There is much observational evidence that active star formation is taking place in the Hii regions Sh 2-255 – 257. We present a photometric study of this star forming region (SFR) using imaging data obtained in passbands from the optical to the mid-infrared, in order to study the star formation process. A total of 218 members were identified using various selection criteria based on their observational properties. The SFR is reddened by at least E(B −V ) = 0.8 mag, and the reddening law toward the region is normal (RV = 3.1). From the zero-age main sequence fitting method it is confirmed that the SFR is 2.1 ± 0.3 kpc from the Sun. The median age of the identified members is estimated to be about 1.3 Myr from a comparison of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (HRD) with stellar evolutionary models. The initial mass function (IMF) is derived from the HRD and the near-infrared (J, J −H) color-magnitude diagram. The slope of the IMF is about 􀀀 = −1.6 ± 0.1, which is slightly steeper than that of the Salpeter/Kroupa IMF. It implies that low-mass star formation is dominant in the SFR. The sum of the masses of all the identified members provides the lower limit of the cluster mass (169M⊙). We also analyzed the spectral energy distribution (SED) of pre-main sequence stars using the SED fitting tool of Robitaille et al., and confirm that there is a significant discrepancy between stellar mass and age obtained from two different methods based on the SED fitting tool and the HRD.

To improve photocatalytic efficiency, graphene/Ag/TiO2 nanotube catalyst was synthesized, and its surface characteristics and photocatalytic activity investigated. For deposition of Ag nanoparticles on the TiO2 nanotubes, a polymer compound containing CH3COOAg/poly(Llactide) was utilized, and the silver particles were precipitated by reducing the silver ions during the annealing process. Graphene deposition on the Ag/TiO2 nanotubes was achieved using an electrophoretic deposition process. Based on the dye degradation results, it was determined that the photocatalytic efficiency was significantly affected by deposition of silver particles and graphene on the TiO2 catalyst. Highly efficient destruction of the dye was obtained with the new graphene/Ag/TiO2 nanotube photocatalyst. This may be attributed to a synergistic effect of the graphene and Ag nanoparticles on the TiO2 nanotubes.

This review presents current progress in the preparation methods of liquid crystalline nanocarbon materials and the liquid crystalline spinning method for producing nano-carbon fibers. In particular, we focus on the fabrication of liquid crystalline carbon nanotubes by spinning from superacids, and the continuous production of macroscopic fiber from liquid crystalline graphene oxide.

Trends of integrating products and services lead to the emergence of Product-Service System (PSS). To implement and embody a PSS solution in new product development, a comprehensive design framework is allowed designers to facilitate the design factors of the PSS in complex business environments. A physical product, containing functionalities for services, is the role of medium between customers and a manufactures. Customers can access those metaphysical interfaces to utilize the product fully or expand its performances. The PSS is aiming to prolong its lifecycle while maintaining its expected quality. Since the quality can be represented as a measure which belongs to user’s perspective, guaranteeing certain level of quality can be interpreted to sustaining customer satisfaction. The objective of this paper is to propose a PSS design framework to identify design factors for developing products and services by integrating object-oriented concepts and blueprinting in context of a business ecosystem. The proposed model is developed based on relationship products and services matching with their design factors. The products and the services are then brought together to form a PSS. Functions and processes can be categorized to identify the design factors in different levels using the object-oriented concepts. Objected-oriented concepts provide PSS analysis tools for describing a business process or a workflow process in the PSS. The blueprint is used to identify the relationships between the products functions and the service processes that are offered as part of a job. To demonstrate of the effectiveness of the proposed model, we use a case study involving a smart phone.

Human error with regards to ship handling is the main cause of maritime accidents. The error happens because of the psychological problem of distraction. Despite the use of modern equipment, standard working procedures and competent crews, still accidents occur because of the physical and psychosocial stresses during the working period on board the ship. This creates undesirable results such as injuries, ill health and even loss of life. The aims of this study are to analyse the possible root causes for distractions and the affected areas for three groups of Malaysian seafarers, 1) Senior Deck Cadets, 2) Senior Deck Officers and 3) Junior Deck Officers. A Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method has used for ranking the alternatives in the order of how affected they are. A Malaysian seafarers’, Senior Deck Cadets (SDC) has recorded as the most affected by distractions when they are engaged in the ship’s operation. The outcome of this study will help both seafarers and shipping companies to establish some solutions around this matte.

