This review summarizes the history of freshwater zooplankton research in Korean Society of Limnology and necessary future topics that are remain poorly investigated in South Korea based on main research topics of published articles focusing on lakes, reservoirs, rivers and wetland ecosystems. In Korea, a total 450 freshwater zooplankton species have been reported (85 species of cladocera, ca. 230 species of rotifera since 1939, and 138 species of copepoda), and they cover 10% of total zooplankton species list. In the present paper, we provide recent species list of zooplankton found in Korea and their taxonomic keys. Over periods of 45 years, there are 25 published papers for zooplankton biota in lentic ecosystems in Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment (KJEE). The ecology of zooplankton communities in rivers has focused on the mechanisms involved in regulating their abundance, diversity and spatio-temporal patterns of genus Bosmina and rotifers (genus Brachionus and Keratella) that are most frequently found from Korea. On the other hand, the studies on zooplankton in wetland has focused on Alona, Chydorus and Ceriodaphnia with special emphasis on their relationships with aquatic macrophytes. Even though studies on the freshwater ecosystem in Korea have a long history, a few of studies on zooplankton biota were conducted at rice paddy, Dumbeong and wetlands. During the last two decades, experimental advances in freshwater zooplankton ecology and understanding of structure and function of this biota were made from a series of articles mainly in journal of KJEE. For future studies, quantitative, experimental and interdisciplinary approaches would be key words to understand zooplankton ecology and their roles in aquatic ecosystems under changing environments, and we have suggested necessary zooplankton research fields and future directions.
The design and fabrication of photoelectrochemical (PEC) electrodes for efficient water splitting is important for developing a sustainable hydrogen evolution system. Among various development approaches for PEC electrodes, the chemical vapor deposition method of atomic layer deposition (ALD), based on self-limiting surface reactions, has attracted attention because it allows precise thickness and composition control as well as conformal coating on various substrates. In this study, recent research progress in improving PEC performance using ALD coating methods is discussed, including 3D and heterojunction-structured PEC electrodes, ALD coatings of noble metals, and the use of sulfide materials as co-catalysts. The enhanced long-term stability of PEC cells by ALD-deposited protecting layers is also reviewed. ALD provides multiple routes to develop improved hydrogen evolution PEC cells.
고분자 재질의 압력 구동 기반 분리막을 이용하여 담수를 얻기 위한 공정은 에너지 효율이 높은 방법으로 알려져 있다. 하지만, 분리막 운전 중에 투과성능을 떨어트리는 막 오염 문제가 발생 하기에, 막 오염을 제어하는 것은 분리막 공정의 에너지 효율을 높이는 데 필수적이다. 막 오염은 일반적으로 분리막 표면과 막 오염 물질과의 상호 작용으로 발생하며, 분 리막 표면을 개질하는 방법은 막 오염을 방지하여 높은 투과 특성을 지속적으로 유지하게 할 수 있는 좋은 방법 중 하나이다. 본 논문에서는 압력 구동 기반 분리막인 미세여과, 한외여과, 나노여과 및 역삼투용 분리막의 표면을 개질할 수 있는 방법을 정리하였다. 구체적인 개질 방법으로는 개질 물질의 흡착 및 코팅 방법인 물리적 방법과 가교제 이용, 자유 라디칼 중합 (FRP), 원자 이동 라디칼 중합(ATRP), 플라즈마 및 자외선 조사 기반 중합인 화학적 방법으로 나누어 정리하였다. 본 총설에서는 최근 논문상에 보고되고 있는 물리화학적 표면 개질 방법을 소개하고, 막 오염 저항성을 높일 수 있는 분리막 제조를 위한 연구방향을 제시하고자 한다.
Rice production in Europe is about 2.9 million tons from 431 thousand hectares and Italy and Spain comprise about 70% of total production. Japonica-type rices are grown 290 thousand hectares share of 70% of acreage and indica-type rice cultivated 124 thousand hectares share of 30% acreage. The major bodies of rice research in European countries including Russian Federations are government organizations and academic sectors. However, collaboration works with Korea in rice research areas are insignificant. Rice varieties catalogued in European Communities are 432 varieties. 280 varieties which comprise approximately 64.8% of registered varieties are originated from Italy and Spain. Since 2006, acreage of Clearfield rice is continuously growing with advantage of controlling wild rice. 35% of total rice growing area adopt Clearfield technology in Italy. Commercial seed demand in European countries are 117 thousand ton per annual and average sowing rate is 170~180kg per hectors. European commission estimated 1.1 million ton of rice is short every year from total demands and forecast 1.4 million tons of milled rice will need to imported from other countries until 2020. In order to solve demand/supply imbalance, cultivation of high yielding varieties and expanding of growing areas are needed. However, bottleneck of expanding rice growing acreage is relative high production cost(200 USD) compare to production cost in America(104~180 USD).
