This study assessed the removal efficiency of NOM which is known as the precursors of DBPs in advanced water treatment using the ceramic membrane filtration, introduced the first in the nation at the Y water treatment plant (WTP). It is generally well-known that the removal of NOM by MF Membrane is very low in water treatment process. But, the result of investigation on removal efficiency of NOM in advanced water treatment using the ceramic membrane was different as follows. The removal rate of organic contaminant by the ceramic membrane advanced water treatment was determined to be 65.5% for the DOC, 85.8% for UV254, and 77 to 86% for DBPFP. The removal rate of pre-ozonation was found to be 6 to 15% more effective compared with the pre-chlorination. The removal rate of DOC and UV254 in biological activated carbon(BAC) process was over 50% and 75%, respectively although the rate was decreased 10 ~ 20% according to analysis items in converting from GAC to BAC.

본 연구는 우리나라의 대표적인 노지작물인 고추에서 이상고온에 따른 생육 및 생리장해 등 피해정도를 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 아울러 고온피해를 최소화하기 위한 화학적 대응 기술을 확립하기 위해 빈나리(diniconazole)를 사용하여 그 효과를 검정하고자 하였다. 고추의 신장생장은 생육적온인 25℃보다 온도가 높아질수록 향상되었으나 경직경은 낮았으며, 특히, 30℃에서 재배한 고추 식물체는 연약한 생장을 보였다. 반면 뿌리생육은 생육온도에 따라 큰 차이는 없었다. 고추의 생육적온인 25℃보다 고온에서 재배하면 엽수는 증가하였고, 엽면적도 높았다. 또한 생체중 및 건물중도 높았다. 반면 수확량은 생육적온인 25℃에 비해 고온인 30℃에서는 생산량이 17% 감소하였다. 고추의 생육온도에 따라 낙화율에 차이가 있었으며, 생육적온인 25℃에서는 낙화율이 28.0%였으나, 27.5℃에서는 33.5%, 30℃에서는 52.3%로 온도가 높아질수록 낙화율이 높았다. 칼슘 결핍증은 고추의 생육적온에서는 나타나지 않았으나 온도가 높아질수록 경미하게 증가하는 경향이었다. 반면 역병발병율은 생육온도에 따른 차이는 없었다. 30℃의 이상고온은 낙화율이 문제되었으나, 빈나리를 처리하면 낙화율이 감소하여 10 mg/L처리에서는 대조구에 비해 수량이 10% 향상되었다.

본 연구는 노지채소 작물인 고추를 대상으로 이상 고온조건을 인위적으로 부여하여 화분발아력을 검정 하며, 이상 고온에서의 화분발아력을 향상시킬 수 있는 방법을 강구하기 위해 수행되었다. 고추에서 화 분 발아에 최적온도는 25℃였고, 27.5℃와 30℃에서는 화분발아율이 낮았다. 화분발아에 적합한 sucrose 농도는 10~15%였고, 30% 이상의 농도에서는 화분 발아율이 감소하였다. 화분발아 배지의 적정 pH 5.5 ~6.5였고 이들 조건에서 화분발아율이 높았고, 화분관 신장도 좋았다. 화분 채취시간에 따른 화 분 발아율은 채취 시간에 따라 차이가 있었다. 전반적으로 오전 10시에 채취한 화분에서 발아율이 가장 높았고, 반면 오후에 채취한 화분일수록 화분활력이 저하되었다. 화분발아 배지에 아미노산인 asparagine과 glutamine를 첨가하면 고온에서 화분발아율이 향상되었다. 또한 폴리아민류인 putrescine 과 spermine도 화분 발아율을 향상시켰다. 전반적으로 고온에서 고추 화분발아성을 증진시킬 수 있는 첨가물질 및 처리농도는 supermine 1 mM 처리였고, 대조구에 비해 화분발아율이 15.0% 향상되었다.

