유기물과 질소를 동시에 제거하기 위하여 연속회분식으로 운전한 MBR (membrane bioreactor)시스템에서 미생물농도와 슬러지 부하량이 막오염과 미생물 활성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 막오염은 MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solid) 농도 증가에 따라 조금씩 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 그 효과는 비포기 조건보다 포기 조건에는 좀더 두드러지게 나타났다. MLSS 농도는 막오염에 직접적인 커다란 영향을 주지는 않으나, 지나치게 높은 MLSS에서 유도되는 낮은 슬러지 부하에서는 막오염이 크게 증가하는 현상이 발견되었고, 이러한 조건에서는 포기에 의한 막 세척 효과도 크게 줄어들었다. 미생물의 개별 활성도는 슬러지 부하가 감소할수록 지속적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다 반응조 전체 활성도 또한 17,000 mg/L 이상의 높은 MLSS로부터 유도되는 낮은 슬러지 부하율에서는 높은 미생물 농도에도 불구하고 오히려 감소했는데 이는 기질 부족으로 인한 경쟁으로 활성도가 떨어지고, 용액의 점성 증가로 인해 산소 전달율이 저하되었기 때문이다.

Likelihood of failure for the external corrosion of carbon and low alloy steels, which affect to a risk of facilities, was analyzed quantitatively through the risk based inspection using API-581 BRD. We found that the technical module subfactor (TMSF) decreased as the inspection number increased and it increased as the Inspection effectiveness and the used year increased. In this condition, the TMSF showed high value for the case of the marine/cooling tower drift area as a corrosion driver, poor quality of coating, no insulation, and low insulation condition.

Recently, as steel structures become higher and more long-spanned, application of high-strength steels is increasing gradually. However, criteria and example for design of high-strength steel are not built up. exiting criteria for structural steels is not proper for economical design of high-strength steel. Moreover, exiting criteria will be decrease the fatigue performance of steel bridge using high-strength steel. Therefore, criterion for application of high-strength steel must be established. In this paper, the behavior of plate girder using high-strength vertical stiffeners was clarified by carrying out layer elastic-plastic finite element analysis using finite deformation theory. In order to optimize the design and construction of plate girder using high-strength vertical stiffener, criterion for application of high-strength vertical stiffener is proposed.

Almost the steel bridges are manufactured and constructed by using weld process. The welding is necessary for connecting the flange, web and stiffener of steel bridges. However, residual stress and welding deformation producted by welding is a causes of decreasing the load carrying capacity of steel bridges. therefore, it is need to consider the initial stresses by welding when design the steel bridge. However, the influence of initial stress producted by welding on load carrying capacity of steel bridges is not elucidated. In this paper, the initial stress state on the flange, web and stiffener of steel bridges are clarified by carrying out 3-dimensional non-steady heat conduction analysis and 3-dimensional thermal elastic-plastic analysis. The influence of initial stress by welding on load carrying capacity of steel bridges is clarified by carrying out 3-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analysis using finite deformation theory.

This study aims to examine the usefulness on the Evaluation Process for the Feasibility & Priority of A Certain Public Projects. and the Methodology used AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) which used pairwise comparisons of the alternatives and criteria for solving discrete alternative multicriteria decision problems. In this paper, we present a similar phenomenon, rank reversal problem, when we apply the AHP to group decision making process. The problem is identified by an example problem in that the previous rank order of Public Projects choices. we also present three different methods to prevent the undesirable characteristic of the original AHP in appling to Decision Making Process.

What is the most important in articles of food is hygienic safety. Because food Is the most common thing in our everyday life, however, the importance of its hygienic safety and other many problems caused by food may be easily neglected. What is more, food is can be dangerous as much as it is directly related to human life and accidents from the same cause may have different effects on the victims according to physical and environmental differences of individuals. Thus PL action for food requires more thorough prevention and measure. Korea has been enforcing 'the Product Liability Act' since the 1<SUP>1st</SUP> of July 2002. Product Liability (PL) is liability of the manufacturer or the seller of a product to compensate for the death or injury of consumers or the loss of properties caused by the defect of the product. This study surveyed consumers' response to and the effects of the enforcement of the Product Liability Act, investigated how consumers perceived the importance of food safety and the risk of defective food based on PL standards and their experience in damage by food through a questionnaire survey, and analyzed collected data through empirical analyses (reliability analysis, factorial analysis, regression analysis and ANOVA t-test) using SPSS 10.0. Based on the results of analysis, the researcher proposed strategies for coping with the Product Liability Act in the food industry

This study investigated diagnostic skills that use meridian points and meridian which shows the signs of illness. From the text of Yeong-Chu, we tried to find out the relationship with meridian(contain meridian point) and disease. The diagnosis with the meridian, we made a study of the relationship with multiple abscess, channel disease, so-saeng-byung. The diagnosis with the meridian point, we considered that the relationship with characteristic of each meridian point, disease and diagnosis.

본 연구는 중학생을 대상으로 지속적인 음악청취가 발표불안에 미치는 영향을 밝히고자 하였다. 실험 참여자는 여중생 두 개 반을 대상으로 통제집단 33명, 실험집단 33명씩 총 66명이고, 음악처치를 받는 집단과 아무런 처치가 주어지지 않는 집단으로 나누었다. 처치 전, 처치 1주 후 및 2주 후에 자기보고식으로 이루어진 발표불안척도(SAS)와 교사의 평가로 이루어진 발표행동 평가척도(SBES)를 통하여 발표불안을 측정하였다. 결과는 음악처치를 받은 실험집단에서 발표불안이 의미 있게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 음악에 의한 감성 유발이 발표상황에서 받는 스트레스에 긍정적인 효과가 있었다.