Climate change may result in increases in air temperature and shifts in precipitation patterns as the result of increases in atmospheric CO2. Outdoor, naturally sunlit, plant growth chambers referred to as SPAR (Soil Plant Atmosphere Research) chambers are one of the important research facilities under controlled conditions. SPAR provide precise control of the major environmental variables influencing crop growth including temperature, humidity and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Especially the SPAR system is considered as the most realistic approach for studying crop canopy gas exchange including photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration. Indeed, many reports have confirmed that gas exchange values in SPAR is highly associated with dry matter and yield. So SPAR data can be used to develop quantitative relationships and functions, which are then tested against field data. In ARS, the SPAR system is widely used for research on: (1)Response and adaptation of crops and weeds to elevated CO2 and global warming, (2)Developing analytical and management strategies to improve crop utilization and to reduce losses due to the environment, (3)Mechanistic process-level crop simulation models for assessment of agricultural systems.
Patent trends on foundation technique and application technologies of rapeseed by-products were analyzed for major producing countries including Korea, USA, Japan, China and Europe, to determine the usability and economical efficiency. To date, patents related to these by-products have been increasing steadily, since the first patent application in 1973. Patent applications in China are overwhelmingly active but those of Korea are steadily increasing. Japan and Europe unions have been slow in applying patents since the mid-2000s. The most number of application is the MB company in Canada, which is actively, doing research to develop technologies related to extraction and purification of useful substances from rapeseed. Most applicants were focusing on one or two of the major field technologies, depending on the company’s main products. Agricultural material section category accounted for more than half of the patent applications followed by technology for separation and purification of useful substances for cosmetics. In the early years of technology development, patent applications were mainly related to technologies on functional protein foods, agricultural materials and separation and purification of useful substances. In recent years, research had shifted on various fields such as cosmetics and medicines technology development is being attempted. In terms of section category, the USA has applied for the most number of patents in all fields except agricultural materials, where China is currently leading, Agricultural development efforts is well supported and encouraged by the Chinese government’s policies. In conclusion, it is suggested that technology development pertaining to separation and purification of useful substances from rapeseed by-products for cosmetics, functional protein foods, medicines and biotic pesticides to enhance value-added utilization of rapeseed by-products.
This study is aimed to analyze the change of chinese fishing vessels’entry into the East Sea off North Korea and suggest directions for countermeasures. Based on the real landing data in China, Chinese fishing vessels’squid catch volume and value in the East Sea off North Korea are estimated. Results show that at least 205 thousand tons of squid was caught by Chinese fishing vessels in 2014. If the catch amount is calculated by the unit price per kilogram at the same year in Korea, it would be 556.3 billion KRW. As the UN sanctions become stricter with the recent resolution 2371 passed, Chinese fishing vessels’entry may increase in the future to compensate decreased seafood supply from North Korea. Even though there are not many options left for Korea to decrease the impact of Chinese depletive fishing, the study suggests countermeasures such as strengthening cooperative crack down on the Chinese illegal fishing vessels in Korean waters; increasing cooperation with UN member countries to incorporate banning the trade of fishing rights in the next UN sanctions; establishing regional fisheries management organization and managing migratory species with China and Japan cooperatively in the long term.
‘Consulting’, which is the main research topic of the knowledge service industry, is a field of study that is essential for the growth and development of companies and proliferation to specialized fields. However, it is difficult to grasp the current status of international research related to consulting, mainly on which topics are being studied, and what are the latest research topics. The purpose of this study is to analyze the research trends of academic research related to ‘consulting’ by applying quantitative analysis such as topic modeling and statistic analysis. In this study, we collected statistical data related to consulting in the Scopus DB of Elsevier, which is a representative academic database, and conducted a quantitative analysis on 15,888 documents. We scientifically analyzed the research trends related to consulting based on the bibliographic data of academic research published all over the world. Specifically, the trends of the number of articles published in the major countries including Korea, the author key word trend, and the research topic trend were compared by country and year. This study is significant in that it presents the result of quantitative analysis based on bibliographic data in the academic DB in order to scientifically analyze the trend of academic research related to consulting. Especially, it is meaningful that the traditional frequency-based quantitative bibliographic analysis method and the text mining (topic modeling) technique are used together and analyzed. The results of this study can be used as a tool to guide the direction of research in consulting field. It is expected that it will help to predict the promising field, changes and trends of consulting industry related research through the trend analysis.
