In the life style of the neolithic age, cooking and sleeping space was in one room dugout without differentiation of spaces, so to say one room system. Ro(a kind of primitive fire place) was used for both cooking and heating. However, in the early part of the Iron Age, the uses of Ro were separated into two major uses of cooking and heating. Especially, L-shaped Kudle(an unique under floor heating structure of Korea) was invented for the new system of heating, extending to Koguryo Period. The life style of Koguryo Dynasty could be seen through the mural paintings of tombs. For these mural paintings contain of cooking space(Kitchen), meat storage, and mill house drawing, we can recognize that houses were specialized many quaters according to their function. Also a kitchen fuel hole for preparing food was built without relation to L-shaped Kudle. But during Koryo Period, Kudle could be set up all over the room, the so-called Ondol(the unique Korean panel heating system) settled down. From this development of heating system, room could be adjacent to kitchen, and kitchen fuel hole and heating fuel hole be onething. This system was developed with variety, extending to Chosun Dynasty. In the period of Chosun Dynasty, a kitchen was made close to an Anbang(Woman's living room), and Anbangs Ondol was heated by the warmth of a cooking fireplace. Therefore Handae Puok, outer kitchen was used in summer. As for its storage space, it was seen that there were a pantry near the kitchen and a store house constructed as an independant building. In the latter, it was devided into a firewood storage, a Kimchi storage, and a rice storage, etc. Especially it is a unique feature that 'Handae-Duyju', an outer rice chest which keeps rice, was constructed as an isolated small building.

To investigate the reason for the spatial difference in PM2.5 (Particulate Matter, < 2.5 ㎛) concentration despite a similar synoptic pattern, a synoptic analysis was performed. The data used for this study were the daily average PM2.5 concentration and meteorological data observed from 2016 to 2020 in Busan and Seoul metropolitan areas. Synoptic pressure patterns associated with high PM2.5 concentration episodes (greater than 35 ㎍/㎥) were analyzed using K-means cluster analysis, based on the 900 hPa geopotential height of NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction) FNL (Final analysis) data. The analysis identified three sub-groups related to high concentrations occurring only in Busan and Seoul metropolitan areas. Although the synoptic patterns of high PM2.5 concentration episodes that occur independently in Busan and Seoul metropolitan areas were similar, there was a difference in the intensity of pressure gradient and its direction, which tends to be an important factor determining the movement time of pollutants. The spatial difference in PM2.5 concentration in the Korean Peninsula is due to the difference and direction of the atmospheric pressure gradient that develops from southwest to northeast direction.

This study analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of water quality for five hydropower dam reservoirs in South Korea. Water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) showed high fluctuations in summer and autumn at all reservoirs, indicating the existence of seasonal effects. At all five reservoirs, the concentrations of suspended solids (SS) and total nitrogen (TN) fell under the “slightly bad” category and those of total organic carbon (TOC) fell under the “slightly good” category or higher, according to “the standard for living environment of lake water quality.” Variations in the concentration ranges and degrees of change in SS, TN, and TOC among reservoirs were observed, indicating the influences of rainfall, surrounding environments, and seasonal changes. Daecheong and Namgang Dam showed high Chl-a concentrations in summer, indicating that the metabolism of microbial communities, such as algae, was active.

The spatial characteristics of typhoon-class strong wind during the non-typhoon period were analyzed using, a cluster analysis of the observational data and of special strong wind advisories and, warnings issued by the Korean Meteorological Administration. On the Korean Peninsula, strong winds during non-typhoon periods showed a wide variety of spatial characteristics. In particular, the cluster analysis showed that strong winds could be classified into six clusters on the Korean Peninsula, and that the spatial distribution, occurrence rate of strong winds, and strong wind speed in each cluster were complex and diverse. In addition, our analysis of the frequency of issuance of special strong wind warnings showed a significant difference in the average frequency of strong wind warnings issued in metropolitan cities, with relatively high numbers of warnings issued in Gyeongsangbuk-do and, Jeollanam-do, and low numbers of warning issued inland and in other metropolitan cities. As a result of the changing trend in warnings issued from 2004 to 2019, Ulsan and Busan can be interpreted as having a relatively high number of warnings; the frequency of strong wind warnings issuances and strong wind occurrences in these cities is increasing rapidly. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to identify areas with similar strong wind characteristics and consider specific regional standards in terms of disaster prevention.

