Background : Acanthopanax divaricatus var. is a Korean woody natural plant which can grow in the field placed in low altitude. Cutting is more efficient for propagation than seedling since it takes 3-years to harvest seeds and get seedling. This study was carried out to find out efficient cutting propagation method. Methods and Results : Hardwood cutting (April 10) and semihardwood cutting (September 7) was performed to accelerate cutting propagation rate on 5 type nursery box soil composed of Sand, vermiculite, peat moss, perlite, and perlite + peat moss. In order to verify growth regulators on cutting propagation, rooton, IBA 2,000 ppm, IBA 3,000 ppm, NAA 500 ppm, NAA 1,000 ppm were treated and cutting performed in sand nursery box soil on March 30 and September 7 with 3 replications of 50 plants. In terms of rooting traits of cutting in April 10 according to nursery box soil, rooting rate was higher as 67% in sand and lower as 11% in peat moss. Root length, root number, and root weight was also higher in sand. In terms of rooting traits of cutting in September 7, rooting rate was higher as 60% in sand and root number was higher in sand and perlite. Root weight was higher in perlite. The result of growth regulator effect on cuttings was as follows. Rooton increased rooting rate higher as 68.7% in cutting on March 30 and IBA 3,000 ppm also increased higher root length, root number, and root weight as 5.4 ㎝, 12.3 ea/plant, 3.13 g/10plant respectively. rooton increased rooting rate higher as 67.3% in cutting on September 7 as same as cutting on March 30 with no significant difference and root length, root number, and root weight were all higher in rooton treatment too. Conclusion : The result of cutting treatment in 5 type nursery box soil on April 10 and September 7 to accelerate cutting propagation rate of A. divaricatus var. shows that sand was most efficient with higher root length, root weight, and rooting rate. Most efficient growth regulator for rooting was rooton with higher rooting rate and better rooting traits altogether same in cuttings on March 30 and September 7.

Background : Polygonati rhizoma is used for medicine using rhizome of Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute belonging to Liliaceae. This study was carried out to find proper method to establish the guideline of GAP post-harvest management. Methods and Results : Six-years-old polygonati rhizoma harvested in march in Geumsan was used for this study. Steaming was treated for 1, 2, and 3 hours respectively and drying was treated at 45℃, 50℃, 55℃, and 60℃ using hot-air drying machine with checking moisture content at intervals of a day. Moisture contents of polygonati rhizoma according to drying temperature after steaming showed that drying was faster in higher drying temperature treatment after steaming. Moisture content was below 10% as 9.6% and 9.4% at 55℃ drying treatment after steaming for 1 hour and 2 hours respectively. Color value according to treatments was as follows, L-value was lower in longer steaming and higher drying temperature. a-Value was higher in steaming an higher drying temperature. Conclusion : In steaming and hot-air drying treatment to establish the guideline of GAP post-harvest management, moisture content was most proper as 9.4% below 10% in 2-hour steaming and 55℃ hot-air drying for 6 days. L-value was 27.49 and a-value and b-value were 4.38 and 9.73 in this treatment and dried rhizome looked glossy and transparent with higher quality. Proper drying method for polygonati rhizoma was considered as 2-hour steaming and 55℃ hot-air drying for 6 days.

