日本의 다케시마 10포인트-제6포인트 제7항은 大韓帝國勅令第41号가 제정·반포되기 이전과 이후에 韓國의 獨島에 대한 실효적 지배가 확립되어 있지 않다고 주장하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 일본의 주장은 역사적 사실에 위반한 것일 뿐만 아니라 國際法에 위반하는 주장이다. 첫째로, 역사적 사실의 관점에서 보면, 朝鮮은 정기적으로 관리를 파견하고 감시해왔다. 즉, 김인우를 울릉도 관찰사로 1425년에 임명·파견한 사실, 이규원을 울릉도 관찰사로 1880년에 임명·파견한 사실, 김옥균을 동남제도 관찰사로 1883년에 임명한 사실 등을 둘 수 있다. 둘째로, 범국제법의 관점에서 보면, 원거리·무인도에 대한 실효적 지배는 근거리·유인도에 대한 실효적 지배에 비해 용이하다. 또한 屬島의 법적 지위는 主島의 법적지위와 동일하다. 따라서 鬱陵島에 대한 실효적 지배는 獨島에 대한 실효적 지배로 인정된다.

본 연구의 목적은 초기 내한 선교사들이 한국 무속신앙을 어떻게 이해 했는지를 보다 종합적으로 살펴보는 것이다. 지금까지 몇몇 연구자들이 선교사들의 한국 무속 이해를 간략하게 언급하였고, 선교사들의 한국 종교 이해를 다룬 연구도 있었다. 그러나 무속신앙에 초점을 맞추어 보다 체계적으로 분석한 것은 존재하지 않는다. 그런 의미에서 본 연구는 초기 선교사들이 무속신앙을 어떻게 이해했는지를 살펴볼 수 있는 하나의 창을 제공한다. 본 연구는 선교사들이 인식한 한국 종교 체계 속에서 무속신앙의 위치를 다룬다. 한국인들이 무속신앙을 어떻게 느꼈다고 선교사들이 인식했는지도 다룬다. 한국인들의 무속신앙 인식에 따른 다양한 행동들도 분석한다. 한국인들의 무속신앙 속에서 선교사들이 기복주의를 발견했음도 살펴본다. 악귀와 관련된 다양한 무속신앙의 치유방법들이 선교사들에게 목격되었음도 살펴본다. 그리고 선교사들이 무속신앙을 비판적으로 인식하며 대결의 대상으로 삼았음도 확인한다. 본 연구의 방법론은 문헌연구이다. 선교사들은 한국 선교 경험을 토대로 책을 저술하였고, 편지, 잡지, 일기를 통해 그들의 무속신앙에 대한 견해를 드러냈다. 이러한 자료들을 분석하여 선교사들의 이해를 분석하여 정리하게 될 것이다.

Temporal and spatial characteristics of the frequency of several weather types and the change in air pollutant concentrations according to these weather types were analyzed over a decade (2007-2016) in seven major cities and a remote area in Korea. This analysis was performed using hourly (or daily) observed data of weather types (e.g., mist, haze, fog, precipitation, dust, and thunder and lighting) and air pollutant criteria (PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, CO, and SO2). Overall, the most frequent weather type across all areas during the study period was found to be mist (39%), followed by precipitation (35%), haze (17%), and the other types (≤ 4%). In terms of regional frequency distributions, the highest frequency of haze (26%) was in Seoul (especially during winter and May-June), possibly due to the high population and air pollutant emission sources, while that of precipitation (47%) was in Jeju (summer and winter), due to its geographic location with the sea on four sides and a very high mountain. PM10 concentrations for dust and haze were significantly higher in three cities (up to 250 μg/m3 for dust in Incheon), whereas those for the other four types were relatively lower. The concentrations of PM2.5 and its major precursor gases (NO2 and SO2) were higher (up to 69 μg/m3, 48 ppb, and 16 ppb, respectively, for haze in Incheon) for haze and/or dust than for the other weather types. On the other hand, there were no distinct differences in the concentrations of O3 and CO for the weather types. The overall results of this study confirm that the frequency of weather types and the related air quality depend on the geographic and environmental characteristics of the target areas.