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the spatio-temporal characteristics of ultrafine dust generation in East Asia and the synoptic climate patterns related to its dispersal which has its adverse effects on public health across East Asia. To achieve this purpose, Level 3 monthly Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data extracted from MODIS satellite imagery (MOD08_M3) representing particle matters less than 2.5 micrometer (PM2.5) and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis I upper-level climatic data associated with the exacerbation of ultrafine dust problem are analyzed for the recent 20-year (2001-2020) period. Analyses of long-term average MOD08 data show that high AOD value exceeding 0.5 or more frequently occurred in populous cities in East Asia but mainly in the vicinity of densely populated large rivers and the eastern lowlands in China between mid-winter and mid-spring, which is attributable to the accumulation effects of continuous fossil fuel consumption for heating and manufacturing. Despite the overall decreasing trend of ultrafine dust across China in the 2010s, the weakened westerlies in the warmer climate as well as its continuous generation from the densely populated industrial regions of China provide a favorable synoptic climate condition for frequent severe ultrafine dust problems across East Asia including South Korea. These results indicate that ultrafine dust from China is a long-lasting transboundary environmental problem across East Asia, which needs long-term international cooperation in developing the sustainable policies.

This paper has presented not only the spatial coverage change of climate extreme events in summer and winter seasons during the period of 2000-2017, but also their future projections in 2021-2100, South Korea through analysis of a Combined Climate Extreme Index (CCEI). The CCEI quantifies the spatial coverage of climate extreme events based on a set of five indicators. MK (Modified Korean)-PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model)v1.2 (1×1km) and RCP scenario data (1×1km) were applied to CCEI. Results indicated that in average, 21.7% of the areas in the summer and 23.6% in the winter experienced climate extremes from 2000 to 2017 regardless of types of climate extreme events in South Korea. The summer of 2003 and 2009 was relatively cool and humid, while the summer of 2014 and 2015 was cool and dry and the summer of 2016 was warm and dry. The extreme events with much above normal maximum and minimum temperature during the study period were detected but not much below normal maximum and minimum temperature after 2015. For RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, there were statistically significant trends with spatial coverage expansion of climate extreme events in the future. It might be concluded that climate extreme events in the summer and winter seasons were affected simultaneously by two or more indicators than a single indicator in South Korea.

The purpose of this study is to explore spatio-temporal patterns of extreme low human-sensible temperature (HST) across Mt Halla (1,950m), Korea. To do this, decadal (2011/12-2020/21) averages of daily or hourly windchill index (WCI), which quantifies HST considering the combined effects of low temperature and strong wind, are calculated for 24 weather stations in Mt Halla. Time series of decadal average daily mean show that extreme low HST events with moderate risk level (-27~-10°C) occur in mid-winter (mid-January~early February) around the high mountainous areas of Mt Halla, while such risk does not exist in the low-elevated coastal regions of Jeju Island under subtropical climate. Strong wind around the subalpine climate belt lowers HST by 5°C than air temperature in mid-winter. In extreme cases when the advection of northerly cold wind is intensified by the west high-east low pressure pattern in East Asia, the HST around the peak of Mt Halla can be lowered to high risk level (-39~-28°C) in the early morning times of mid-winter days. These information about mountain bioclimate may help establish mountain extreme climate warning systems, which are needed to protect mountaineers from potential life-threatening accidents caused by extreme low HST events over high mountains such as Mt Halla.