Background : The reduction in the area of cultivation and production is a difficult factor to solve in order to expand Boxthorn's culture for the main reasons for the aging agricultural labor and rising unit prices. Increasing the area of cultivation and production requires less labor and ease of work. This experiment was designed to provide improved plant type to increase the area of cultivation and to secure efficient machinery harvest. Methods and Results : The variety of experiment is 'whasu' and was cultivated in 2015 and planted in fields on April 4, 2016. The plant types were 150 × 50 ㎝ T-shaped fence plant type. The number of times to be cut was two, and the branches were extended to produce fruits. The typical T-shaped fence plant type for comparison is made of two stems, 10 ㎝ in length, and a single cut, then a long stretch of branches for harvesting. As a result of the experiment, it was difficult to verify the applicability and quantity of the handy type harvesting machine in order to make the re-ordination, and from the following year it was possible to verify. Major items such as stem number, stem length, quantity, time of harvest, and efficiency of harvest were investigated when applying the handy type harvesting machine. Two stems had 20% more branches than a single stem, while the yield increased by 7%. Two stems, five ㎝ long, and two cuts were numerous and long, and the quantity was 33% higher than the customary T-shaped fence plant type. When working with the machinery harvest work, the ratio of work performed was 62% for harvesting, 19% for collection, and 19% for separation of foreign materials. The proportion of the collector work and the segmentation of design materials was 38%, which was an urgent problem to be remedied. Two stems, five ㎝, and two cuts increased the quantity by 33% compared to the customary method of T-shaped fence plant type, and the machinery harvest work efficiency was 56% higher, making it suitable for handy type harvesting machine. Conclusion : T-shaped fenceplant type of two stems, five centimeters, and two cuts was a good shape for Handy type harvesting machine.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa L. that is a perennial plant belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae is one of the most popular local income crops. Recently, the cultivation area of Chungnam (2017) accounts for 50.5% (106 ha) of the whole country. In July and August, which is the off-season at the highest price of R, glutinosa L. This experiment was carried out to develop early harvest cultivation technology for the improve farm income. Methods and Results : In order to investigate the growth characteristic and yield of R, glutinosa L. by using the rhizome of 'Tokang' were transplanted four times at intervals of 10 days from mid-March to mid-April 2017 and 2018. Growth characteristics of the above and under ground part were investigated by 3 repetitions for 10 ea harvested in mid-July. Regression analysis was performed on the relationship between the planting time and fresh root weight. The highest emergence rate was 88.7% in the mid-March, and the highest above ground part growth was observed in the plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, and fresh leaves weight. The number of days to flowering tended to be shortened to 60, 53, 52, and 49 days from the mid-March to the mid-April. The growth of underground part was also highest in mid-March and the total root weight per 10 a was also 1,127.4 ㎏ in mid-March. The faster the planting time, the higher the yield. The results of the linear regression on the roots weight according to the planting time showed that there was a negative correlation relation between the planting time, the marketable roots weight, rhizome weight and total roots weight. Conclusion : The total roots weight improved by 80% in the mid-March than mid-April. Therefore, mid-March is considered optimal planting time for off-season production of R. glutinosa L.

Background : Recently, the quality of ginseng is degrading while the yield decreases by 15 - 20% due to the high-temperature injury, the physiological disorder and the diseases caused by the climate warming so that development of disaster tolerant varieties strong against high temperatures, salts and diseases are demanded. For such reason, three lineages showing excellent overground and underground growing were selected from the gene resources collected from 1997 to 2000. And the productivity test has been conducted with these lineages having Cheonpung and Yeonpung, the existing varieties as the reference varieties. For the lineages excellent in growing, the variety registration will be performed after the regional adaptation test. Methods and Results : The results of preliminary yield trial on the 3 lines (GS98-3-4, GS00-58 and GS97-69) show that the above-ground and underground growth of the 4-years-old ginseng group selected as superior lines were superior to that of Chunpoong and Yunpoong. eference varieties. Especially, GS98-3-4 shows excellent root weight and root diameter, while GS97-69 shows excellent leaf length and leaf widths. Replicated yield trial on the 3 lines (GS97-62, GS98-1-5, GS00-44) show that the above-ground and underground growth of three lines were superior to that of Chunpoong and Yunpoong. In particular, the underground root weight of GS00-44 was the heaviest. Conclusion : According to the productivity tests on the 3 lines selected for excellent growing, the selected lineages are excellent in both above-ground and underground growing compared to the reference varieties of Cheonpung and Yeonpung. On the 4-years-old ginseng, GS00-44 & GS98-3-4 show excellent underground growing while GS98-1-5 & GS97-62 show excellent overground growing.