The characteristics of PM10, PM2.5 and Ratio(PM2.5/PM10) of 11 urban air monitoring stations in Gyeongnam were analyzed for the last 3 years(`15~`17). The average of the all stations was PM10 45 μg/㎥, PM2.5 24 μg/㎥ and Ratio 0.54, and annual reduction rates were PM10 -2.9%, PM2.5 –2.7% and Ratio –1.2%, respectively. The seasonal characteristics of PM10 were spring 54 μg/㎥ > winter 48 μg/㎥ > summer/autumn 40 μg/㎥, PM2.5 were spring/winter 26 μg/㎥ > summer 23 > autumn 22 μg/㎥ and Ratio were summer 0.56 > winter 0.55 > autumn 0.54 > spring 0.51, respectively. The hourly characteristics of PM10 were 11 μg/㎥ higher than 09:00~12:00 at 03:00~06:00, PM2.5 were 6 μg/㎥ higher than 09:00~12:00 at 17:00~18:00 and Ratio were 0.07 higher than 04:00~06:00 at 19:00. By site, the highest concentration of PM10 was YJ site 53 μg/㎥ and PM2.5 was HW site 28 μg/㎥. And Ratio at HD site showed the largest reduction from `15 0.62 to `17 0.52.

X선 장비를 이용한 심장혈관 조영술 시 프레임 변화에 따른 입사 표면 선량과 흡수선량을 비교⦁분석하여 피폭의 차이를 알아보고자 하였고 image J를 통한 촬영 영상의 SNR과 CNR을 측정⦁분석하여 프레임 변화가 영상 화질에 주는 영향을 비롯해 검사에 있어 적절한 프레임 선택의 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 2017년 6월부터 2017년 10월까지 본원에서 CAG를 시행한 30명(남19, 여11)을 대상으로 하였고, 환자들의 연령대는 49-82세(평균 65±9세), 몸무게45-91kg (평균 67±8.9kg), 키 150-179cm (평균 165.1±8.9kg), BMI 19.5-30.5(평균 24.5±2.9)이었다. 입사표면선량 및 흡수선량은 후향적으로 Air kerma값과 DAP를 획득하여 비교․분석 하였고 SNR과 CNR은 Image J를 통하여 측정⦁분석 한 후 공식에 대입하여 결과 값을 도출하였다. 통계 분석을 통한 상관관계 확인을 위해 통계프로그램은 SPSS를 사용하여 프레임 변화에 따른 입사표면선량과 흡수선량 및 SNR ․ CNR의 상관관계 등을 분석하였다. 10프레임으로 촬영할 때와 15프레임으로 촬영 할 때 모두 입사표면선량과 흡수선량관계는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(p>0.05). SNR과 CNR의 관계에선 10프레임으로 촬영했을 때의 SNR(3.374±2.1297)과 CNR(0.234±0.2249)이 15프레임에서의 SNR(4.929±2.8532)과 CNR(0.391±0.3025)보다 SNR1.43±0.4861, CNR 0.132±0.0555로 낮았으나 통계적으로는 유의하지 않았다(p>0.05). 상관관계 분석결과에서는 BMI와 air kerma, DAP간에, air kerma와 DAP간에, SNR과 CNR간에 통계적으로 유의한 결과를 얻었다(p<0.001, p<0.001). 결론적으로 심장혈관 조영술 시 10프레임과 15프레임으로 변화를 주어 촬영하여도 입사표면선량과 흡수선량은 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으며, 10프레임보다 15프레임 촬영에서의 SNR과 CNR이 증가하였으나 통계적으로는 유의하지 않았기에 본 논문을 통해 환자와 시술자 모두 10프레임과 15프레임 촬영으로 인한 X선 피폭 문제뿐 아니라 영상의 화질감소에 관한 우려 역시 줄어들 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of branch extracts of Vaccinium oldhamii (VOB) on melanin synthesis in B16F10 cells. VOB promoted melanin production in absence or presence of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) in B16F10 cells. However, VOB did not affect the expression of tyrosinase and TRP-1 associated with melanin synthesis at the mRNA and protein levels in B16F10. But, VOB decreased TRP-2 protein level and induced tyrosinase activation in B16F10 cells. Inhibition of tyrosinase activity and tyrosinase knockdown attenuated VOB-mediated melanin synthesis. In conclusion, VOB may stimulate melanin synthesis through activating tyrosinase activity.