This study aimed to suggest a framework for biotope classification and evaluation based on habitat values to rationally establish management areas of national parks. The factors and indicators related to the biotope classification and evaluation were established based on integration from those of previous studies. The decision tree evaluation process was applied to the classification and evaluation of the biotope type level. The evaluation of the biotope group level was carried out to determine the weight and the AUEM (Adding Up Estimation Matrix) was applied for the final grades. As a result, the biotope type of Seolaksan National Park was classified into 43 types and Odaesan National Park was classified into 41 types. Bukhansan National Park, which is located in a metropolitan city, was classified into 49 types. In terms of biotope evaluation, grade Ⅲ had a ratio of 50.6%, the highest in Seolaksan national park. The ratios of grade I and grade II, which have great ecological-value, were respectively 12.0% and 36.5%. Grade II was 48.2%, the highest ratio in Odaesan National Park. The ratios of grades I and II were 10.8% and 37.9%, respectively. Grade III was 54.8%, the highest ratio in Bukhansan national park, and the ratios of grade I and grade II, which have great ecological-value were, respectively, 11.4% and 25.7%. The biotope values of major national parks were evaluated according to the type focusing on the actual vegetation. This framework can be considered for application to the spatial management of other types of protected areas.

언컨택트의 문제는 결국 공간의 문제와 연결된다. 코로나19로 성큼 다 가온 언컨택트 시대에 교회는 공간의 문제를 고민할 수밖에 없다. 이 논문 에서는 플라톤의 코라(chora)로서의 공간 개념을 통해 알렉산드리아의 감 독 아타나시오스의 공간이해를 탐구하고자 한다. 특히 아타나시오스가 쓴 󰡔성안토니의 생애󰡕는 초기 교회의 공간이해에 대해 많은 것을 시사하고 있 다. 따라서 이 논문은 플라톤의 코라(공간) 개념을 바탕으로 아타나시오스 가 쓴 󰡔성안토니의 생애󰡕에 나타난 공간의 본질과 기능을 논구할 것이다. 플라톤의 코라는 사물과 형상 사이에 있고, 데미우르고스가 형상에 따라 사물을 만드는 공간이다. 플라톤의 코라로서 공간은 텅 빈 공간이 아니라 아직 형태나 성질이 확정되지 않은 혼돈의 상태로 물질들이 미래에 형성될 힘(dynamis)인 가능성이다. 이러한 코라로서 공간은 공간적 측면과 구성적 측면을 함께 지니고 있다. 그런데 아타나시오스는 On the Incarnation에서 플라톤 의 코라의 이미지를 사용하고 있다. 󰡔성안토니의 생애󰡕에 나타난 사막 공간은 안토니오스 자신이 자신의 깊 은 내면을 직시하는 공간이었고 하나님의 현존을 경험하는 순수한 공간이 었다. 안토니오스의 생애에 나타난 공간의 역할과 기능은 첫째, 자아와 욕망이 드러나는 공간이었다. 안토니오스의 공간은 자기의 기억, 욕망의 실 체를 만나는 자리였다. 그리고 외부의 힘이었던 사탄의 실체가 무엇인지 여실히 드러나는 곳이었다. 코라의 공간은 자기 폭로의 공간, 완전한 타자 를 경험하는 공간, 진정한 자신으로 다시 태어나는 공간이다. 둘째, 안토니 오스는 이 공간에서 자아를 통합하고, 자기 변화를 경험했다. 안토니오스 는 코라의 공간에서 슬픔, 쾌락, 기쁨, 낙담의 마음이 어떻게 순화되고 변 화되었는지를 보여준다. 셋째, 안토니오스의 코라로서 공간은 거룩한 실 체들을 관상하는 곳이었다. 코라(chora)로서 공간은 장소의 개념이 아니다. 코라는 인간이나 사물의 활동 공간을 말하는 것이다. 플라톤의 코라는 생성되는 모든 것에 장소(위 치)를 마련해주면서도 장소에 그치지 않고 존재를 향하고, 수용자로서 생 성의 터가 된다. 공간은 생성하는 곳이면서 생성 그 자체에 관여한다. 아타 나시오스가 이해한 공간 역시 장소적 의미를 배제하지 않지만, 그 공간은 하나님이 역사하는 공간, 인간의 자기 변화를 경험하는 공간, 하나님을 받 아들이는 수용의 공간이다. 이와 같은 공간 이해를 통해 기독교는 코로나 이후의 시대를 대비해야 할 것이다.