Background : The insufficient soil moisture due to spring drought causes the germination rate of ginseng seeds to be remarkably lowered and the low seeding depth causes the roots not to be settled but remain in the surface soil containing moisture, resulting in the ill-shaped ginseng. Especially, in the case of paddy soil, the soil environment is often over-humidified or over-dried, resulting in high rate of occurrence of physiological disorders such as rough skin, yellow-colored root and red-colored root, etc. compared to the upland soil, requiring more care in managing the soil. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to investigate the effects of stamping treatment on the direct seeding cultivation in the paddy soil and to investigate the survival and growth characteristics according to the seeding method. Methods and Results : We investigated the effects of stamping on the emergency rate and growth by using rollers (15, 20, 25, 30 ㎏), and also investigated the growth characteristics according to the direct sowing methods (broadcast planting, motorized seeder, semi-automatic seeder, manual seeder, hoop-type seeder). In the emergency rate of 1-year-old ginseng group directly sowing and treated with trampling, the group treated with 25 ㎏ & 30 ㎏ showed the highest emergency rate & growth, and above-ground & underground parts growth of 1-year-old ginseng by sowing method, there was no significant difference between sowing methods, the emergency rate of motorized seeder and semi-automatic seeder was high. Conclusion : In the paddy soils, the 25 – 30 ㎏ stamping after direct seeding showed superior above-ground growth and emergency rate, and there was no significant difference in growth, but motorized seeder and semi-automatic seeder had a higher rate of emergency in 1-year-old ginseng.

Background : For cultivation of varieties of ginseng, the pure line selection method, which is to select the best among those cultivated in farms for pedigree breeding, replicated yield trials and regional adaptation trials before registering as a new variety, is widely used. Although there are 25 registered varieties of ginseng in Korea, the quality of ginseng is declining together with the amount of harvest being decreased by 15 - 20% due to the heat injuries and diseases from the warming & abnormal climate. Thus, the needs for development of disaster-resistant varieties with better chances of surviving through high temperature, salts and disease are increasing. Therefore, this study is to cultivate disaster-resistant varieties among those selected for their disaster tolerance and salt tolerance through regional adaptation trials. Methods and Results : As a result of examining the growth characteristics of the selected 2-6-years-old varieties used in the study, among the 6-years-old crops, Eumseong 9 and Eumseong 10 showed superior growth in aboveground parts, Eumseong 10 showed superior growth in underground parts, among the 5-years-old crops, Eumseong 15 showed superior growth in both above and below aerial parts, and among the 4-years-old crops, Eumseong 9 and Eumseong 16 showed superior growth while the growth in the underground parts were satisfactory in the order of Eumseong 16 > Eumseong 10 > Eumseong 12 > Eumseong 9. Among the 3-years-old crops, the most superior growth in both above and below aerial parts was observed in Goryeo 2 with the weight of the underground part, in the 2-years-old crops, Eumseong 26 showed the most superior growth in both above-ground and underground parts. Conclusion : Based on the above results, Eumseong 10 among the 6-year-old crops, Eumseong 15 among the 5-years-old crops, Eumseong 9 & Eumseong 16 among the 4-years-old crops, Goryeo 2 among the 3-years-old crops and Eumseon 26 among the 2-years-old crops showed the most superior growth among the selected varieties. The growth characteristics of both above and below aerial parts in each year will continuously be monitored.

본 연구의 목적은 교사 교원직무연수에서 반성적 사고는 근전이와 원전이 사이를 매개하는지와 매개할 경우 그 영향력의 수준은 어떠한지를 검증하는 것이다. 연구목적 달성을 위해 문헌분석을 통해 주요 변수의 개념과 변수 간 관계를 탐색하였다. 설문자료를 수집하기 위해 먼저 예비조사를 실시하였다. 본 조사는 서울시교육청 소속 교사 511명을 대상으로 실시되었다. 유효설문지는 401부였으며, 기술통계, 상관관계, 구조방정식 분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과를 정리하면, 첫째, 교사의 교원직무연수에서 근전이는 반성적 사고에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 교사의 교원직무연수에서 근전이는 원전이에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으며, 반성적 사고도 원전이에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 주었다. 이런 결과는 교사의 교원직무연수에서 근전이와 원전이 사이에 반성적 사고는 부분 매개함을 의미하였다. 이상의 분석결과를 통해 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 교사는 자신이 참여한 직무연수 내용을 학습하여도 원전이를 바로 수행하는 데에는 어려움이 존재할 수 있다. 따라서 원전이 보다 근전이를 먼저 수행함으로써 적용의 가능성, 경험, 노하우를 축적하고 이를 토대로 보다 수월하게 원전이 수행을 할 수 있다. 둘째, 교사는 반성적 사고를 통하여 학습전이에 대한 새로운 시각을 형성하게 되며, 이를 원리 또는 개념으로 발전시킨 후 다양한 상황에 학습내용을 적용하는 원전이를 발생시킬 수 있다.