This study was performed to develop a new natural antimicrobial materials by analyzing the effect of extracts obtained from Ten Lauraceae Species on the inhibitory activity against Propionibacterium acnes. The plant materials were collected from Wando and Jeju islands, and the antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts was examined by the agar diffusion method with different part (i.e., leaf and branch), solvents (i.e., distilled water, 80% ethanol, and 100% methanol) and at different ultrasonic extracting times (i.e., 15, 30, and 45 minutes). The control agents used were synthetic antimicrobials, methylparaben and phenoxyethanol, at concentrations of 0.4, 1, 2, and 4 ㎎/disc. Altogether, extracts of 10 species used in the study showed inhibitory activity, which confirmed their antimicrobial action against acnes. Among these, leaves of Laurus nobilis L. which was extracted in 80% ethanol for 45 min showed the largest clear zone (19.8 ㎜). Leaves of L. nobilis L., showing highest antimicrobial activities among 10 species, were successively reextracted with n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and n-butanol. As a results, in all fractions except butanol, clear zone above 10 ㎜ were formed. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest inhibitory activity (13.3 ㎜) and the inhibitory activity was significantly higher than that of crude extract (10.2 ㎜) and phenoxyethanol as a control (12.5 ㎜).

Background : Dioscorea bulbifera (DB) contain steroidal saponin which has anticancer and anti-inflammatory. DB is a health-functional material used as edible and medical materials. However, DB has not been studied in detail as industrial purposes of fermentation. Methods and Results : D. bulbifera (DB) was fermented by Rhizopus oryzae CN105 for 3 days. Samples were prepared by adding 10% honey to the D. bulbifera (DBH) and honey free D. bulbifera (DB). The pH, total acidity (%) and reducing sugar (%) were investigated. The free sugar and color values related to taste components were analyzed. The pH level decreased while total acidity increased during fermentation. The free sugar and color values related to taste components were analyzed. The content of free sugar in the DB was the highest after 3 days of fermentation. In case DBH, only glucose was the highest after 3 days of fermentation. The content of fructose, sucrose and lactose were decrease during fermentation. Total polyphenol content of DB and DBH was measured by the Folin-Denis method. Total flavonoid content was measured by the Moreno method. Total polyphenol content and flavonoid content was the highest after 1 days of fermentation in both DB and DBH. Conclusion : The results showed that physicochemical components improved during fermentation in DB. But antioxidant activity was the highest after 1 days of fermentation in DB and DBH. These results are indicated that fermented DB can be used as a functional food.

