Polygonum multiflorum (Polygonaceae family) is effective to cholesterol lowering effect, increased immunity effect and whitening effect. P. multiflorum root is used for medicinal herb that can be used as raw material for food. In this study, acetic acid fermentation was adding extracts of P. multiflorum root(0%, 1%, 3%, 5%) for the developing healthy beverage. In this study, we investigated the contents of free sugars, organic acids and inorganic components of P. multiflorum root. As a result of free sugars from P. multiflorum root analysis, three kind of free sugars were determined the glucose, sucrose and lactose by HPLC. Four kind of organic acids were found in lactic acid fermented P. multiflorum root. And oxalic acid, lactic acid and succinic acid were detected in organic acids. The content of lactose and lactic acid in lactic acid fermented P. multiflorum root was the highest among the free sugars and organic acids. The content of minerals were in high orders of sodium> calcium> magnesium in P. multiflorum by acetic acid fermentation. The content of inorganic components was highest in lactic acid fermented solution with 5% and proportional to the content of P. multiflorum

Bryopsis africana and Pyropia kinositae are reported for the first time on the list of Korean marine algal flora based on integrated morphological-molecular study. Bryopsis africana from Korea is recognized with distinct main axes, robust thalli, pinnately and radially branched above, and basally denuded. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that B. africana was placed within a clade of Bryopsis. Bryopsis africana differs from B. corymbosa by 2.7% gene sequence divergence. Pyropia kinositae is characterized by oblong to lanceolate thalli, entire margin, purplish red in color, twice as long as broad cells in transversal section view. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that P. kinositae was placed within a clade of Pyropia. Pyropia kinositae differs from P. tenera by 1.5-1.8%, P. ishigecola by 1.2-1.3%, and P. yezoensis by 1.5-1.8% gene sequence divergence respectively.

Detailed morphological studies and molecular analyses based on plastid-encoded rbcL gene sequences were undertaken on Peyssonnelia species, a poorly known genus from Korea. We report new records for the Korean coast, Peyssonnelia harveyana and P. rumoiana. Peyssonnelia harveyana is chiefly characterized by P. rubra-type anatomy, closely packed perithallial filaments in firm matrix, hypothallial filaments arranged in parallel rows, thalli with appressed margins, hypobasal calcification, and unicellular rhizoids. Peyssonnelia rumoiana is principally characterized by two vegetative features, hypothallial filaments arranged in a polyflabellate layer, and perithallial filaments arising from the whole upper surface of each hypothallial cell (Peyssonnelia rubra-type anatomy). Our rbcL analyses revealed that P. harveynana and P. rumoiana were placed within a clade of Peyssonnelia. We also propose the new combination, Sonderophycus cauliferus comb. nov., for previous Peyssonnelia caulifera. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that our S. cauliferus was placed within a clade of Sonderophycus.

This taxonomic study sought to detect and describe diatom species not yet recorded in Korea. The study was conducted at three islands located off the western coast of Korea, Wido Island near Buan, Wonsando Island near Boryeong and Dekjeokdo Island near Incheon. Diatoms were collected from the bottom, stone, macrophytes and other substrates in water bodies, which are affected by seawater. Fifteen naviculoid taxa are described. Of these, 13 are novel to Korea. The genus Navicula has nine species; Navicula alineae Lange-Bertalot, N. ammophila Grunow, N. cariocincta Lange-Bertalot, N. elegantoides Hustedt, N. longicephala Hustedt, N. normaloides Cholnoky, N. notha Wallace, N. novaesiberica Lange-Bertalot, N. riediana Lange-Bertalot & U. Rumrich. The genus Craticula has four species; Craticula buderi (Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot, C. halophila (Grunow) D.G. Mann, C. riparia (Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot and C. riparia var. mollenhaueri Lange-Bertalot.