Background : Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang is potent medicinal plant that is being used cough and asthmatic. Consumers interested in size and color choices when buying products. So, the class attributes and consumer choice differentiation by strengthening the competetiveness of farmhouse want to do. Methods and Results : About 50 purchases for the studys gustionnaire responds by sending a consumer survey analysis was required about 30 people. For the classification by products test planting in the harvested produce, and below classification by size and color. Class size are high grade (tuberous root length 26.1 ㎜ more, tuberous root diameter 6.1 ㎜ more), middle grade (tuberous root length from 23.1 to 26.0 ㎜, tuberous root diameter from 5.6 to 6.0 ㎜), low grade (tuberous root length 23.0 ㎜ less, tuberous root diameter 5.5 ㎜ less) by size. The rate of goods continued raised from beginning April to beginning May by harvest time. High grade color is brightness (L, 54.9), red (a, 3.3) and yellow (b, 17.0) so that hold out bright color. Conclusion : High grade have more tuberous root length and diameter size and hold out bright color

A Hosta cultivar ‘Neulpureum 1’ was bred at the Korea National Arboretum, which produces new cultivars using vegetative propagation techniques. The new cultivar ‘Neulpureum 1’ was derived by crossing Hosta minor with Hosta ‘Krossa Regal’. Among the induced leaf-color- and shape-modified hosta plants, the plants that exhibited deep-green color and small-bended leaves were selected. ‘Neulpureum 1’ maintained the deep-green leaves for longer than Hosta ‘Krossa Regal’. Additionally, the plant height of ‘Neulpureum 1’ was shorter than that of Hosta ‘Krossa Regal’ and several leaves were observed on the new cultivar; therefore, it is likely to be used as a pot plant. The botanical characteristics were investigated for three years beginning 2012. A Hosta ‘Neulpureum 1’ can prove to be useful as a material for a pot plant or as ground cover plant at half-shadow place.

The development of GIS technology has enabled the analysis of heavy rainfall vulnerability based on spatial analysis. In general, spatial analysis is performed based on property data and spatial data. Spatial data and attribute data differ in the generation units due to various reasons. The difference in these units can also cause problems in the results of the analysis. In particular, the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) that occurs according to the spatial unit setting is the most representative. The Modifiable Temporal Unit Problem (MTUP), which occurs according to the recent time unit setting, is also being raised. In this study, we analyzed the vulnerability of heavy rainfall in consideration of MAUP and MTUP. To analyze the effect of the MAUP, different administrative units were constructed and analyzed. In Seoul, Busan, and Ulsan, there was a scale effect in which disaster vulnerability was analyzed differently according to the analysis unit. In order to analyze the impact of MTUP, the range of study period was configured differently. The impact of the temporal boundary, in which overall disaster characteristics change and disaster vulnerability changes, has been identified. Analysis of regional disaster vulnerability considering MAUP and MTUP will be effective not only for the study of heavy rainfall disaster but also for setting the standard of disaster prevention policy.

This paper proposes functional test methods of first-aid gadgets which are special end-effectors, for relief robot. In recent years, researches have been actively conducted on robots that can perform rescue operations on behalf of rescue workers in dangerous areas such as disasters and wars. These special robots mainly perform the task of finding or transporting injured people. However, it is sometimes they necessary to provide first aid in the field. Among the various first-aid operations, gadgets are being developed for oxygen supply, injection, and hemostasis operations that can be used in a defense/civilian area by using robot technology. Previous studies have proposed first-aid gadgets that are suitable for onsite situations and enable robots to perform the given task quickly and accurately. In this paper, we design a test procedure suitable for the functions of first-aid gadgets, summarize the results, and introduce future research directions.