대기 오염은 피부의 산화적 손상, 염증 및 노화를 일으킬 수 있다. 레스베라트롤은 폴리페놀 화합물의 일종으로 항산화, 항염증, 멜라닌 생성 억제 작용 등 다양한 생물학적 활성이 있는 한편 열과 빛에 약한 단점이 있다. 레스베라트릴 트라이아세테이트(RTA)는 레스베라트롤에 비해 안정하고, 피부 안전성과 미백 효능이 보고된 화장품 신소재이다. 본 연구의 목적은 직경 10 μ m 미만 대기 미립자 물질(PM10)에 노출된 인간 표피 각질형성세포(HEK)의 염증 반응에 대한 레스베라트롤과 RTA의 영향을 조사하기 위한 것이다. 배양된 HEK세 포를 레스베라트롤과 RTA의 유무 조건에서 PM10에 노출시키고, 세포 생존율, 반응성 산소종(ROS)의 생성 및 염증성 사이토카인의 발현을 분석하였다. PM10을 처리하였을 때 세포 생존율이 감소하였고 종양괴사인자- α(TNF-α), 인터루킨-1β(IL-1β), 인터루킨-6(IL-6) 및 인터루킨-8(IL-8)의 발현이 증가하였다. 레 스베라트롤과 RTA는 PM10으로 유도된 세포의 사멸과 ROS 생성을 경감시켰다. PM10에 의해 증가되는 여러 염증성 사이토카인의 발현은 레스베라트롤과 RTA에 의해 경감되거나(IL-6), 증진되거나(IL-1β), 변화하지 않았다(TNF-α 및 IL-8). PM10에 의해 유도된 IL-6단백질의 발현이 레스베라트롤과 RTA에 의해 감소되 었다. 본 연구의 결과는 레스베라트롤과 RTA가 대기 미립자 물질에 노출된 피부의 세포 손상과 염증 반응을 조절하는 작용이 있음을 시사한다.

본 연구에서는 다양한 식품유해미생물에 대한 길항작용 및 항산화활성이 우수한 B. subtilis SRCM102046 균주를 식품보존 소재로서 이용하기 위해 반응표면분석법을 이용하여 균체 증량을 통한 항균활성 및 항산화활성 증대를 도모하고자 하였다. SRCM102046의 산업적 활용을 위한 성장조건을 최적화하기 위해 배양시간에 따른 균체 성장을 조사하였으며, 통계학적 기법인 반응표면분석법을 사용하였다. SRCM102046의 최적 성장을 위한 배지 성분을 선별하기 위해 Plackett-Burman design을 이용하였으며, PBD 결과 선별된 배지 성분으로 molasses, sucrose, peptone으로 예측되었다. 각 배지 성분의 최적농도를 결정하기 위한 방법으로 central composite design을 이용하였으며, 최종적으로 예측된 각 배지 성분의 농도는 molasses 7 g/L, sucrose 7 g/L, peptone 2 g/L로 예측되었다. 이때의 균체량은 22.03±1.30 g/L로 예측되었으며, 통계분석을 통해 실험모델의 적합성을 확인하였다. 또한, 실험 모델을 수행하여 건조균체량을 측정한 결과 22.02±0.35 g/L로 측정되어 실험모델에 의해 예측된 값이 오차범위 내에 존재하여 모델의 신뢰성이 매우 높음을 확인하였으며, 이는 실험모델에 의해 예측된 최적배지 사용시 최적화 이전의 LB 배지에서의 균체량(2.47±0.03 g/L)대비 약 9배의 균체량이 증가함을 확인하였다. 또한 최적배지에서 B. subtilis SRCM102046 배양 시 항균활성은 대조구로 사용된 LB 배지에서의 항균활성 대비 최대 140% 향상되었으며, 항산화활성은 약 100.41% 증가함을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 식품보존제로서B. subtilis SRCM102046의 산업화를 위한 배지최적화를 수행하였으며, 추후 박테리오신의 정제 및 특성 등에 대한 세부적인 연구가 필요하지만 본 연구를 통해 확립된 배양조건을 기반으로 식품보존 소재의 측면에서 매우 유용한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Purpose: This study is aimed at developing Self-Efficacy Inventory of tennis players. Methods: Inventory composed in this manner was applied to 328 tennis players in middle and high schools, universities and professional teams registered with the Korean Sport & Olympic Committee. Various analysis including statistical data, exploratory factor, confirmatory factor and reliability analysis were performed on the basis of the data collected by using SPSS and AMOS. Moreover, confirmatory factor analysis and prediction validity for which the developed index differs in accordance with gender and affiliation were performed. Results: A total of 3 questions were deleted because kurtosis/skewedness was not appropriate in descriptive statistics. As the result of exploratory factory analysis, there was 61.58% dispersion of single factory. As the result of confirmatory factory analysis, appropriateness of structure was confirmed and all the path coefficients with the range of .626~.834 were found to be significant. Therefore, the index for the self-efficacy of tennis player was developed with 10 single factor questions and proportional index in the range of 0-100%. Validity and reliability were also secured. In addition, it demonstrated that self-efficacy can be used in the actual field of tennis by significantly predicting the perceived competition performances and execution of sports. Conclusion: It can be utilized as a useful tool in predicting the self-efficacy of tennis players. It is deemed that there is a need to assess the effects of tennis player and self-efficacy by investigating the relationship among a diverse range of sports variables with the inventory developed in this Study in the future.