These studies were carried out to improve the reproductive efficiency through embryos transfer of Hanwoo IVM/IVF embryos. Following routine IVM/IVF procedure, Oocytes and zygotes were cultured for 40 to 44 h in CR1aa medium with BSA. Then 2 to 8-cell embryos were removed the cumulus cell and were cultured in CR1aa medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 2.5 mM taurine in 5% O2 and 5% CO2 at 38.5℃. The fresh and frozen thawed embryos of the morulae and blastocysts cultured for 6 to 9 days in vitro were transferred into recipients. The pregnancy rates of the blastocyst produced for 6, 7, 8, and 9 days in in vitro culture were 41.9, 48.6, 57.9 and 47.4%, respectively. In the developmental stage, pregnancy rates of early blastocysts (41.7%), blastocysts (57.6%) and expanded blastocysts (50.0%) were higher than that of morulae stage (00.0%). Fresh and frozen embryos on the pregnancy rates were 48.9 and 50.0%, respectively. These results indicate that the pregnancy rate after transfer were affected on embryonic stage of in vitro embryos and in vitro culture periods.

This paper addresses a model for the transportation planning that determines the transportation cycle time and the ve-hicle Size to minimize the cost In a distribution system The vehicle routing to minimize the transportation distance of the vehicles is a

선진국일수록 서비스 산업의 비중이 큰 것은 주지의 사실이다 선진국 진입을 위해 진력하는 한국의 입장애서 신 진국 서비스 산업의 연구 및 정보는 긴요하다 이 연구는 세계 400 대 최량 기업들 중 서비스 기업들의 다양한 경영 업적들이 서비스 산업의 여러 분야와 그 하부 부문에서 어떻게 나타나고 있는지를 기술통계, 분산분석, 던칸 검정 등을 활용해 분석하였다 이로써 서비스 산업 분야에 대한 진입, 투자, 벤치마킹 등에 관해 활용할 수 있는 유의 한 결과들을

The purpose of this article is to delve into the problems of originality of the artwork by examining issues of reproduction within the contemporary art market. In contemporary arts, especially in terms of art production and consumption, we can’t overlook society and its economic structure and its connection with of capitalism. As the purity of art creation has turned into an exchange value, art, especially an object as artwork, has fallen into the status of production in an economic marketing system. Walter Benjamin mainly referred to that point in his thesis Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit, which originated the sociology of plastic arts. This thesis, published in 1936, traced how the artistic functions of photograph and movie had been changed through the social development. His main concerns were movie and photograph but what I am concentrating from his point of view, is that even in the field of plastic arts, the manufacture of reproduction has been practiced as a primary method within the social and political contexts and development. Though I am referring to this in the main body of this article, reproduction in contemporary art strongly needs a new definition since it has been spread all over like a newest virus, not only by collector’s personal taste or but also by commercial circulations of these reproductions to the public. This relates to Benjamin’s argument about the value of an exhibition at a museum(Ausstellungswert). Since the function of an artwork has been one of cultural industry, the manufacturing of reproduction raises unexpected problems, such as, the originality of the artwork, the value of an exhibition at a museum, its achievement as documentary and as a territory of art criticism. In this point of view, I want to inquire into the value and criteria of an exhibition in contemporary art through the review of the definitions and the intrinsic attributes of reproduction. Somehow in a broad sense, the reproduction is a product coming out of representation or copy (replica) of an original art work or an model. Therefore, the problems it presents differ from the Simulacre, which is an image without an original one. In terms of the Meanings of reproduction, we can distinguish it as reproductions, copies, and productions. These types of reproductions are not the original artworks reflected by the creative intention of the artists. For example, a publishing company reproduced some of lithographs of Salvador Dali in the 1960s. They are commercial copies in the form of representation or reproduction with no artistic and creative intention of the artist. However, In despite of this theoretical basis, reproductions of the famous artists are still displayed without any verification for of the public’s quest for the artworks. Moreover, many commercial companies that are planning to exhibit art works of the world-famous artists only for their profits keep trying to speak ill of and judging by the law the honest art critics’ articles which discuss the true values of exhibition. If freedom of expression is one of the ideals of democracy, even the judgment of the originality of the artworks should be freely expressed.

The bi-materials composed of and its composite reinforced with SiC particles were prepared by ball-milling and subsequent sintering process. The size of powder in Al-Mg/SiCp mixture decreased with increasing ball-milling time, it was saturated above 30 h when the ball and powder was in the ratio of 30 to 1. Both powders mixture and mixture were compacted under a pressure of 350MPa and were bonded by sintering at temperatures ranging from 873K to 1173K for 1-5h. At 873k, the sound bi-mate-rials could not be obtained. In contrast, the bi-materials with the macroscopically well-bonded interface were obtained at higher temperatures than 873K. The length of well-bonded interface became longer with increasing temperature and time, indicating the improved contact in the interface between unreinforced Al-Mg part and Al-Mg/SiCp composite part. The relative density in the bi-materials increased as the sintering temperature and time increased, and the bi-materials sintered at 1173K for 5h showed the highest density.