이 연구의 목적은 자유학기제 주제선택 프로그램으로 구성된 다문화교육이 문화감수성 함양에 효과가 있는지 검증해보고 그 효과가 다른 시민교육 프로그램과 차이가 있는 것인 지, 학생들의 문화감수성 함양에 영향을 미치는 프로그램 외적 요인은 무엇인지 알아보기 위한 것이었다. 연구문제의 해결을 위해 수도권 소재 A 중학교 1학년 학생 162명을 대상으 로 한 분석에서, 다문화교육 프로그램은 문화감수성 함양 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 다른 시민교육 프로그램과 비교했을 때 문화감수성 함양 효과는 상대적으로 높았으나 통계적으로 유의미한 차이는 아니었다. 학생들의 문화감수성 함양에 영향을 미친 요인으로는 이 전에 학교에서 받은 다문화교육, 다른 문화적 배경을 가진 사람들과 함께 하는 활동에 참 여한 경험인 것으로 나타났고, 성별이나 외국 거주 경험 등은 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 주는 요인이 아닌 것으로 나타났다. 연구 결과와 관련하여 이 연구가 시사하는 바는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 프로그램 효과와 관련하여, 체험중심으로 이루어지는 자유학기제 프로그램의 성격을 조명해 볼 필요가 있다. 둘째, 문화감수성을 함양하기 위한 프로그램을 구상할 때, 문학․예술 체험을 바탕으로 한 컨텐츠에 중점을 두어 살펴보아야 한다. 셋째, 핵심역 량을 함양하기 위한 체험 중심 프로그램이라면 다른 시민교육 프로그램에서도 문화감수성 함양효과를 조심스럽게 기대해볼 수 있다.

Background: The Rosa multiflora, a well-known plant belonging to Rosacea, is widely used in orthodox medicine in worldwide. However, its biological activity and cosmetic preservative efficacy have not yet been studied. Thus, this species is yet to be defined as a functional cosmetic material. Accordingly, an investigation of the above mentioned atrributes was performed on a 50% ethanol extract of Rosa multiflora. Methods and Results: The antioxidant activity was assessed through free radical scavenging assays with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Additionally, the contents of total phenols and flavonoids were analyzed. The phenolic compounds were detected using HPLC. The antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans was assessed using the disc diffusion assay. The preservative effect (challenge test) on a formulation of soothing gel was performed for 28days. The DPPH radical scavenging ability, denoted by the SC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration for DPPH radical scavenging) value was found to be 131.63 ㎍/㎖. The content of total polyphenol and flavonoid content were 202 ㎎/g and 86.77 ㎎/g, respectively. In additon, astragalin and gallic acid were identified in the extract. The antimicrobial activity of the extract against S. aureus and E. coli was observed to be 5 - 0.5%, and no significant activity was noted against C. albicans. The ethanol extracts (5% and 10%) met the preservation standards of the Cosmetics, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association (CTFA). Conclusions: Thus the ethanol extract of R. multiflora can be used in cosmetics as a natural preservative and antioxidant.

The study aims to predict the behavior of tourists in Hadong County, which is registered as KIAHS. Based on the theory of planning behavior, we intend to verify the theory of planned behaviour, which adds descriptive parameters of the perceived value and prior knowledge of an agricultural heritage. In detail, first, the perceived value and prior knowledge of tourists about an agricultural heritage understand the influence of tourists’ Attitude. Second, we could see the role of the behavioral factors in the causal relationship of the planned behavioral theory. We have identified the planned behavioral theory that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptual behavior controls affect the intention of the revisit. Hadong should remember that by sending and providing various information about Hadong Green Tea and World Agricultural Heritage sites, it is possible to elicit changes in visitor attitudes and revisit visits.