This research investigated the characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration at roadside (Choryangdong) and residential (Sujeongdong) locations in Busan. The PM10 concentration at roadside and residential locations were 50.5 and 42.9 ㎍/m3, respectively, and PM2.5 at roadside and residential were 28.1 and 23.9 ㎍/m3, respectively. The roadside/residential ratio of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration were 1.18, and the PM2.5/PM10 ratio at roadside and residential were 0.55 and 0.56, respectively. The PM10 concentration in spring at roadside were 64.6 ㎍/m3, and were the highest, followed by 48.0 ㎍/m3 and 45.2 ㎍/m3 in winter and summer. Number of exceedances per year of the daily limit value for PM10 at roadside and residential were 66 and 39 days, respectively. The PM10 and PM2.5 concentration, and PM2.5/PM10 ratio at roadside were 53.0 ㎍/m3, 29.0 ㎍/m3 and 0.55 for day, and 45.5 ㎍/m3, 26.7 ㎍/m3 and 0.59 for night, respectively. These results indicate that understanding the relationship between roadside and residential could provide insight into establishing a strategy to control urban air quality.

In this study, a metal-organic framework (MOF) material NH2-MIL-101(Fe) was synthesized using the solvothermal method, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-visible spectrophotometry, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and surface area measurements. The XRD pattern of the synthesized NH2-MIL-101(Fe) was similar to the previously reported patterns of MIL-101 type materials, which indicated the successful synthesis of NH2-MIL-101(Fe). The FT-IR spectrum showed the molecular structure and functional groups of the synthesized NH2-MIL-101(Fe). The UV-visible absorbance spectrum indicated that the synthesized material could be activated as a photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. FE-SEM and TEM images showed the formation of hexagonal microspindle structures in the synthesized NH2-MIL-101(Fe). Furthermore, the EDS spectrum indicated that the synthesized material consisted of Fe, N, O, and C elements. The synthesized NH2-MIL-101(Fe) was then employed as an adsorbent and photocatalyst for the removal of Indigo carmine and Rhodamine B from aqueous solutions. The initial 30 min of adsorption for Indigo carmine and Rhodamine B without light irradiation achieved removal efficiencies of 83.6% and 70.7%, respectively. The removal efficiencies thereafter gradually increased with visible light irradiation for 180 min, and the overall removal efficiencies for Indigo carmine and Rhodamine B were 94.2% and 83.5%, respectively. These results indicate that the synthesized MOF material can be effectively applied as an adsorbent and photocatalyst for the removal of dyes.