With continuous industrial development, the types, and amount of particulate matter (PM) have been increasing. Since 2018, environmental standards regarding PM have become more stringent. Pulse air jet bag filters are suitable for PM under the 20㎛ and, can function regardless of size, concentration and type. Filtration velocity and shape are important factors in the operation and design of the pulse air jet bag filters however, few established studies support this theory. In this research, numerical simulations were conducted based on experimental values and, several methods were employed for minimizing the pressure drop. In the pilot system, as the inlet duct velocity was faster than 19 m/sec, flow was not distributed equally and, re-entrainment occurred due to the hopper directional vortex. The multi-inlet system decelerated the hopper directional vortex by 25 ~ 30% , thereby decreasing total pressure drop by 6.6 ~ 14.7%. The guide vane system blocked the hopper directional vortex, which resulted optimal vane angle of 53°. The total pressure of the guide vane system increased by 0.5 ~ 3% at 1.5 m/min conditions. However, the filtration pressure drop decreased by 4.8 ~ 12.3% in all conditions, thereby reducing the operating cost of filter bags.

The characteristics of PM10, PM2.5 and Ratio(PM2.5/PM10) of 11 urban air monitoring stations in Gyeongnam were analyzed for the last 3 years(`15~`17). The average of the all stations was PM10 45 μg/㎥, PM2.5 24 μg/㎥ and Ratio 0.54, and annual reduction rates were PM10 -2.9%, PM2.5 –2.7% and Ratio –1.2%, respectively. The seasonal characteristics of PM10 were spring 54 μg/㎥ > winter 48 μg/㎥ > summer/autumn 40 μg/㎥, PM2.5 were spring/winter 26 μg/㎥ > summer 23 > autumn 22 μg/㎥ and Ratio were summer 0.56 > winter 0.55 > autumn 0.54 > spring 0.51, respectively. The hourly characteristics of PM10 were 11 μg/㎥ higher than 09:00~12:00 at 03:00~06:00, PM2.5 were 6 μg/㎥ higher than 09:00~12:00 at 17:00~18:00 and Ratio were 0.07 higher than 04:00~06:00 at 19:00. By site, the highest concentration of PM10 was YJ site 53 μg/㎥ and PM2.5 was HW site 28 μg/㎥. And Ratio at HD site showed the largest reduction from `15 0.62 to `17 0.52.

The volatile odor compounds emitted form a stuffing agent production process were quantified by ATD and GC-MS, and then odor causing compounds were identified by the method of EOI using each TLV. As the results, 72 odor compounds were detected and total concentration was turned up 87.6 ppmv level. In these compounds, aldehyde group is higher 45.49 ppmv than others group, the next is turn up the order of aliphatics, alcohols, esters, ketones. The EOA of aldehyde group show up 101,720 and 97.2%, respectively, the odor causing compounds were identified each of odor 2-Octenal 28.31%, Hexanal 24.06%, Valeraldehyde 16.07%, Butyraldehyde 9.69%, Heptanal 4.97%, Propionaldehyde 4.64%, Acetaldehyde 3.31%. The TLVs of 7 major odor compounds are lower value level of 0.001∼0.0001 ppmv, odor causing even in trace level. We need to be concerned with reduction of aldehyde compounds in the odor problem by a stuffing agent production process or ironing process of the textile containing a stuffing agent.

In this study, using coke dust from ironwork, the pulse pressure on a pulse air jet bag filter was investigated considering the influence of the pressure loss due to filtration velocity and pressure intervals. The research on the optimal pulse pressure prediction of a pulse air jet type bag filter using coke dust showed the following results. Pressure loss volatility produced by the pulse pressure under low dust concentration(0.5, 1 g/m3) and low face velocity(1.25 m/min) was less than 10 mmH2O. This suggests that the pulse pressure has a low impact on the pressure loss. In contrast, pressure loss volatility under high dust concentration(3 g/m3) and high face velocity(1.75 m/min) was 25 mmH2O. Therefore, pulse pressure with high dust concentration and high face velocity has a strong influence on the pressure loss volatility, compared to the condition of low dust concentration and low face velocity. The optimal pulse pressure of inlet dust concentration(0.5 g/m3) was 6 kg/cm2 under the same face velocity(1.75 m/min). As concentration increased from 1 to 2 g/m3, the pulse pressure gradually reached 5 kg/cm2 thus indicating that the pulse pressure(5 kg/cm2) is pertinent at a high concentration(3 g/m3). The pulse intervals: 20, 25 and 30 sec, which are relatively longer than 10 and 15 sec, corresponded to high pressure loss volatility produced by the pulse pressure. Furthermore, low pressure loss volatility was noted at 5 kg/cm2 of the overall pulse pressure.