본 연구는 영유아권리 관련 연구 동향을 분석하여 영유아권리 연구의 방향을 탐색하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 분석대상은 한국연구재단에 등재된 학회지를 중심으로 2000년부터 2017년까지 발행한 23 종류의 학회지에 수록된 논문 62편이다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연구내용 동향을 살펴본 결과, 인식 및 실태조사에 대한 연구가 23편으로 가장 많이 진행되고 있었다. 둘째, 연구방법 동향(연구대상의 유형과 표집크기, 연구유형, 연구도구의 유형, 자료수집 및 자료분석 방법)을 살펴본 결과, 연구대상 유형 으로는 인적대상 중 교직원을 대상으로 한 논문이 24편으로 가장 많이 진행되고 있었다. 연구대상 표집 크기는 50명 미만이, 연구 유형으로는 조사연구가, 연구도구 유형으로는 국내 비표준화된 도구가, 자료 수집 방법으로는 질문지법이, 자료분석 방법으로는 기초분석과 문헌분석이 비슷한 수준으로 가장 많이 이루어져 왔음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과를 기초로 영유아권리 관련 연구의 중요성을 다시 한 번 상기하고, 질적으로 우수하고 균형 있는 연구들이 진행되어야 할 것이다.
A three-dimensional physical part can be fabricated from a three-dimensional digital model in a layer-wise manner via additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which is different from the conventional subtractive manufacturing technology. Numerous studies have been conducted to take advantage of the AM opportunities to penetrate bespoke custom product markets, functional engineering part markets, volatile low-volume markets, and spare part markets. Nevertheless, materials issues, machines issues, product issues, and qualification/certification issues still prevent the AM technology from being extensively adopted in industries. The present study briefly reviews the standard classification, technological structures, industrial applications, technological advances, and qualification/certification activities of the AM technology. The economics, productivity, quality, and reliability of the AM technology should be further improved to pass through the technology adoption lifecycle of innovation technology. The AM technology is continuously evolving through the introduction of PM materials, hybridization of AM and conventional manufacturing technologies, adoption of process diagnostics and control systems, and enhanced standardization of the whole lifecycle qualification and certification methodology.
4차산업혁명을 맞아 인공지능, 로봇, 자율주행 등의 key word 들이 떠오르오 있는 가운데 농업용 로봇 시장의 규모도 매우 빠른 성장세를 보이며, 13년 8 달억달러에서 2020년에는 163억달러를 웃돌것이 예상되고 있다. 축산업에서도 축사 통합관리체계구축, 생체정보 수집장치, 음성 및 영상정보 분석장치 등의 ICT 기술이 접목된 기자재개발이 활발하다. 가축의 활동량, 반추, 체온, 맥박 등을 측정할수 있는 수집전자장치를 이용하여 개체의 발정이나 건강상태를 확인할수 있고, 생체정보 수집장치를 위장속에 삽입하여 외부에 영향을 받지 않고 안정적으로 정보를 수집하기에 이르렀다. 이 밖에도 CCTV와 각종 로봇을 이용하여 정확하고 실용적인 데이터를 좀더 쉽게 획득할수 있다. 이러한 기술개발은 네덜란드, 이스라엘, 영국 등 유럽국가들과 더불어 전 세계적에서 이루어 지고 있으며, 향후 10~20년간 그 발전속도는 늦춰지지 않을 것으로 예상되고 있다. 이를 위해 현재 스마트팜의 동향과 실제 축사에서 활용되고 있는 내용들을 소개하고, 축산업종사자들이 얼마나 혜택을 받고 있는지 소개를 함으로써, 스마트팜의 중요성에 대해 한번더 생각해 볼수 있는 기회를 제공하고자 한다. 또한, 현재 진행중인 연구들을 중심으로 향후 스마트팜의 발전방향과 연구필요성도 모색해 보고자 한다.