The present study was performed to investigate the prevalence rate of idiopathic scoliosis and to determine the effect of exercise training on scoliotic angle in elementary school children. In this study, two out of five elementary schools in Seosan city were chosen by random sampling. Seven hundred sixty four students (from four grade to the sixth grade student) were selected in two schools. Screening tests were conducted to find idiopathic scoliosis. Among the 764 individuals, 139 subjects who showed positive sign in physical examination took whole spine radiography. Thirty six subjects who had a curve of 10 or greater and consented to participate in the exercise program were selected for the exercise program. The exercise program was performed four times a week for 5 months. The results of this study were as follows: 1) One hundred thirty nine subjects showed positive sign in the scoliosis screening test. 2) The overall prevalence of curve of greater in X-ray finding was 8.15%. The prevalencies of curve of greater in male and female were 7.1% and 9.2%, respectively. 3) Scoliosis curves were observed at thoracic area (48.4%), at thoracolumbar area (27.4%) and at lumbar area(24.4%). 4) Right side curve was 59.7%, and left side curve was 40.3%. 5) After the 5 month exercise program for scoliosis, the Cobb's angle was significantly decreased. 6) There was no significant difference of Cobb's angle change respect to sex, grades, and scoliosis curve site. Results shown here indicates that an early detection and early exercise for scoliosis can result in decreased the Cobb's angle in elementary school children.

본 연구는 북한강 수계에 연계되어 있는 사기막천 및 조종천의 4개 지점을 대상으로 저서 대형 무척추동물을 1년간(1993) 하상별로 채집, 분류하였으며, 이들 저서 대형무척추동물의 출현빈도율 및 종내의 상대 빈도율에 따른 각 분류군의 하상 선호도를 살펴보고자 하였다. 채집된 대부분의 대형 무척추동물들은 cobble과 pebble 하상 선호성을 보였으며, Ephemera orientalis, Davidius lunatus, Tipula KUb, Isony

MMH(Manual Material Handling)와 관련되어 최근 요통질환으로 인한 요양신청이 크게 증가하는 추세에 있다. 본 연구에서는 Lifting 작업시 적용되는 중요 요소들 중 수평거리가 변함에 따른 IEMG 값을 이용하여 EMG 변화를 살펴보았다. 좌ㆍ우 EMG 값간에는 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 수평거리 35cm와 55cm간에는 유의한 차이를 보였다. 이는 수평거리가 길어질 경우 척추기립근의 동원량이 증가한다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 요추부의 부담도를 줄이기 위해 수평거리를 줄이는 것이 요통예방을 위해 무엇보다 중요한 것이라 하겠다. 인체측정치와 EMG 값 사이의 상관관계에서는 35cm일 때 키, 가슴둘레, 허리둘레 등이, 55cm일 때 체중, 몸통너비, 허리두께, 손바닥폭 등이 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타나고 있다.

본 연구는 북한강 수계에 연계되어 있는 사기막천(비오염 지점), 조종천(중등도오염 지점), 마석천(오염 지점)을 대상으로(7개 지점)저서 대형무척추동물을 1993년 1년간 채집, 분류하고, 우점 지수, 종다양성 지수, 유사도 지수 및 풍부도 지수치를 월별로 비교하여 각 지점에서의 수질을 생물학적 또는 생태학적 기준에 따라 평가하고자 하였다. 사기막천의 1지점에서는 Epeorus pellucidus, Uracanthella rufa 및 Drunella a