To find unrecorded diatom species in the Nakdong River Estuary and Yeongil Bay, bottom sediments in the estuary, and seagrasses in the bay were collected from 12 sampling sites. Eighteen species and four genera are added to the national flora of diatom as newly recorded one. In the Nakdong River Estuary, twelve species are new records to Korea, Martyana atomus (Hustedt) Snoeijs, Pseudostaurosira perminuta (Grunow) Sabbe & Vyverman, Trachysphenia acuminata M. Peragallo, Trachysphenia australis Petit, Fallacia clipeiformis (König) D.G. Mann, Amphora graeffeana Hendey, Amphora jostesorum Witkowski, Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot, Amphora ostrearia var. vitrea (Cleve) Cleve, Amphora wisei (Salah) Simonsen, Halamphora eunotia (Cleve) Levkov, Halamphora lineata (Gregory) Levkov, Nitzschia littorea Grunow. In Yeongil Bay, four species are added as new, Licmophora gracilis var. anglica (Kützing) H. Peragallo & M. Peragallo, Tabularia investiens (W. Smith) Williams & Round, Nitzschia composita Giffen, Nagumoea neritica Witkowski & Kociolek. Two species occurred simultaneously in both regions, Fragilaria cassubica Witkowski & Lange-Bertalot and Hyalinella lateripunctata Witkowski et al.

Employing Halliday’s (1994) Systemic Functional Grammar approach, the present study examines the Korean EFL college students’ way of organizing thematic structures in written English texts, with special focus on the influence of learner proficiency. A total of 150 learners’ argumentative essays consisting of 50 essays each from three levels of learner groups were compared with 50 essays from its native counterparts, with inquiry focused on the thematic selection, usage of various theme features, and semantic distribution of topical themes. The results show that textual themes, multiple themes, and first person pronouns as topical themes are highly overused in the learner texts compared to the native essays. Overall, the level of proficiency significantly affects learners’ choices regarding thematic structures although the enhanced proficiency does not involve the improvement in all aspects of thematic organization. From these findings, it is suggested that the EFL writing pedagogy should pay greater attention to the effective use of thematic organization as a means of enhancing textual coherence and embrace level-specific instructions.

Human malignant melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer which has been rising at a greater rate than any other cancers. Although various new therapeutic methods have been developed in previous studies, this disease has properties of high proliferation and metastasis rate which remain obstacles that have lead to a poor prognosis in patients. It has been reported that a specific Lactobacillus extract has anti-cancer and –metastasis effect in vitro and in vivo. However, previous research has not specified precisely what effect the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) extract has had on human malignant melanomas. In this study, we showed that the LGG extract has anti-cancer and –metastasis effects on the human malignant melanoma cell lines, A375P and A375SM. At first, it was found that, while the LGG extract affects human neonatal dermal fibroblasts slightly, it induced the dose-dependent anti-cancer effect on A375P and A375SM by a WST-1 proliferation assay. As a result of a real-time PCR analysis, the expression patterns of several genes related to cell cycle, proliferation, and apoptosis were modulating in a manner that inhibited the growth of both malignant melanoma cell lines after the treatment of the LGG extract. Furthermore, genes related to the epithelialmesenchymal transition were down-regulated, and migration rates were also decreased significantly by the LGG extract. Our study showed that the LGG extract could be used as a potential therapeutic source.

This study was conducted to Jindo dogsprovide whether Jindo dogs can distinguish cancer cells, early detection. Jindo dogs were trained for cancer detection based on obedience, smell recognition, and tracking. Cancer detection training was designed to enable detection of lung cells (A549), prostate cells (PC 3), or breast cells (MCF7) among 9 pure media. Four Jindo dogs were trained by the same trainer and our different results were obtained (true positive, true negative, false positive, false negative). The accuracy was 85%, 82%, 92%, and 81% for sensitivity and 95%, 89%, 95%, and 93% for specificity. In addition, 4 Jindo dogs can find what is the cancer cell cannot distinguish 3 kinds of (A549, PC3, MCF7). Jindo dogs can detect cancerous cells through human’s breath and urine.

A karyotype analysis of five wild rose species (Rosa helenae, R. mulliganii, R. multiflora, R. rubus, and R. solieana) was performed using bicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). All five species were found to be diploid (2n = 2x = 14). The chromosome length in the metaphase stage ranged from 1.29 to 2.05 μm in R. helenae, 3.32 to 6.82 μm in R. mulliganii, 1.58 to 2.24 μm in R. multiflora, 2.05 to 3.46 μm in R. rubus, and 1.62 to 2.46 μm in R. solieana. The chromosomes were either metacentric or submetacentric, with no subtelocentric or telocentric chromosomes being observed. Each p air of 5 S and 4 5S rDNA sites was detected at the proximal region of the long arm and the terminal region of the short arm of chromosome #7, respectively.