This study investigated the distributional pattern of meiobenthos associated with future deep-sea mining in the Korea Deep Ocean Study area present in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) located in the southeastern part of the North Pacific Ocean. Standing stocks of meiobenthos were investigated in benthic impact experiment sites (BIS) and Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology long-term monitoring (KOMO) sites during the 2008-2014 annual field survey. A total of 14 taxa of meiobenthos were identified. Nematodes were the most abundant taxon (60-86%). Harpacticoid copepods (5-26%) and benthic foraminifera (1-12%) were also dominant at all sites. The total meiobenthic densities varied from 4 to 150 ind./10 cm2. The mean value of total meiobenthic abundance was higher at BIS than at KOMO sites, but there was no significant difference between the two sites. The mean values of the number of taxa and biomass at BIS and KOMO sites were similar. The mean abundance of nematodes that were the most dominant taxa was also higher at BIS than at KOMO sites. The standing stocks in our study sites were relatively lower than those previously reported at other CCFZ sites. These results seem to reflect a low organic concentration in the study area.

목적: 본 연구는 시-공간적인 작업기억 과제 수행 시 국가대표, 선수, 비선수의 행동학적 특성과 전전두엽의 뇌 연결성을 파악하여 우수한 경기력을 지닌 선수가 가지는 작업기억 능력의 차이를 규명하는 것이 목적이다. 방법: 이를 위하여 라켓종목 선수 국가대표 선수 12명, 선수 12명, 비선수 12명씩 총 36명이 연구에 참여하였다. 실험 과제는 시-공간적 N-back 과제를 난이도에 따라 1-back, 2-back으로 나눠서 60회씩 3회기 총 180회씩 총 360회를 수행하였고, 차이를 규명하기 위해 근적외선분광분석기(fNIRS)와 반응키를 활용하여 전전두엽의 연결성과 반응시 간을 측정하였다. 결과: 과제 수행에서 국가대표가 다른 두 집단보다 반응시간에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났으며, 전전두엽의 연결성에서도 국가대표 집단이 강한 연결성을 나타냈다. 결론: 세계적인 경기력 수준을 가진 국가대표 선수들은 경기와 관련된 인지적 요소뿐만 아니라 일반적인 작업기억 능력 또한 우수하다고 판단할 수 있다.

This study investigates the characteristics of diurnal, seasonal, and weekly roadside and residential concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in Busan, as well as relationship with meteorological phenomenon. Annual mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Busan were 44.2 ㎍/m3 and 25.3 ㎍/m3, respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 concentration ratio was 0.58. Diurnal variations of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Busan were categorized into three types, depending on the number of peaks and times at which the peaks occurred. Roadside PM10 concentration was highest on Saturday and lowest on Friday. Residential PM10 concentration was highest on Monday and lowest on Friday. Residential PM2.5 concentration was highest on Monday and Tuesday and lowest on Friday. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were highest on Asian dust and haze, respectively. The results indicate that understanding the spaciotemporal variation of fine particles could provide insights into establishing a strategy to control urban air quality.