The purpose of this study was to examine the importance of social role performance in the life satisfaction among spinal cord injuried persons. The study consisted of 81 participants. discharged from the hospital and resided at a private residence, who responded to a mailed questionnaire. The questionnaire contained questions on demographic characteristics: gender. age. marital status, level of education. religious affiliation, empolyment. income, severity of injury, age at onset of injury, time since injury, and duration of hospitalization, life satisfaction index-Z(LSI-Z) and a state of six social roles: working conditions, family relationships, friends relationships, social activities. leisure activities, and religious paticipation. The question on each social role was rated on five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 "very poor" to 5 "very good". The subjects were divided into 1-3/4-5(poor/good performance group) and the subjects who had not performed the social role were classified as poor performance group. The study found over seventy-five percent of participants belonged to the group with poor performance in all six roles. Also, only social activities of social roles was restricted by a severe disability but it was not restricted the others. Income was found to be associated with three social roles: friends relationships, social activities, and leisure activities. In addition, empolyment, income, and duration of hospitaization were found to be associated with life satifaction, however, the severity of injury was not. Subjects in the group with good performance in four social roles: working condition, family relationships. friends relationships, and social activities had significantly higher life satisfaction. Result from a multiple regression analysis indicated that income. role in working condition and family relationships were the significant predictors of life satisfaction. The finding was that the life satisfaction of persons with spinal cord injury appeared to be influenced by income and some aspects of social role performance but not by their disability. The results suggest that we need to encourage to provide financially independent environment and to perform social role designed to yield improvements in life satisfaction for persons with spinal cord injury.

This study examined the rates of spinal abnormal curvature and the correlation of the Body Mass Index (BMI), Low Back Pain (LBP) and spinal curvature by measuring scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis in university students. The study population included 67 male, 92 female university students, making a total of 159, in Wonju City. Spinal curvature was measured by an electrogoniometer in a computerized skeletal analysis system. Lateral curvature of spine of more than 10 degrees was considered as nonspostural scoliosis. The correlation of BMI, LBP and the spinal curvature was analysed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and t-test. The following results were obtained: 1. The overall incidence and rate of scoliosis in cases with a greater than 10 degree curve in males was an incidence of 8 and a rate of 11%. In females the incidence was 36 and the rate 39.2%. 2. The overall incidence and rate of kyphosis of less than 20 degrees in males was a rate of 9 and an incidence of 11.9%. In females, the rate was 5 and the incidence 5.4%. In kyphosis cases of more than 40 degrees, the male rate was 5 and the incidence 7.7%. For female the rate was 13 and the incidence 14.2%. 3. The overall incidence and rate of lordosis with curves of less than 20 degrees was a rate of 6 for males and an incidence of 9.0%. For females, the rate was 5 and the incidence 5.4%. In cases of more than 50 degrees lordosis, the female rate was 2 and the incidence 2.2%. There were no males in this category. 4. There was a negative correlation between kyphosis and BMI. The greater the kyphotic curve, the less the BMI in males (p<0.05). There was no significant BMI difference by gender in either scoliosis or lordosis. There was, however, a significantly decreased sacral angle in the female group with LBP. The results of this study cannot be generalized to the general population because the subjects were all from one university. The measurements were quite reliable because the angles determined by the Metrocom System were highly correlated with radiologic findings. This study shows the need for a regular screening system for spinal curvatures in university health examination procedures.

제주도 척추동물상에 관한 문헌을 정리한 결과 제주도산 담수어류는 9목 12과 24종, 양서류는 2목 6과 9종, 파충류는 2아목 5과 10종, 조류는 18목 49과 4아과 236종, 포유류는 6목 9과 16종으로 총 35목 2아목 80과 4아과 295종이 분포, 서식하고 있음이 확인되었다. 제즈도의 특산 척추동물은 제주족제비(Mustela sibirica quelpartis), 제주등줄쥐(Apodemus agrarius chejuensis), 제주멧밭쥐(Micromys minutus hertigi) 및 제주땃쥐(Crocidura russula quelpartis)등 4종의 포유류가 있고, 조류는 제주오목눈이(Ageithalos caudatus trivirgatus), 제주동고비(Sitta europaea bedfordi), 제주밀화부리(Eophona personata personfumigatus), 제주박새(Parus major minor) 및 제주휘파람새(Cettia diphone antans) 등 7종이며, 양서류는 유미류의 제주도롱뇽(Hynobius leechii quelpartis) 1종 등, 총 12아종이 서식하고 있으며, 한편 본토에는 서식하지 않고 제주도에만 서식하는 종은 비바리뱀(Sibynophis collaris)과 무태장어(Anguilla mauritiana)이다. 제주도는 신생대 3기말에서부터 4기에 걸쳐 형성되었으며, 지질학적으로 빙하기가 시작되는 Donau 빙하기 이후부터 척추동물이 이주하여서식하기 시작하였고, 제주도가 형성된 후 척추동물이 생존하기에 적합ㅎ한 환경이 조성되면서 중기 홍적세 이후 현세로부터 약 30만년전부터 빙하기와 간빙기의 반복과 더불어 본토집단과 지리적 격리가 거듭되면서 척추동물의 종분화가 진행되고 있다.