Menopausal status and hormonal changes are important factors related to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women. Nutrient intake is also a risk factor for metabolic syndrome. Although, postmenopausal status and hormonal changes result in a 60% increased risk for metabolic syndrome, there has been no method to elucidate the effects of nutrient intake on metabolic syndrome following menopause. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of nutrient intake by menopausal women on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. All data were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2009. Menopausal women showed a 1.8-fold increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome group showed significantly lower values in calcium, iron, vitamin A, carotin, retinol and riboflavin intake than those of normal group in premenopausal women. In postmenopausal women, there are significant differences in crude fiber, calcium, iron, potassium, riboflavin and niacin. Indeed, different patterns of nutrient intake were observed by menopausal status and metabolic syndrome. As menopause cannot be controlled, a diet with adequate nutrient intake may be useful to control the rapid increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome due to menopause.

We report a rare case of intraosseous epidermoid cyst in mandibular body. A non symptomatic patient without trauma history had a cystic lesion on mandible close to the third molar. The lesion was enucleated while extracting of left lower third molar. The microscopic findings were consistent with an epidermoid cyst. Key words：Epidermoid Cyst, Intraosseous, Mandible

In Brazil, agricultural sector accounts for 15 percent of total employment and agricultural export takes 36 percent of the national merchandise exports. Particularly agricultural export has played an important role in Brazilian economic growth and stabilization. Brazil is a substantial agricultural exporter which obtains huge trade surplus in agricultural trade amounting USD 73,300 million. Major agricultural exports are grain and grain-processed products such as soybean, soybean cake, corn and soybean oil. Particularly soybean is the top exporting commodity in Brazil. Our Study overviews the situation of Brazilian agriculture and analyzes the export competitiveness of Brazilian soybean in the World and Korean markets. We employ several indexes such as price competitiveness, Market Share (MS), Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA), and Comparative Advantage by countries (CAC) to analyze international competitiveness of Brazilian soybean. The main results of our study are as follows : First, U.S. Argentina, Paraguay and Canada are rivals with Brazil in the global soybean market. Second, Brazilian soybean has the 3rd highest price competitiveness following Paraguay and Argentina. Third, Brazilian soybean is second highest following Paraguay in a sense of export competitiveness through RCA and CAC index. Brazilian soybean has competitiveness in respect of comparative advantage not only in Korean market but also in global market. Especially CAC index of Brazilian soybean in the Korean market is higher than those of USA and China which have larger Korean market share than Brazil. However, the competition seems to be even more intensifying because Korea has already agreed on FTA with USA and China, and also Paraguay expands soybean export to Korea recently.

In the last 10 years, porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate transgenic pig has been performed tremendous development with introduction and knockout of many genes. However, efficiency of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer is still low and embryo transfer (ET) is one of important step for production efficiency. In porcine ET for production of transgenic cloned pig, we can consider many of points to increase production rates. In respect of seasonality and weather, porcine ET usually is not performed in summer and winter. Cloned transgenic embryos must be transferred into reproductive tracts of recipients where embryos are located after natural fertilization with similar estrous cycle. If cloned embryos with 2∼4 cell stage are transferred, they must be transferred into oviducts in periovulatory stage. Number and deposition sites of transferred cloned embryos are important. And we must compare the methods of ET between surgical and non-surgical ones in respect of production efficiency. Sow recipients after natural estrus is most preferred recipients however its cost is must be considered. Here we will review many of current studies about porcine embryo transfer to increase production efficiency of transgenic pigs and strategies for further studies.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial detection time and development of the fetal genital structures using ultrasound in twelve pregnant small bitches. The initial detection time of the fetal genital structures was as follows: genital tubercle at days 32.6; os penis at days 45.2; labia at days 45.7; scrotum at days 47.5. Ultrasonograms of fetal genital structure according to gestational stage were as follows: Undifferentiated stage (before day 35), the genital tubercle was observed to have a small elevation and just a hyper-echogenic structure in the midline between the umbilical cord and the tail in male and female fetus. Migration stage (between day 35∼45), the genital tubercle was observed as a hyper-echogenic, bilobular, oval shaped and the genital tubercle began to migrate from the initial position toward the umbilical cord in males, and toward the tail in females. Differentiated stage (after day 46), the penis and os penis were observed to stand out in the abdominal wall and the scrotum was observed toward the perineal region in male fetuses. The labia was detected at the base of the tail in female fetuses. These results indicate that ultrasound of fetal genital structures could be useful for fetal gender determination and a completely prepartum evaluation of the canine fetus.

