 과정 중 총담관에 도관을 삽입 한 이후 급성 췌장염이 발생하였다. 이에 저자들은 원위부 총담관 내부에 삽입된 도관으로 인해 거대 총담관 담석이 췌장두부를 압박하였고 이로 인한 주췌관의 가역적인 폐색이 유발되어 급성 췌장염이 발병한 증례를 경험하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

The tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura(Fabricius), is a major pest of tomato and frequently demands control measures. The timing of insecticide application is a key factor in determining its efficiency, so an experiment was designed to investigate this. Application of insecticide was based on three criteria: (i) the number of trap-caught moths in a Delta-type trap with a commercial sex pheromone lure placed in the center of the target area, soon after plant emergence; (ii) the percentage of plants exhibiting pinhole-type damage (10% or 20%) and (iii) the percentage of plants exhibiting shot hole-type damage (10% or 20%) compared to a check plot without any control measures. We found that the number of trap-caught moths was, compared to the other methods, the best means of deciding on insecticide application in tomato plant to control the tobacco cutworm. Using pheromone traps, we obtained the best performance of the insecticide Shinnago, causing > 90% larval mortality. Without insecticide application, tomato yield reduction due to the tobacco cutworm larva damage was 27%.

The Oecophoridae is a mega-diverse microlepidopteran family within the Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera) comprising more than 3,300 described and numerous undescribed species. Based on comprehensive phylogenetic analysis using eight genes for 82 taxa, the results indicated that (i) Casmara, Tyrolimnas and Pseudodoxia did not belong to Oecophoridae; (ii) other oecophorids dividing into two subfamilies, Pleurotinae and Oecophorinae, were nested within the same clade, and (iii) Martyringa, Acryptolechia and Periacmini were clustered with core Xyloryctide. Reconstruction of ancestral microhabitat of oecophorids indicated that they might have evolved from dried plant feeders and further convergently specialized. The ancestral larva sheltering strategy of oecophorids might have used a silk tube by making itself, shifting from mining leaves.

The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a serious pest and vector of various virus causing economic losses in a variety of vegetables in Bangladesh as well as worldwide. In the present study, the mtCOI sequence of B. tabaci was analysed using 70 samples collected from different host plants at 12 districts of Bangladesh. Phylogenetic analysis was shown genetic divergence of our samples was 0.12 – 13.97%. There was three independent clusters such as Asia I, Asia II-1 and Asia II-5 genetic groups. Sequence diversity among three groups was 13.97%, 15.07% and 9.67%. Geographic diversity, for example, Asia I distributed in Central and Northern parts, Asia II-5 Central and Southern parts but Asia II-1 were present everywhere in Bangladesh. There was no B and Q aggressive biotypes in Bangladesh. Most Asia I and II was distributed in southeastern countries including Thailand, Vietnam, Pakistan, China and India. Our results provide understanding of genetic diversity of B. tabaci in southeast area.

We report a spatial uctuation analysis of the sky brightness in the near-infrared from observations towards the north ecliptic pole (NEP) by AKARI at 2.4 and 3.2 μm. As a follow up study of our previous work on the Monitor eld of AKARI, we used NEP deep survey data, which covered a circular area of about 0.4 square degrees, in order to extend uctuation analysis at angular scales up to 1000". After pre-processing, additional correction procedures were done to correct time varying components and instrumental effects such as MUXbleed. To remove resolved objects, we applied 2α clipping and point spread function (PSF) subtraction. We finally obtained mosaicked images which can be used for the study of various diffuse emissions in the near-infrared sky and found that there are spatial structures in the mosaicked images using a power spectrum analysis.

The result of the previous work leads to the idea that the inner area of the hyperbolic shell generator should be minimized for the cooling tower with higher first natural frequency. In this study the inner area of the hyperbolic shell generator was graphically established under varying height of the throat and angle of the base lintel. From the graph, several shell geometries were selected and analysed in the aspect of the natural frequency. Three representative towers reinforced differently due to different first natural frequencies were analysed non-linearly and evaluated using a damage indicator based on the change of natural frequencies. The results demonstrated that the damage behaviour of the tower reinforced higher due to a lower first natural frequency was not necessarily advantageous than the others

This essay is a reflection on the significance of U.S. accountability to the struggles of Jeju Islanders for reparations. Under international law, a strong case can be made for the United States’ obligation to acknowledge its role in the Jeju atrocities and to provide compensation to the victims.1 Addressing the United States’ responsibility for complicity in these actions will prove controversial, no doubt, for it has significant implications not for U.S. actions in other parts of the world but for all states engaged in military occupations or acting through surrogate governments. These legal and political ramifications diminish the likelihood of voluntary remedial action by the United States, and the international legal system is ill-suited to compel compliance. Nonetheless, even if Jeju Islanders are ultimately unable to obtain full satisfaction from the United States government for its role in the atrocities to which they have been subjected, I believe that recognition of the international legal obligations incurred by the U.S. in that process can reinforce the legitimacy of their claims, thereby aiding in the restoration of their dignity and supporting their on-going struggles for self-determination.

We performed Principle Component Analysis (PCA) over 264 galaxies in the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (Sanders et al., 2003) using 12, 25, 60 and 100 μm ux data observed by IRAS and 9, 18, 65, 90 and 140 μm ux data observed by AKARI. We found that (i)the first principle component was largely contributed by infrared to visible ux ratio, (ii)the second principal component was largely contributed by the ux ratio between IRAS and AKARI, (iii)the third principle component was largely contributed by infrared colors.