The purposes of this study were to examine the effect of two different pelvic alignments and the Valsalva maneuver on electromyographic (EMG) activity of the erector spinae during squat lifting and lowering, and to find an efficient method for squat lifting and lowering. Twenty hea1thy men in their twenties lifted and lowered loads using four different methods: 1) anterior pelvic tilt position with the Valsalva maneuver, 2) anterior pelvic tilt position without the Valsalva maneuver, 3) posterior pelvic tilt with the Valsalva maneuver, 4) posterior pelvic tilt without the Valsalva maneuver. The EMG activity of erector spinae was recorded during both lifting and lowering with each method. The EMG activity of each individual was normalized to EMG activity produced by muscle during maximal voluntary contraction. Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures () was used to analyze the effect of the two factors: 1) pelvic tilt position (anterior pelvic tilt, posterior pelvic tilt), 2) the Valsalva maneuver (with and without). Analysis was performed separately for the lifting and lowering. The results were as follows: 1) EMG activity of erector spinae was greater when the pelvis was tilted anteriorly than when the pelvis was tilted posteriorly during squat lifting and squat lowering. 2) There was no difference between EMG activity of erector spinae with the Valsalva maneuver and EMG activity of erector spinae without the Valsalva maneuver during squat lifting and squat lowering. These results suggest that the greater EMG activity of erector spinae with an anterior pelvic tilt position during squat lifting and squat lowering may ensure optimal muscular support for the spine while handling loads, but the Valsalva maneuver may have less effect on erector spinae.

The purpose of this research is to identify traction effects for the treatment of scoliosis and compare the effects among patients as their own physical characters. In this research, the patients with scoliosis hospitalized for ten days have treated in the way of the static traction for twenty hours a day, and alternating lumbar and cervical traction for twenty minutes two times a day in the department of rehabilitaton of Yong-Dong Severance Hospital. The followings are the conclusions of this research: 1) The traction for the patients with scoliosis is effective treatment method to reduce the curved angle (p<0.001). 2) Statistically there is no significant difference of the reduced curved angle between male and female after the traction (P>0.05). 3) Statistically there is significant difference of the reduced curved angle among age groups after the traction (P<0.05). 4) Statistically there is significant difference of the reduced curved angle among curved angle groups after the traction (p<0.001). 5) Statistically there is no significant difference of the reduced curved angle among shapes of curved angle after the traction (P>0.05).

Spinal cord injury in child often occurs without evidence of fracture or dislocation. The mechanisms of neural damage in this syndrome of spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality(SCIWORA) include flexion, hyperextension, longitudinal distraction, and ischemia. Inherent elasticity of the vertebral column in infants and young children, among other age-related anatomical peculiarities, render the pediatric spine exceedingly vulnerable to deforming forces. The neurological lesions encountered in this syndrome include a high incidence of complete and severe partial cord lesions. Children younger than 8years old sustain more serious neurological damage and suffer a larger number of upper cervical cord lesions than children aged over 8 years. Of the children with SCIWORA. 52% have delayed onset of paralysis up to 4 days after injury, and most of these children recall transient paresthesia, numbness, or subjective paralysis. The long-term prognosis in cases of SCIWORA is grim. Most children with complete and severe lesions do not recover; only those with initially mild neural injuries make satisfactory neurological recovery.