In a sex offender ecosystem, it is necessary to ensure that rape is applied only to violent breaches of at least sexual self-determination. However, it is doubtful that the Supreme Court may have too broad a range of rape cases in this case. On the contrary, The first and second trial courts seem to be wary of further rape charges. On the basis of this case, it is likely to be the type that corresponds to the sexual compel in the German criminal law. So it would be more appropriate to introduce and punish the sexual compel in legislation if consensus was formed on the need to punish people for forcing sexual behavior. That would also eliminate the need to stretch and punish rape charges. The Supreme Court calls the degree of rape and intimidation the most serious offense and threat. But, it seems that the comprehensive judgment system applies the standards of violence and intimidation of consultation. However, such a comprehensive judgment does not provide a clear standard. Therefore, in this case, the Supreme Court made a different judgment from the first and second trials. However, the main reason why it is difficult to consistently punish sex crimes is because there is a big problem with the current sex criminal law system. As the wrong legal system is filled with diverse legal interpretations, the burden is entirely on citizens. Therefore, it is inevitable that there continue to be disturbance in the ecosystem of sex crimes. The preferred way to fix this mess is for lawmakers to fix the current sex crime system. And the court should try to help citizens form a proper consciousness of norms on sex crimes through a consistent and clear application of the law.

최근 세계적으로 신재생에너지에 대한 관심이 커지고 있으며, 국내의 경우 폐바이오매스를 이용하는 친환경적인 에너지원으로써 활용할 수 있는 연료화 기술이 각광받고 있다. 국내 폐바이오매스는 크게 식품폐기물, 축산폐기물, 농산부산물, 임산부산물 및 하수슬러지 등으로 구분할 수 있으며, 이를 에너지원으로 전환하는 공정은 생물학적, 열화학적 공정으로 크게 구분할 수 있다. 국내 하수슬러지의 경우, 해양투기가 금지된 이후 에너지로 전환하여 재활용하기 위한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있으며, 2014년 환경부에 따르면 전국 하수슬러지 처리시설은 98개 지자체에서 96개의 하수슬러지 처리시설이 운영되고 있고, 추가적으로 18개의 시설이 설계 및 건설되고 있다. 이 중 대부분의 시설은 고화 및 건조연료화를 통해 하수슬러지 처리량 저감을 하고 있으나, 고화 및 건조 연료화를 통한 하수슬러지 저감은 슬러지 자체의 높은 수분함량으로 인해 상대적으로 많은 에너지를 필요로 한다. 본 연구는 하수슬러지의 연료화를 위해 열화학적 공정 중 하나인 반탄화 공정을 이용하여 10 TPD급 폐바이오매스 반탄화 반응 시스템을 구성하였다. 원료물질인 하수슬러지의 높은 수분함량에 따른 열량 부족 문제를 극복하기 위해 폐목재를 혼합하여 사용하였으며, 반응온도(250-350℃)와 하수슬러지와 폐목재 혼합물의 혼합비(6:4, 4:6)에 대하여 운전 조건의 최적화 연구를 수행하였으며, 결과적으로 반탄화물 수율 70% 이상, 생성된 탄화물의 고위발열량 4,000 kcal/kg 이상의 운전조건을 도출할 수 있었다. 이와 더불어 생산된 반탄화물의 원소분석에 따른 C, H, O의 구성비는 저품위 석탄과 유사하게 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다.

The objective of this study was to estimate air quality trends in the study area by surveying monthly and seasonal concentration trends. To do this, the mass concentration of PM10 samples and the metals, ions, and total carbon in the PM10 were analyzed. The mean concentration of PM10 was 33.9 ㎍/㎥. The composition of PM10 was 39.2% ionic species, 5.1% metallic species, and 26.6% carbonic species (EC and OC). Ionic species, especially sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate, were the most abundant in the PM10 and had a high correlation coefficient with PM10. Seasonal variation of PM10 showed a similar pattern to those of ionic and metallic species. with high concentration during the winter and spring seasons. PM10 showed high correlation with the ionic species NO3 - and NH4 +. In addition, NH4 + was highly correlated with SO4 2- and NO3 -. We obtained four factors through factor analysis and determined the pollution sources using the United States Environmental Protection Agency(U.S. EPA) pollution profile. The first factor accounted for 51.1% of PM10 from complex sources, that is, soil, motor vehicles, and secondary particles: the second factor indicated marine sources; the third factor, industry-related sources; and the last factor, heating-related sources. However, the pollution profile used in this study may be somewhat different from the actual situation in Korea because it was from US EPA. Therefore, to more accurately estimate the pollutants present, it is necessary to create a pollution profile for Korea.