본 연구의 목적은 디지털스토리텔링을 적용한 한국어교육 상황에서 여성결혼이민자의 스토리 생성과정에 나타나는 상황학습을 탐색하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 여성결혼이민자 2명의 참여자와 교사가 한국어를 학습하고 디지털스토리를 생성해 나가는 수업을 연구 사례로 보고 각 사례의 고유성을 이해하고 공통점 및 상이점을 살펴보고자 참여 관찰을 통한 질적 사례연구를 수행하였다. 자료 수집은 사전 설문지, 전사자료 및 학습활동 산출물, 학습자 면담을 포함하며, 분석적 귀납법에 따라 반복 분석 및 상황학습이론 고찰을 병행하여 스토리생성과정을 도출하였다. 본 연구는 삼각측정법, 조사자 위치기술, 참고자료 등을 통해 신뢰성을 확보하였다. 연구결과 상황학습 기반 디지털스토리텔링 환경에서 교사와 학습자는 스토리구술 및 디지털화를 위하여, 학습자 삶의 경험ㆍ생각ㆍ언어지식 등을 공유함으로써 상황적 지식이 보다 명료화되어가는 스토리생성과정을 살펴볼 수 있었다. 즉 학습자의 경험과 생각, 의미, 선행지식, 학습내용, 실생활 등이 디지털스토리텔링 활동 안에서 유기적으로 연결ㆍ확장됨으로써 상황학습이 이루어졌다. 제2언어 학습자의 스토리가 제2언어로 구술되고 디지털스토리로 재생성 되는 학습과정 이해를 통하여 상황학습을 위한 디지털스토 리텔링 학습 설계와 상황학습의 이해에 시사점을 줄 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Background : The dried ripe fruits, leaf and root of boxthorn are widely used for medicinal purposes and as a functional food. Among them, frut is the most susceptible to anthracnose in the open field. Currently, there are only 5 fungicides registered in boxthorn anthracnose. In addition, resistance to fungicides caused by frequent use occurred in many open field, Therefore, a study on the fungicide resistance of boxthorn anthracnose was needed. Methods and Results : In 2017, collected anthracnose from boxthorn fruit. The collected samples were isolated by a single spore isolation method and 20 isolates of Collectotrichum spp. were obtained To test for anthracnose fungicide resistance, propineb, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin fungicide were used. Monitoring for fungicide resistance of Collectotrichum spp. causing boxthorn anthracnos to test fungicide were conducted by agar dilution method. The assay concentration were control, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 ㎍/㎖ and strobilurin group of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin were treated salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) to the alternative breath suppression at a concentration of 100 ㎍/㎖. In the result, Prevention of fungicide propineb was more than 100 ㎍/㎖ of EC50, and tebuconazole was less than 1 ㎍/㎖ except for 1 isolate of EC50 azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin showed a difference even though they had the same mode of action. Azoxystrobin showed almost no inhibition of mycelial growth except 6 isolates and remaining 6 isolates had EC50 of less than 1 ㎍/㎖, pyraclostrobin was divided into two groups of EC50, 6 isolates were less than 0.1 ㎍ /㎖ and 14 isolates were more than 1 ㎍/㎖. Conclusion : In summary, response to fungicides of anthracnose, azoxystrobin of strobilurin group showed the highest resistance to fungicide. As these fungicide resistance continues to develop, we plan to register a new anthracnose fungicide and improve the control method.

Background : Ginseng is perennial, frequently damaged by various diseases and insect pests, due to this, quantity and quality decreases. Particularly, Alternaria blight greatly damages the stem in its germination and the leaves after leafing. Here, this research conducted a test by investigating the control effect of lime-sulfur mixture in the market on 5 ginseng Alternaria blight, in order to utilize it as the disease control measure for disease and pest for eco-friendly cultivation of ginseng. Methods and Results : This research investigated the control effect of 5 types of lime-sulfur mixture in market on ginseng spotting disease by distributing the solvents to 5-years ginseng by 100 times and 200 times on April 29, May 15, and May 27. Also, this research investigated spore germination inhibition effect on Alternaria panax, Colletotrichum sp. and Botrytis cineria spore germination inhibition effect was investigated with spore germination inhibition ratio by manufacturing 100 times’ culture and 200 times’ culture per lime-sulfur mixture medium. There were two materials among 5 lime-sulfur mixture products to control over Alternaria blight using eco-friendly ginseng material, which didn’t damage during the leafing period of ginseng, and this research selected Sulfur 153, effective for Alternaria blight. Sulfur 153 was effective for Alternaria blight control due to its 82.2% control effect when treating by 200 times. Sulfur 153 was effective for spore germination inhibition of Alternaria panax, Colletotrichum sp. and Botrytis cineria and the rates of spore germination inhibition were 71.5, 100, 19.5% respectively. Conclusion : There were 2 materials among 5 lime-sulfur mixture products to control over Alternaria blight using eco-friendly ginseng material, which did not damage leafing period, and sulfur 153 was selected as the material effective for Alternaria blight. Sulfur 153 appeared to suppress germination of spore of Alternaria panax and Colletotrichum sp.