The objectives of the present study were to select an effective basic medium including its hormone and protein supplementation for IVM of oocytes of indigenous zebu cows. The ovaries of cows were collected from slaughter house and the follicular fluid was aspirated from 2 to 8 mm diameter follicles. The COCs with more than 3 cumulus cell layers and homogenous cytoplasm were selected for maturation. The oocytes were matured in media for 24 hrs at 39℃ with 5% CO2 in humidified air. The maturation of oocytes was evaluated by examining the presence of first polar body under microscope. An efficient basic medium was determined after culturing COCs in either TCM 199 or SOF medium in Experiment 1. An efficient hormone supplementation was determined after culturing COCs in either FSH or gonadotrophin supplemented TCM 199 in Experiment 2. An efficient protein supplementation was determined after culturing COCs in either FBS or Oestrous cow serum (OCS) supplemented TCM 199 in Experiment 3. The oocyte recovery rate per ovary was 3.35. The overall rate of IVM was 74.6%. The maturation rate was 75.5±3.9 and 62.2±20.2% in TCM and SOF medium, respectively (P>0.05). The maturation rate of oocytes was significantly higher (76.6±13.2%) in FSH supplemented medium than gonadotrphin supplemented counterpart (69.7±10.8%) (P<0.05). The maturation rates of oocytes were 81.7±12.9 and 85.7±12.7% in medium supplemented with FBS and OCS, respectively (P>0.05). In conclusions, both TCM 199 and SOF supplemented with either FBS or OCS, and FSH may be used as medium for IVM of indigenous zebu oocytes in Bangladesh.

Xenotransplantation of pig islet regarded as a good alternative to allotransplantation. However, cellular death mediated by hypoxia-reoxygenation injury after transplantation disturb success of this technique. In the present study, we produce transgenic pig expressing human heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) genes to overcome cellular death for improving efficiency of islet xenotransplantation. Particularly, Korean miniature pig breed, Micro-Pig, was used in the present study. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique was used to produce the HO1 transgenic pig. Six alive transgenic piglets were produced and all the transgenic pigs were founded to have transgene in their genomic DNA and the gene was expressed in all tested organs. Also, in vitro cultured fibroblasts derived from the HO1 transgenic pig showed low reactive oxygen species level, improved cell viability and reduced apoptosis level

6-Gingerol exerts anti-tumor effects in various cancer cell models. We evaluated the effect of 6-gingerol on the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells and MCF-10A breast epithelial cells to determine whether any growth-inhibitory effects found were attributable to apoptosis, and to elucidate the underlying mechanism of action. 6-Gingerol inhibited the viability of both cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner; however, the degree of inhibition was greater in MCF-7 than MCF-10A cells. By flow cytometry, induction of dose- and time-dependent apoptosis was found, and the magnitude of apoptosis was also markedly greater in MCF-7 than MCF-10A cells. Expression of caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was observed in MCF-7 cells treated with 6-gingerol, and further cleavage of PARP occurred in these cells. We suggest that 6-gingerol induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells mainly by promoting caspase-3 expression and subsequent degradation of PARP.

To overcome the hyperacute immune rejection during pig-to-non-human primates xenotranasplantation, we have produced and bred α-1,3-galactosyltransferase knock-out (GalT —/—) pigs. In this study, the somatic cells and tissues from the GalT —/— pigs were characterized by an analysis of the expression of Galα-1,3-Gal (α-Gal) epitope. Briefly, ear fibroblast cell lines of 19 homozygous GalT —/— pigs were established and cryopreserved. The expression of α-Gal epitope in the cells was measured by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis using BS-I-B4 lectin. Also, the homozygous (GalT —/—) cells and tissues samples were immunostained with BS-I-B4 lectin for analysis of α-Gal epitope expression. The results showed that the expression of α-Gal epitope in GalT —/— cells (0.2 %) were significantly (p< 0.05) down-regulated to the range of cynomolgus monkey fibroblast (0.2 %) cells compared to heterozygous (GalT —/+) (9.3 %) and wild type (GalT +/+) (93.7 %) fibroblast cells. In the immunostaining results, while the expression of α-Gal epitope was detected a partly in GalT —/+ cells and mostly in GalT +/+ cells, it was almost not detected in the GalT —/— cells. Also, immunostaining results from various tissues of the GalT —/— pig showed that the expression of α-Gal epitope was not detectable, whereas various tissues from GalT +/+ pig showed a strong expression of α-Gal epitope. Our results demonstrated that α-Gal epitope expressions from GalT —/— pigs were successfully knocked out to prevent hyperacute immune rejection for further study of xenotransplantation.

