If we take account of the ‘Architectural Tradition’ which aims a construction of better environment, we can see that this tradition has ended historically toward Utopia. And the concrete concepts of utopia mainly started on the Renaissance periods. The Utopias were described well in the literatures which contained particularly three representative utopian books in Renaissance period. The one was the most famous novel <Utopia, 1516> by Sir Thomas More and the other were <La citta del sole, 1602> by Tommaso Campanella and <The New Atlantis, 1624> by Francis Bacon. These novels expressed ideal commonwealths in which inhabitants exist under perfect conditions, ideally perfect places or state of things. The plans of utopia are complete projects of image, its goal is an political, social and economical improvement according to the eras. Their utopias mostly had characteristics as follows; their shape of islands were almost circle, their shape of cities were rectangularity or circle and attached importance to geometrical compositions, their structure of cities were self-sufficiency in closed spaces and their architectural characteristics were uniformity, simplicity and non-ornament. And these architectural characteristics are urban and architectural traditions in communist countries. Also their utopian novels had not much explanations to daily lives of people like as birth, death, relative, mental conflict or authority, money, art. So their utopian novels were not practical and had inappropriate aspects.

本论文主要以韩中日古典文学作品中出现的女性的复仇心理为主题，分 析了韩中日古典文化中女性决心复仇的动机、复仇的实施和方法，以及复仇 后的结果。我们发现，三个国家古典文学中女性复仇的行为有以下共同点。 第一，韩中日女性的复仇动机与男性不同，多少会停留在个人的立场。第 二，在复仇的展开过程中，如复仇的动机都有伦理方面的背景，就在现实世 界中以具体的复仇方法出现，但复仇的动机以爱憎为起因，就因为心怀怨恨 而变为冤魂，在虚幻世界中实施报复。第三，复仇成功的女性，结局多少都 会有一些悲剧色彩。即使怀有伦理方面的动机，在社会上被广为称颂，这些 复仇成功的女性们，即‘强大的女性’，再也不能回到原来的世界了。在这些 作品中，我们可以看到这种限制性。 但是，因三个国家文化背景的不同，也存在一些差异性。第一，中国除 了佛教以外，在道教高度发展和传统的崇尚儒侠思想的大环境下，复仇的女 性多被赋予侠女的形象。第二，在韩国，复仇的女性(剑女，江上孝女等)实 行复仇时必定会换上男装。换上男装后完成复仇的行为，间接地弱化了复仇 女性的形象。第三，不同于中国和韩国，日本相对来说并不强调'贞节'。 结果，基本上否定了在东亚三个国家的古典文学中出现的所有‘复仇女’ 的形象。但是, 以社会认同的伦理动机为出口，给强势女性的出现留下了余 地。女性因男尊女卑而被压抑，这种压抑女性的社会构造在复仇的背景下成 为一种可以倾诉的感情净化之地。

세인트 루시아에서 태어나 노벨상을 수상한 데릭 왈콧은 아일랜드의 노벨상 수상시인 W. B. 예이츠에게 큰 영향을 받았고, 예이츠에게 적극적으로 관심을 보이며 유사한 변화를 보인다. 이런 그의 관심의 이면에는 문학적 전략이 있으며, 두 작가들이 공동으로 지닌 반식민적, 문화적 정치적 공동의 노력이 중요한 이유가 될 수 있다. 자신과 예이츠와의 차이와 자신의 조국과 예이츠의 아일랜드 사이의 차이에 큰 차이를 발견하고, 그는 자신의 국가를 차별하기 위해서 예이츠의 유산을 혁신한다. 이 두 노벨상 수상 시인들의 관계를 살펴봄으로써 아일랜드 문예부흥 작가들과 20세기 아프리카계 미국문학작가들 사이의 관계를 새로 조명할 수 있을 것이며, 모더니즘과 후기식민지 문학 사이의 성격도 새로 조명할 수 있을 것이다.

本稿是翻译蕭子顯的《南齊書·文學傳論》并附上详细注释的文稿. 在這 篇《文學傳論》里, 蕭子顯對文學問題發表了自己的看法. 首先, 他認爲文 章是作家情感和性靈的表現. 好的文章是“氣韻天成”的. 其次, 他重視藝術構 思, 認爲寫出文章, 出于精妙的藝術構思. 客觀事物對作家的感召是無蹟可 尋的, 變化無窮. 再次, 他認爲“在乎文章, 彌患凡舊, 若無新變, 不能代雄”. 强調文學要不斷發展變化. 這些觀點都是很有價値的. 他將當時文章歸爲三 類, 追溯其源流. 第一類文章“迂回疏緩”“酷不入情”, 源自謝靈運. 第二類文 章“緝事比類, 非對不發”, 與傅咸咏《五經》的詩歌和應璩的指事是一類. 第 三類文章“發唱驚挺, 操調險急, 雕藻淫艶, 傾炫心魂”, 源自鮑照. 蕭子顯對 以上三類文章持批評的態度, 自然對鮑照的批評是不正確的. 最后, 蕭子顯 提出“天機”與“參自史傳”的學力相結合的文學創作主張, 要求“言尙易了, 文 憎過意, 吐石含金, 滋潤婉切. 雜以風謠, 輕脣利吻, 不雅不俗, 獨中胸懷”, 甚爲可取. 這些觀點, 都有相當的理論深度. 后世嚴羽的“詩有別趣, 非關理 也”, 袁枚的“性靈說”, 都與之有思想上的傳承關係.