본고는 프란츠 리스트(1811-1886)의 즉흥연주에 대한 사고를 탐구한다. 1820-1850년대에 걸쳐 리스트는 서유럽 비르투오소 즉흥연주자로 그의 명성을 떨쳤고, 동시에 그의 헝가리-집시 즉흥연주에 대한 이해를 확충하며 그의 저서와 작곡에 반영하기도 하였다. 기존의 연구가 서유럽과 헝가리-집시라는 양대문화에 기인해서 리스트와 즉흥연주의 관계를 조명했다면, 본 논문은 그 두 문화의 융합과 연계에 초점을 맞춘다. 필자는 다음 네 가지에 특히 초점을 맞춘다. 첫째, 1820년대 즉흥연주에 대한 리스트의 문화융합적 사고에 주목한다. 둘째, 1830-1840년대의 즉흥연주에 대한 비판과 리스트의 해결책을 살펴본다. 셋째, 1840-1850년대의 즉흥연주 쇠퇴와 역으로 부상하는 리스트의 헝가리-집시 즉흥연주에 대한 탐구에 집중한다. 마지막으로, 이러한 흐름을 바탕으로 리스트에게 즉흥연주는 작곡과 연주의 경계를 모호하게 하는, 또한 서유럽과 헝가리-집시의 경계를 넘나드는 중요한 음악적 매개체였음을 이해한다. 이상의 네 가지에 주목하면서 필자는 리스트의 실용적이면서도 이성적인 대응, 평가절하적인 즉흥연주에 대한 진지한 탐구, 혁신적인 문화융합적 사고를 다각도로 분석한다.

글로우 고압 방전 방식에 의한 저온 플라즈마(Non-thermal Plasma, NTP) 공정은 액상에서 광전자, 전자, OH-라디칼, 전자기 에너지 등 반응성이 높은 화학물질의 형성할 수 있다. 이 NTP는 공기를 carrier 가스로 활용하여 반응성이 높은 화학종을 생성하는데, 유기물을 효과적으로 산화시키는 고도산화공법의 일종이다. NTP의 강력한 산화력에도 불구하고, NTP 공정에서 발현되는 오염물질의 분해 메커니즘과 그 중간부산물 및 최종 생성물의 경로는 명확하게 밝혀지지 않아 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구는 폐수 내 다양한 오염물질이 어떠한 메커니즘으로 분해되는가를 실험적으로 규명하고, 2종(sulfamethazine sodium salt와 sulfathiazole sodium salt)의 sulfonamide 계열 항생제에 NTP 공정을 적용하여 제거성능과 분해경로를 검증한다. 또한, 대상 항생제의 분해가 폐수처리 과정에서의 분해 동역학 및 생태 독성과 어떻게 관련되는지를 확인하기 위해 주요 중간부산물 및 신규생성물의 fate를 확인한다. NTP 공정의 진보된 효과를 증명하기 위해 반응성 화학종인 과산화수소 (H2O2)의 순간 생성량을 정량하였으며, OH-라디칼 생성의 간접지표인 N-Dimethyl-4-Nitrosoaniline (RNO) 물질의 분해동역학적 성질을 바탕으로 분해속도계수를 산출하였다. H2O2의 농도는 초기 NTP 공정 적용 시 300 mg/L 까지 증가하였고, 1440 min 적용 시 약 12 mg/L로 감소하며 OH-라디칼 생성과 오염물질 분해에 관여하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 RNO 물질은 일차함수 형태로 감소하며, 0.91/hr의 속도로 제거되었다. LC-MS/MS (6410 LC-ESI/MS/MS (QQQ), Agilent, USA) 분석을 통해 검출된 중간부산물과 신규생성물을 통해 분해경로를 확인하였다. 문헌과 실험결과의 비교는 NTP 공정이 OH-라디칼 발생 및 산화 환원제와 반응종의 상호 작용으로 인한 산화력 측면에서 다른 산화 공정보다 우수함을 보여준다. Daphnia magna를 이용한 생태독성(Toxicity Unit, TU) 결과는 폐수처리에 대한 NTP 공정 적용이 반응성 화학종의 생성촉진을 통해 독성의 저감에 기여함을 보여주며, 실험결과 TU 값은 초기 2.2 대비 24 hr 적용 후 0.8로 크게 감소하였고, 충분한 체류 시간이 핵심 설계요소임을 밝혔다. 궁극적으로 본 연구는 항생제의 효과적인 제어 및 부산물 관리방안에 대한 유용한 정보를 제공한다.