유아기를 비롯하여 인간은 자신의 생에서 무수한 ‘자리’를 경험한다. 그러나 자리가 갖는 의미에 대한 고찰은 공간에 관한 연구에 비해 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 특정 시간대의 한 공간 을 몸으로 점유하고 있는 유동적 성질의 신체-자리에 관심을 갖고, 교실공간 속에서 유아의 신체- 자리가 갖는 내재적 의미를 알아보고자 함에 목적이 있다. 또한 유아의 신체-자리가 갖는 의미를 인간의 내재적 변용 능력에 관심을 갖고, 도덕이 아닌 윤리를 한 존재가 어떠한 역량으로 발현해 가는가에 대해 논의하고 있는 Deleuze의 행동학 관점을 중심으로 해석해 보았다. 내재적 의미를 심층적으로 탐구하기 위해 B시의 직장보육시설 내의 만 4～5세 4개 학급을 대상으로 유아면담과 교사면담, 비참여 관찰을 병행하여 자료를 수집하였으며, 이를 해석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 유아의 신체-자리는 욕망을 발산하는 자리로 유아에게 실체화되었으며 둘째, 자리가 존재를 견고히 하기도 하고 존재가 자리에 자신만의 공간과 자유를 부여하는 등 존재에 접속되는 자리로써 의미를 갖고 있었다. 셋째, 유아의 신체-자리는 긍정적 변이의 역량을 중심으로 물질과 관계가 보내는 기호에 어떻게 감응하는가에 따라 놀이 생성의 자리로 그 속성을 변이하며 관계맺음의 윤리적 되기를 실천하고 있었다. 넷째, 유아의 자리는 자신의 신체가 점유하는 과정을 통해 유아에게 책임을 요구하는 내재적 윤리로 작동하였으며, 자리를 정리하는 행위로 나타났다. 또한 타자의 자 리에 대한 관심으로 이어져, 자리에서의 배려에 관한 사유를 보이기도 하였다. 본 연구는 유아교실에서 공간에 대한 논의를 조금 더 깊이 들여다보고, 유아가 점유하는 신체-자리를 존재의 긍정적 생기성과 정동에 의한 윤리의 행동학으로 그 가치를 살펴보았다는 점에 의의가 있다.

To understand the composition, quantity, and quality of Suspended Particulate Organic Matter (SPOM) in the Gangneung Namdae Stream, Korea, we examined spatiotemporal variations in water temperature, salinity, chlorophlly a (Chl a), Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON), and carbon stable isotope (δ13C) of SPOM at six stations in June (pre-monsoon), July (monsoon), and September (post-monsoon) 2017. With increasing precipitation, the average POC and C/N values increased significantly in July than in June. In September, the values decreased with decreasing precipitation. The δ13C values showed irregular spatiotemporal fluctuations among the stations and periods, thereby suggesting a greater contribution of autochthonous organic matter to the pool of SPOM than that of allochthonous organic matter derived from upstream. In addition, the large and irregular changes in POC, C/N ratio, C:Chl a, and δ13C compared to that of PON were observed for all periods among the stations, indicating a serial discontinuity of the stream. Our results suggest that the Gangneung Namdae Stream is significantly influenced by the increase in freshwater discharge caused by heavy rainfalls during the summer monsoon and post-monsoon periods.

This study investigates the temporal and spatial variations of marine meterological elements (air temperature (Temp), Sea Surface Temperature (SST), and Significant Wave Height (SWH)) in seven coastal waters of South Korea, using hourly data observed at marine meteorological buoys (10 sites), Automatic Weather System on lighthouse (lighthouse AWS) (9 sites), and AWS (20 sites) during 2013-2017. We also compared the characteristics of Temp, SST, and air-sea temperature difference (Temp-SST) between sea fog and non-sea-fog events. In general, annual mean values of Temp and SST in most of the coastal waters were highest (especially in the southern part of Jeju Island) in 2016, due to heat waves, and lowest (especially in the middle of the West Sea) in 2013 or 2014. The SWH did not vary significantly by year. Wind patterns varied according to coastal waters, but their yearly variations for each coastal water were similar. The maximum monthly/seasonal mean values of Temp and SST occurred in summer (especially in August), and the minimum values in winter (January for Temp and February for SST). Monthly/seasonal mean SWH was highest in winter (especially in December) and lowest in summer (June), while the monthly/seasonal variations in wind speed over most of the coastal waters (except for the southern part of Jeju Island) were similar to those of SWH. In addition, sea fog during spring and summer was likely to be in the form of advection fog, possibly because of the high Temp and low SST (especially clear SST cooling in the eastern part of South Sea in summer), while autumn sea fog varied between different coastal waters (either advection fog or steam fog). The SST (and Temp-SST) during sea fog events in all coastal waters was lower (and more variable) than during non-sea-fog events, and was up to 5.7℃ for SST (up to 5.8℃ for Temp-SST).