The great classic Chinese ancient novel, The Heroes Of The Marshes(The Water Margin), was constructed to be a man’s world (of “one hundred and eight” there would be only three females). These rough and rugged but bold men had composed a sharp song of soul-stirring history of movement, through which the “bloody” and “virtue” of man being sounded, expressed the essence of life force. They were like mountains side by side seated that did not bend down but shaped the meandering picture by composed the magnificence of mountains, showing the existence of the earth world. Their literary characteristics should testify and refresh the classical literature meanings of the aesthetic imago of mountain.

The great Chinese ancient novel, The Great Mansion, is a story of the daughters who were regarded as water and of the boy who was the guy regarded them as water. It is also a story implicated the pure beginning alike water of life and the clean ending alike snow of it. As a central concept in Chinese ancient literature, Water becomes an imago which represents the features of beauty and meanings of life.

This study recommends using children's literature in teacher training programs with the purpose of developing integrated language skills for primary school teachers and teaching methods for their students. First, to accomplish bifold objectives, the study develops three modules: 1) intensive listening through story books, 2) using in class dialogues through role-playing and 3) developing classroom activities. For presenting the examples of the three modules, Junie B., First Grader (at last!), Freckle Juice, and Jake Drake: Teacher's Pet are used. Next, the study presents teachers' perceptions on both using literature for improving their English skills and using literature in their teaching elementary school children. To investigate the possibility of implementing the program, the researcher surveyed 53 teachers participating in the program. The survey results showed teachers' perceptions on children's literature changed in positive ways, and they recognized that children's literature could develop their own English language skills and then would be a good teaching resource for their students. Based on the results, some suggestions were provided for the teachers, educators, and program developers.

This article attempts to excavate Korean literary works influenced by modern Chinese literature during the Japanese occupation of Korea, based on which it also analyzes the ways in which Korean writers and intellectuals received, perceived and transformed modern Chinese literature. Research findings in this article are to be summarized as follow. Firstly, writers such as Guangsoo Yi and Nanson Choi, who lived during the nascent period of modern Korean literature, approached China in the image of a looser and Japan in the image of an empire. Thus, they completely excluded Chinese literature from the world literature since the Japanese occupation of Korea. This was a dark side of modern Korean literature as a result of Korea’s marginality in the colonial age. Secondly, Baekhwa Yang is generally regarded a first writer that received modern Chinese literature; but most of his works and translations related to China were from Japan since he introduced them to Korea by translating Japanese. Consequently, the perspective that Yang applied in approaching Chinese literature was not his own but Japanese during the colonial age. Although Yang’s contribution to the translation of modern Chinese literature needs to be fairly appreciated, one may not arguably say that he was the first writer who received Chinese literature based on a proper understanding of the trajectory of China’s intellectual history. Thirdly, Dong-gog Yi and Myung Yang are the critics who for the first time accepted Chinese modern literature into Korea on their own perspective. This study has a considerable significance in excavating, introducing and analyzing the large amount of their works. Dong-gog Yi had deep interest in the value and spirit of the Chinese New Cultural Movement, and was the first critic in Korea who accepted the value and spirit of modern Chinese literature in its full measure. Myung Yang was pursued ceaselessly in what direction Korean should lead their lives under the rule of Japanese imperialism, and for the first time accepted and blended Chinese modern theory with Korean reality. This was consequential of their struggles to overcome the dual problem of particularity and universality that Korea confronted during the colonial period. Thus they approached Chinese culture and literature in terms of the world historical conjuncture of decolonization and yearnings for modernity. They did not follow the trajectory of the reception of modernity via Japan as many Korean intellectuals did but groped for a way to receive it via China.

With Spivak’s term “subaltern” the purpose of this paper is to present a relationship between post-colonialism and feminism in Irish literature, and to demonstrate the feminine images represented in modern Irish contemporary texts. The Irish literary society tends to regard the minority women as the inferior one in the process of de-colonization. But the feminie writing is try to overcome the established attitude in post-colonial literature. At this juncture, Heaney, rather than focusing on particular events from colonialism to post-colonialism, concentrates primarily on the receptivity, remembering subaltern’s life, history, territory, and tongue of native women. His writing is not from the post-colonial literary tradition but from the native receptivity toward the women's life and its reality. Finally, through the reception of the feminine writing with the appropriated de-colonial writing, we should address “the women” represented in post-colonial text as the subaltern subjectivity.