Type1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is generally known to be caused by destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells or an immune-related problem. Polydipsia is a representative symptom of DM, and it has been reported that this condition is closely related to xerostomia and is considered that hyposalivation from the salivary gland results in this phenomenon. Although various studies have reported that induction of diabetes reduces endogenous stem cells in other organs (heart, brain etc.), diabetes-related changes in endogenous stem cells in the salivary gland have not yet been well established. Therefore, in this study, to verify the change in salivary gland stem cells after diabetes, salivary gland tissues in the control and diabetes-induced groups were processed by histochemistry (Masson’s trichrome staining) for morphological analysis, TUNEL assay for cell death, and immunohistochemistry (Ki-67 and c-Kit) for cell proliferation and maturation. Diabetes induced by STZ leads to vacuolization, apoptosis, and reduction in proliferating cells/salivary gland stem cells in salivary glands of rats. This result suggests that diabetes may be associated with reduction in salivary gland function such as degeneration and inhibition of regeneration in the salivary gland.

This study investigated the appropriate ways in offering immediate automated writing feedback within the framework of process-based writing pedagogy by comparing relative effects of two different automated writing evaluation (AWE) system application types on improving writing performance. The experiment took an initiative step in elucidating at what point in the process-based writing stages AWE feedback is best to be served. The research is conducted to confirm whether providing an instant language-related feedback whenever EFL students call for will either interfere the development of content indeed – as it has been expected by process-based writing approach, or bring improvement in students’ writing. Two application types, namely non-continuous feedback (NCF) and continuous feedback (CF) group - are differentiated in terms of in which point of the writing stages students are enabled to get access to the AWE system. With the purpose of the study, a total of 20 students participated. The findings revealed that CF group did not receive language-related AWE feedback to the point of distracting the development of their content. Furthermore, CF group significantly outperformed NCF group in overall writing product, especially on the dimension of grammar and content. Students also expressed a positive attitude toward receiving instant language-related feedback via AWE system.

The Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) method can be applied to various fields such as species conservation, regenerative medicine, farming industries and drug production. However, the efficiency using SCNT is very low for many reasons. One of the troubles of SCNT is that it is highly dependent on the researcher’s competence. For that reason, four somatic cell nuclear injection methods were compared to evaluate the effect of hole-sealing process and existence of cytochalasin B (CB) on efficiency of murine SCNT protocol. As a results, the microinjection with the hole-sealing process, the oocyte plasma membrane is inhaled with injection pipette, in HCZB with CB was presented to be the most efficient for the reconstructed in SCNT process. In addition, we demonstrated that the oocytes manipulated in Hepes-CZB medium (HCZB) with CB does not affect the developmental rate and the morphology of the blastocyst during the pre-implantation stage. For this reason, we suggest the microinjection involving hole-sealing in HCZB with CB could improve SCNT process efficiency.

Background: The active knee extension (AKE) test commonly used to assess the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Many researchers have tested the reliability of the AKE test; however, no published studies have examined the intrarater and interrater reliability of the AKE test using a PBU. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of the AKE test performed with a pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) on healthy subjects. Methods: Sixteen healthy male participants volunteered and gave informed consent to participate in this study. Two raters conducted AKE tests independently with a PBU. Each knee was measured twice, and the AKE testing was repeated one week after the first round of testing. Results: The interrater reliability’s intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1) were .887∼.986 for the right knees and .915∼.988 for the left knees. In addition, the intrarater (test-retest) reliability (ICC3,1) values ranged between .820∼.915 and .820∼.884 for Raters 1 and 2, respectively. The values for the standard error of mesurement were low for all tests (.81∼2.97˚); the calculated minimum detectable change was 2.24∼8.21˚. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the AKE test performed with a PBU had excellent interrater and intrarater reliability for assessing hamstring flexibility in healthy young males.