An application of an integrated climate extreme index (CEI) is presented, that quantifies observed climate change of South Korea by various five indicators. Based on an annual basis surface observation station data, climate extreme indicators that measure the fraction of the stations in South Korea are analyzed. Results for the annual CEI indicate that the area experiencing much above-normal maximum and minimum temperatures in recent years has been increased. The extremes in much greater-than-normal number of days with or without precipitation has a large interannual variability similar with much above and below normal standardized precipitation index. Results from above-normal proportion of heavy daily precipitation show a more pronounced increasing feature from 1990’s to the early 2010’s. Five indicators in CEI had distinct contrasting features which indicates that CEI can be a useful tool in providing the information on the percentage of the climate in South Korea that experienced various kinds of extreme conditions during any given year or period.

본 연구는 공간혁신을 통한 교육적 변화 가능성을 이해하기 위한 것이다. 이에 감각중심의 예술 교육의 목적 실현을 위해 구축 된 학교 밖 미적경험 중심 공간의 의미를 중심으로 접근하고자 한다. 근래에 학교의 역할 변화와 함께 공간 혁신을 통한 교육적 목적 실현을 강조하고 있다. 이는 공간이 단순히 장소의 개념을 지니기 보다는 소통하고, 교접하며 만나는 의미를 담고 있는 곳으로, 삶을 반영하는 곳으로 이해되기 때문이다. 학교 밖 미적경험을 위한 공간은 학교 안과 학교 밖을 연결하는 지역연계의 의미와 함께 학교와 지역사회의 벽을 낮추고 함께하기 위한 공유 공간의 의미를 담고 있다. 시대 변화에 따른 교육 패러다임의 변화는 지금까지 강조되어 온 기능중심의 예술 교육에서 몸과 이성의 조화, 감각중심의 접근으로 보는 것에 대한 생각, 듣는 것에 대한 생각, 움직이는 것에 대한 생각을 깨어나게 하는 미적 경험의 의미를 되짚는 측면으로 교육적 전환을 요구를 하고 있다. 기존의 학교 공간은 경직되고 닫힌 공간으로, 지식 전달 중심의 교과체제가 효과적으로 이루어지도록 구성된 반면 자유로움의 경계를 제한하는 역할을 하였다. 미적경험중심 공간인 경기 학교예술창작소의 예술 활동은 장소의 의미를 넘어 사유와 자유로운 표현을 확장할 수 있는 미적 경험 중심의 활동으로 운영된다. 따라서 수평적이며 민주적인 활동을 위한 교육적 접근을 근간으로 한다. 현대의 예술은 영역 분절적 접근이 아닌, 삶 자체를 성찰하고 돌아보는 영역으로, 현재와 미래를 연결하는 의미로서 표현되고 있다. 미적경험 공간을 중심으로 학교 안 예술 활동과 학교 밖 예술 활동을 연계하기 위한 시도는 교육적 변화를 이끌어간다는 점에서, 지역연계 예술 활동과 관련을 맺으며 학생 선택권 확장을 위한 기반이 된다는 점에서도 의미가 있다.