Nitrogen budgets in Sihwa-ho in 2010 were estimated using a mass balance approach. Major nitrogen fluxes sources can be divided into three sections: cities, agricultural area, and forest. Surplus nitrogen 2,030~2,214 ton/yr (2,123 ton/yr in average) was discharged to Sihwa Lake. 20% of the surplus nitrogen is removed from the wetland and 60% is removed tidal flats. Therefore net nitrogen discharge from Sihwa basin is estimated to be 650 708 ton/yr (679 ton/yr in average). Wet and dry nitrogen deposition and load from non-point sources ware estimated to be 97 ton/yr and 69 ton/yr, deposition is using CAMx model. So estimated total nitrogen discharge into Sihwa-ho was 817 875 ton/yr (846 ton/yr in average). The atmospheric load explains 11.1 11.9% (11.5% in average) of the total nitrogen load Sihwa-ho.

This paper describes a study on posture control of the multi-legged biomimetic underwater robot (CALEB10). Because the underwater environment has a feature that all degrees of freedom are coupled to each other, we designed the posture control algorithm by separating each degree of freedom. Not only should the research on posture control of underwater robots be a precedent study for position control, but it is also necessary to compensate disturbance in each direction. In the research on the yaw directional posture control, we made the drag force generated by the stroke of the left leg and the right leg occur asymmetrically, in order that a rotational moment is generated along the yaw direction. In the composite swimming controller in which the controllers in each direction are combined, we designed the algorithm to determine the control weights in each direction according to the error angle along the yaw direction. The performance of the proposed posture control method is verified by a dynamical simulator and underwater experiments.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the image similarity and attribute recognition of the top 10 rated spa destinations (Chungnam Deoksan, Chungnam Dogo, Busan Dongrae, Daejeon Yuseong, Chungnam Asan, Gyeongbuk Bomun, Chungbuk Suanbo, Gyeongnam Jangyu, Chungnam Onyang, & Gyeongbol Bugok) in Korea based on the visits to these spa places by the customers. Research design, data, and methodology – The survey of this study was conducted on the visitors to the top 10 spa destinations in Korea from April 8 ∼ April 21, 2017, and a total of 300 questionnaires were distributed. Of them, effective questionnaires used in the final study were a total of 241. In this study, empirical analysis was made through frequency analysis, factor analysis, and multidimensional scaling ALSCAL(spinning symmetry for image similarity and rectangle for attributes recognition) by using the Statistics Package SPSS 24.0. Results – According to the analysis result of spa destination image similarity, the stress level was 0.16453 and the level of the stress was good. Moreover, the coefficient of determination (RSQ) was, which had a description of each aspect of the spa destination, 0.79908. According to the results of attribute recognition, the stress value of 0.11805 represents a degree of conformity, and the coefficient of determination(RSQ) appeared at 0.98665. Therefore, the results of this analysis are that the similarities between spa destinations and the attribute recognition of the spa destinations is a suitable model that is properly expressed in two dimensions. Conclusions – First, according to the analysis result of image similarity, Deoksan & Dogo spa revealed similar images, as well as the Dongrae and Yuseong spa, while on the contrary Asan, Bomun, Suanbo spa has different images from the rest. Second, according to the results of attribute recognition, Asan and Onyang spa has competitiveness in terms of accessibility to spa destination; Yuseong, Dongrae, Jangyu spa in terms of spa facilities, spa tourism conditions, and service & shopping conditions. while spa water quality and spa costs showed low attribute reflection for all 10 spas. Therefore, the spa visitors cannot recognize the differentiation of spa water quality and spa costs.