Three bamboo stands(Phyllostachys pubescens(Mazel) Ohwi, P. bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc, P. nigra var. henonis Stapf ex. Rendle) were selected to determine suitable biomass equations and productivity of Gajwa and Wola National Experimental Forests, Jinju, Southern Korea. Different independent variables such as diameter at breast height(DBH) or the combination of DBH and height(H) were used to develop biomass equations(Allometric model : logY = a + blog DBH; Linear-quadratic model : Y=aDBH + bDBH2; Linear model with DBH and height : Y=a + bDBH2·H) for each bamboo component from two age-sequence(current-year, > 1-year-old) of three bamboo stands. Based on statistical indicators, the most suitable equation model to estimate biomass from bamboo stands was a linear-quadratic model. Aboveground biomass of three bamboo stands estimated by the model was 48.864 Mg ha-1 for the P. pubescens, followed by 36.632 Mg ha-1 for the P. bambusoides, and 36.504 Mg ha-1 for the P. nigra var. henonis stands, respectively. The highest biomass in the P. pubescens stand was attributed to the morphological growth characteristics such as DBH and height. Belowground biomass was also highest for P. pubescens(53.35 Mg ha-1), followed by the P. bambusoides(36.73 Mg ha-1) and the P. nigra var. henonis(29.75 Mg ha-1) stands. The results indicate that the morphological growth characteristics such as DBH and height among bamboo species were the most important factor to determine bamboo biomass productivity at a local level.

Background: The measurement of the strength of the shoulder muscles is an important element of the overall assessment of patients with various shoulder disorders. However, the clinical utilization of this measurement is dependent on its reproducibility. Objects: To explore the reproducibility of the measurements derived from testing of the isokinetic strength of shoulder muscles in patients with tendinitis of the rotator cuff. Methods: A total of 20 patients with tendinitis of the rotator cuff participated in this study and were assessed twice in 1 week. Isokinetic testing was performed concentrically for shoulder flexors, abductors, and external rotators and eccentrically for the shoulder extensors, adductors, and internal rotators. The relative and absolute reproducibility of the peak torque (PT) and ratios were assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal clinically important difference (MCID), respectively. Results: Overall, high to excellent ICC, clinically acceptable SEM and MCID values were obtained for the PT (ICC: .83-.95, SEM: 1.2%-9%, MCID: 3.4%-25%) and ratios (ICC: .85-.93, SEM: 5.1%-10%, MCID: 14.2%-27.6%). Conclusion: These findings suggest that isokinetic tests may be effectively utilized for the determination of shoulder strength profiles and appropriate position are recommended to perform test without pain in patients with tendinitis of the rotator cuff.

Al/expanded graphite was successfully synthesized through a facile method including ultrasonic and heat treatment. In the well-designed three dimensional structure, expanded graphite(EG) works as a conductive matrix to support coated Al particles. The effects of the fabrication parameters on the microstructures and thermal conductivities of these composites were investigated. As a result, it was found that composites with graphite volume fraction of 17.4-69.4% sintered at 600 oC/45 MPa exhibit in-plane thermal conductivities of 380-940 W/mK, over 90 % of the predictions by rule of mixture. According to the non-destructive analysis results, the synergistic enhancement was caused by the formation of efficient thermally conductive pathways due to the hybrid of the differently sized EG. The structure integrates the advantages of expanded graphite as a conductive support, preserving the electrode activity and integrity and improving the electrochemical performance.

The formation mechanism and photocatalytic properties of a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/TiO2- based nanotube (TNTs) composite are investigated. The CNT/TNT composite is synthesized via a solution chemical route. It is confirmed that this 1-D nanotube composite has a core-shell nanotubular structure, where the TNT surrounds the CNT core. The photocatalytic activity investigated based on the methylene blue degradation test is superior to that of with pure TNT. The CNTs play two important roles in enhancing the photocatalytic activity. One is to act as a template to form the core-shell structure while titanate nanosheets are converted into nanotubes. The other is to act as an electron reservoir that facilitates charge separation and electron transfer from the TNT, thus decreasing the electronhole recombination efficiency.

Nanopowders provide better details for micro features and surface finish in powder injection molding processes. However, the small size of such powders induces processing challenges, such as low solid loading, high feedstock viscosity, difficulty in debinding, and distinctive sintering behavior. Therefore, the optimization of process conditions for nanopowder injection molding is essential, and it should be carefully performed. In this study, the powder injection molding process for Fe nanopowder has been optimized. The feedstock has been formulated using commercially available Fe nanopowder and a wax-based binder system. The optimal solid loading has been determined from the critical solid loading, measured by a torque rheometer. The homogeneously mixed feedstock is injected as a cylindrical green body, and solvent and thermal debinding conditions are determined by observing the weight change of the sample. The influence of the sintering temperature and holding time on the density has also been investigated. Thereafter, the Vickers hardness and grain size of the sintered samples have been measured to optimize the sintering conditions.