The tensile performance of anchors strongly influences the seismic safety of nuclear power plant equipment, as tensile failure of anchors has been identified as a governing failure mode in seismic fragility assessments. To improve the reliability of tensile-strength evaluation, this study examines existing design codes and research-based models by comparing them with experimental data. Design codes generally yield conservative estimates because they give limited consideration to anchor reinforcement. In contrast, research-based models provide a more accurate representation of load-sharing behavior between concrete breakout and anchor reinforcement but require relatively complex calculations for practical design applications. Based on experimental observations, a simplified method for evaluating tensile strength is proposed. The proposed method evaluates the combined resistance of concrete breakout and anchor reinforcement yielding or bond failure. Seismic fragility analysis results indicate that methods incorporating both concrete and reinforcement contributions increase the median capacity and HCLPF by approximately 11-20% compared to code-based approaches. These findings highlight the significant influence of tensile strength modeling on seismic performance assessment. The proposed method enables a more realistic and practical evaluation of anchor tensile strength, thereby improving the seismic safety assessment of nuclear power plant equipment.
This study investigates the seismic behavior of low-aspect-ratio reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls when subjected to bi-axial lateral loading, using nonlinear finite element analysis. A three-dimensional finite element model was developed with the DIANA program and validated against previously reported experimental results. Subsequently, a parametric study was conducted by varying the wall aspect ratio of horizontal reinforcing bars under both uni-axial and bi-axial loading conditions. The analysis results show that bi-axial loading reduces shear strength by a significant amount compared to uni-axial loading, and the reduction becomes more pronounced as the aspect ratio decreases. For low-aspect-ratio walls, the influence of horizontal reinforcement on shear strength was limited, while sensitivity to bi-axial loading increased. These findings indicate that uni-axial loading–based evaluation methods may overestimate the seismic capacity of low-aspect-ratio RC shear walls.
This study develops a correction model to improve the accuracy of horizontal spectral accelerations estimated by stochastic extended finite-fault simulation (EXSIM) in southeastern Korea. EXSIM predictions for five earthquakes (M4.3-5.5) recorded at eight stations reveal frequency-dependent residuals, with a tendency to underpredict spectral accelerations at frequencies ≥ 3 Hz. These discrepancies are correlated with eight variables: moment magnitude, stress drop, hypocentral distance, azimuth, average shear wave velocity up to 30 m in depth, relative elevation, and slope. To address these discrepancies, a multiple linear regression model is developed using eight variables that reflect earthquake source characteristics, wave-propagation paths, and site-specific conditions, including azimuth and topographic effects not fully accounted for in the original EXSIM. Application of this correction model substantially improves predictive performance, reducing root-mean-square error by 18.8% to 81.0% for the test sets. The corrected response spectra show good overall agreement with observations, including high-frequency spectral peaks. This approach enables the construction of reliable ground-motion databases. It enhances the accuracy of EXSIM predictions for scenario earthquakes, providing a practical tool for seismic hazard assessment in regions with sparse observational data.
This study establishes a structured development procedure for a non-ergodic ground motion model (GMM) and applies it to Korean seismic records to evaluate uncertainty reduction. The proposed framework includes data screening based on signal-to-noise ratio, residual computation relative to NGA-East predictions, identification of systematic trends, and stepwise correction of site, magnitude, and distance effects. A total of 368 records from 16 earthquakes (Mw ≥ 4.0) observed at 53 stations were analyzed. The residuals exhibited clear VS30-dependent trends, particularly at short periods (–0.2 s). Period-dependent VS₃₀ correction terms were derived through linear regression, with additional corrections for magnitude and distance applied when sufficient data were available. Spectral comparisons for the 2016 Gyeongju and 2017 Pohang earthquakes demonstrated improved agreement after calibration. The stepwise corrections resulted in a consistent reduction of total standard deviation across periods, with the largest decrease observed near 0.1 s. These results indicate that the proposed development procedure provides a practical pathway for transitioning from ergodic to partially non-ergodic modeling and effectively reduces aleatory uncertainty for Korean seismic hazard applications.