Combining the AKARI Point Source Catalog and the 37-month Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI) catalog, the infrared and X-ray properties of nearby active galactic nuclei were investigated. The 37-month MAXI catalog tabulates 100 nearby Seyfert galaxies, 73 of which are categorized into Seyfert I galaxies. Among these Seyfert galaxies, 69 ones were found to have an AKARI infrared counterpart. For the Seyfert I galaxies in this sample, a well-known correlation was found between the infrared and X-ray luminosities. However, the observed X-ray luminosity of the Seyfert II galaxies tends to be lower for the infrared luminosity than the Seyfert I galaxies. This suggests that the X-ray absorption is significant in the Seyfert II galaxies. The Seyfert II galaxies seem to have a bimodal distribution of the IR color between 18 μm and 90 μm. Especially, a large fraction of the Seyfert II galaxies exhibits a redder IR color than the Seyfert I galaxies. A possible origin of the redder IR color is brie y discussed, in relation to the star formation activity in the host galaxy, and to the X-ray absorption.

The knock-in efficiency in the fibroblast is very important to produce transgenic domestic animal using nuclear transfer. In this research, we constructed three kinds of different knock-in vectors to study the efficiency of knock-in depending on structure of knock-in vector with different size of homologous arm on the β-casein gene locus in the somatic cells; DT-A_cEndo Knock-in vector, DT-A_tEndo Knock-in vector I, and DT-A_tEndo Knock-in vector II. The knock-in vector consists of 4.8 kb or 1.06 kb of 5’ arm region and 1.8 kb or 0.64 kb of 3’ arm region, and neomycin resistance gene(neor) as a positive selection marker gene. The cEndo Knock-in vector had 4.8 kb and 1.8 kb homologous arm. The tEndo Knock-in vector I had 1.06 kb and 0.64 kb homologous arm and tEndo Knock-in vector II had 1.06 kb and 1.8 kb homologous arm. To express endostatin gene as transgene, the F2A sequence was fused to the 5’ terminal of endostatin gene and inserted into exon 7 of the β-casein gene. The knock-in vector and TALEN were introduced into the bovine fibroblast by electroporation. The knock-in efficiencies of cEndo, tEndo I, and tEndo II vector were 4.6%, 2.2% and 4.8%, respectively. These results indicated that size of 3’ arm in the knock-in vector is important for TALEN-mediated homologous recombination in the fibroblast. In conclusion, our knock-in system may help to create transgenic dairy cattle expressing human endostatin protein via the endogenous expression system of the bovine β-casein gene in the mammary gland.

본 논문은 위르겐 몰트만의 교회 이해와 선교 이해를 탐구한다. 몰트만에게 있어서 교회는 우선 삼위일체적 공동체이다. 몰트만은 기독교 고유의 하나님은 삼위일체적 하나님임을 강조한다. 성부와 성자와 성령의 삼위일체는 역동적 침투와 상호 내주를 의미하는 페리코 레시스의 관계성 속에 있는 공동체로 존재한다. 동등한 신적 삼위는 획일성이나 개인주의가 없는 페리코레시스적 공동체와 사귐을 형성한 다. 몰트만은 이것을 사회적 삼위일체라고 부른다. 삼위일체 하나님은 또한 열린 공동체로 존재한다. 하나님은 자신의 삼위일체적 공동체를 열어 피조물들 속으로 들어가고 또한 피조물들이 삼위일체의 사귐과 삶에 참여하도록 초청한다. 몰트만은 이러한 삼위일체는 교회의 모델 또는 모형이 된다고 주장한다. 이러한 관점을 바탕으로 몰트만은 위계 질서적이고 관료적인 교회 형태로부터 회중적이고 공동체적인 교회에 로의 교회 개혁을 강조한다. 그리고 교회는 사적인 공동체로만 머무는 것이 아니라 자신을 개방하여 공적 영역으로 나아가야 함을 제안하다. 몰트만은 또한 교회를 메시아적 공동체로 해석한다. 교회는 예수 그리스도의 교회이다. 교회는 무엇보다 종말론적 비전과 생명의 영이신 성령의 능력 안에서 그리스도의 뒤를 따라 모든 피조물들의 생명의 해방을 위해 일해야 하는 공동체이다. 이러한 교회론을 바탕으로 몰트만은 기독교 선교에 대한 그의 새로운 통찰을 발전시킨다. 그는 교회는 선교적 교회가 되어야 한다고 논한다. 그에게 있어서 선교는 기독교 제국의 팽창이나 기독교 교회의 확장이나 온 인류의 복음화이기 보다는 생명에로의 초대이다. 그는 또한 선교를 사람들과 사회와 모든 피조물들의 해방을 위한 사역으로 이해한다. 몰트만에게 있어서, 선교의 지평은 하나님의 나라의 관점에 서 계속 넓게 개방된다. 그것이 지향하는 바는 하나님이 모든 것 속의 모든 것이 되실 때 성취될 새 창조의 종말론적 완성이다. 그러므로 몰트만의 선교론은 에큐메니칼적이고 총체적인 특징을 가진다. 제2차 바티칸공의회의 교회론과 부산에서 열린 제10차 WCC 총회가 발표한 새로운 선교 비전 선언문과 상응하면서, 몰트만은 위기 가운데 있는 현대 교회들의 미래를 위한 새롭고 적합한 선교의 방향을 제시하고 있는 것이다.

Due to a lack of the hoop action of lateral reinforcements the effective confining force in rectangular sections reduces compared to circular ones. Therefore, the stress-strain model obtained from the experimental data with circular sections overestimates the lateral confinement effect in rectangular sections, which evaluates seismic safety margin of overall structural system excessively. In this study experiments with laterally-confined square sections have been performed and the characteristic values composing stress-strain model have been analyzed. With introduction of section coefficients, in addition, the new unified stress-strain model applicable to square sections as well as circular ones has been proposed.