농촌사회의 소득수준 및 생활수준 향상과 더불어 농촌 공공공간 및 시설향상에 대한 요구는 지속적으로 제기되어 왔으며 이에따라 정부도 최근 다양한 방식의 농촌개발과 예산지원을 추진해오고 있다. 그러나 이러한 농촌 공공공간 및 시설의 지원 시 시설의 종류 및 입지 선정이 적절하지 않아 시설의 중복투자, 이용부족으로 인한 시설방치 등 다양한 문제점들이 제기되고 있다. 본 연구는 농촌마을에 분포하고 있는 다양한 공공공간 및 시설의 분포를 분석하고 이들에 대한 농촌마을의 유형별 중요도를 이해하는데 그 목적이 있다. 주요 연구방법으로는 100명을 대상으로 한 전문가 설문과 AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process)를 이용하였으며 이를 통해 세 개의 농촌마을 유형 즉 거점면, 권역, 마을단위의 유형별로 주요 공공시설들간의 상대적 중요도를 분석하였다. 50개 마을을 분석한 결과 농촌마을에서 가장 일반적으로 발견되는 공공시설은 마을회관, 쉼터, 체험센터, 마을진입부, 안내시설로 나타났다. AHP는 세 단계의 비교로 이루어졌는데 첫 번째 마을유형별간의 쌍대비교에서는 거점면, 권역, 마을 순으로 중요도가 나타났다. 농촌 공공공간과 마을유형간의 쌍대비교에서는 모든 마을유형에서 기초생활시설, 문화 복지시설, 농촌관광시설, 소득시설의 순으로 중요도가 나타났다. 마을유형과 공공공간, 공공시설 등 각각의 가중치를 종 합한 중요도에서는 거점면의 경우 공동주차장의 중요성이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났고 다음으로 상수도시설, 공동화장실, 마을회관 순으로 나타났다. 권역에서는 공동주차장의 중요성이 가장 높았으며 다음으로 상수도시설, 체험센터, 마을회관 의 순으로 나타났다. 마을단위에서는 버스정류장이 가장 중요한 시설로 평가되었으며 다음으로 저수지, 하수처리장, 체 험센터의 순으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 비록 마을의 독특한 사회문화적 환경을 고려한 공공시설의 중요도 평가에는 한계를 안고 있으나 농촌마을에서의 공공시설 계획 시 마을유형의 특성을 고려한 시설의 상대적 중요도를 이해하고 이를 바탕으 로 적절한 시설을 선정하는데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다

Poria cocos is an edible and pharmaceutical mushroom with a long history of medicinal use in Korea. For the last 30 years, the domestic cultivated supply of Poria cocos has been unable to meet consumer demand, so Poria cocos is collected in mountainous areas and also imported from China. Thus, to increase the supply of Poria cocos, many artificial cultivation methods have been studied. In this study, Poria cocos is cultivated under different environmental conditions using plastic bags and the results compared. When cultivating Poria cocos at different temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35oC) and using different numbers of plastic bag layers (1, 2), the most efficient cultivation conditions were a temperature of 25-30oC and 2 plastic bag layers. The fastest growth was at 25-30oC, and the Poria cocos exhibited no weight change when cultivated using layers of plastic bags (1, 2).

산업화 시대 이후 공간설계에 있어서 생태적 접근은 지속적으로 주목 받아왔다. 옥외환경디자인의 영역, 특히 조경설 계에 있어서 생태적 설계는 크게 두 가지의 흐름으로 나뉜다고 볼 수 있다. 첫째는 기술적인 측면의 생태설계로서 설계 행위를 통하여 환경의 생태적 건강성을 향상시키는데 집중하는 것을 강조하는 분야이며 둘째는 생태적인 공간을 사회문 화적으로 이해하고 어떻게 대중에게 그 공간의 생태적 가치를 설계라는 매개를 통해 전달할 것인가를 고민하는 분야이 다. 본 연구에서는 후자의 관점에서 조경설계가 공간의 어떤 주제를 어떠한 방법으로 다룰 때 생태적 의미가 더 효과적 으로 전달될 것인가에 대한 고찰을 하였다. 따라서 생태적 조경설계의 여섯 가지 대상을 요약 및 분석하고 그에 따른 설계언어 여섯 가지를 제안하여 논증하였다. 설계주제로는 생태적 기능, 경관의 일시성, 역사성, 시각적 흥미, 안전성, 접근성을 요약하였고 설계언어는 구체적으로 설명, 상징, 대비, 틀, 다양화, 그리고 거리두기를 제안하고 논의하였다. 본 연구의 의미는 산재되어 있는 설계언어를 종합하여 구체적이고 실질적으로 어떻게 생태설계에 응용될 수 있는가에 대하여 제안하고 각 설계언어에 대한 실증적 연구에 기초를 마련하는 데 기여하는 것이다.