The purpose of this article is analyzing the impacts of seawater surface temperature rise on sea mustard yields of Goheung and Wando coast in Korea, with employing a panel data regression model. Our results show that there has been a negative impacts on sea mustard yields as seawater surface temperature continuously has been rising. Especially if the upward trend in seawater surface temperature since 2005 will be maintained in future, sea mustard yield is expected to decrease by 2.6% per year.

The mother machine makes the necessary shape by processing materials such as metal. The SCFs are applied to the processing surface when the mother machine processes the material, thereby improving the cutting conditions. SCFs contain high concentrations of organic components and nitrogen compounds, which can cause problems such as eutrophication and algae bloom. Therefore, proper treatment is required. Electrochemical treatment is expected to be an alternative to conventional processes, and to be useful in various wastewater treatments. Moreover, it is an efficient elimination technique for contaminants and has a simple equipment composition. In this study, the removal efficiency of the T-N contained in the waste SCF using electrochemical treatment is analyzed. The electrode was made of titanium and iridium, made into a perforated metal sheet to prevent an imbalance of the sample concentration in the reactor. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of current density and the concentration of the supporting electrolyte (NaCl, Na2SO4) on removal efficiency. In the cases with 60 A/m2, 80 A/m2, and 100 A/m2 current densities, the removal efficiencies of the T-N contained in the waste SCF were 51.03%, 68.83%, and 79.58%. Comparing between the addition and non-addition of NaCl, the removal efficiency with the addition of NaCl (5 ~ 10 mM) was higher than for no addition at 60 min for all current densities. The addition of Na2SO4 increased the removal rate of the T-N, but it was less effective than NaCl addition.

This study identified physical characteristics and aerosol particle sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in the industrial complex of Busan Metropolitan City, Korea. Samples of PM10, PM2.5 and also soil, were collected in several areas during the year of 2012 to investigate elemental composition. A URG cyclone sampler was used for collection. The samples were collected according to each experimental condition, and the analysis method of SEM-EDX was used to determine the concentration of each metallic element. The comparative analysis indicated that their mass concentration ranged from 1% to 3%. The elements in the industrial region that were above 10% were Si, Al, Fe, and Ca. Those below 5% were Na, Mg, and S. The remaining elements (1% of total mass) consisted of elements such as Ni, Co, Br and Pb. Finally, a statistical tool was applied to the elemental results to identify each source for the industrial region. From a principal components analysis (SPSS, Ver 20.0) performed to analyze the possible sources of PM10 in the industrial region, five main factors were determined. Factor 1 (Si, Al), which accounted for 15.8% of the total variance, was mostly affected by soil and dust from manufacturing facilities nearby, Factors 2 (Cu, Ni), 3 (Zn, Pb), and 4 (Mn, Fe), which also accounted for some of variance, were mainly related to iron, non-ferrous metals, and other industrial manufacturing sources. Also, five factors determined to access possible sources of PM2.5, Factor 1 (Na, S), accounted for 13.5% of the total variance and was affected by sea-salt particles and fuel incineration sources, and Factors 2 (Ti, Mn), 3 (Pb, Cl), 4 (K, Al) also explained significant proportions of the variance. Theses factors mean that the PM2.5 emission sources may be considered as sources of incineration, and metals, and non-ferrous manufacturing industries.

Soluble Cutting Fluids (SCFs) have been used in metal machining processes to improve the quality of metal processing equipment and products. Although SCFs are useful and essential material, wasted soluble cutting fluids are harmful in hydroecological systems because of the high concentration of COD and nitrogen material. If discharged to hydroecological systems without specific treatment, they may cause eutrophication in rivers and lakes. Therefore, the removal efficiency of the COD contained in the SCFs is investigated in this study using electrochemical treatment with an insoluble electrode. The electrode was made of titanium with iridium plating, made from a perforated metal sheet to agitate the sample in the reactor. Cathode and anode electrodes were inserted into acrylic reactor alternately and the reaction time was one hour. The experimental results were as follows: First, for 60 A/m2, 80 A/m2, and 100 A/m2 current densities, the COD removal efficiencies were 42.0%, 63.9%, and 78.4%, respectively.

The use of Soluble Cutting Fluids (SCF) is essential in the development of industrial technology. However, it is difficult to decompose biologically due to its high concentrations of organic substances and nitrogen compounds, which interfere with microbial growth. Recently, Advanced Oxidation Processes are being studied both domestically and internationally. Electrolysis is highly adaptable industrial wastewater treatment because it has high removal efficiency and short processing time, regardless of the contaminant’s biodegradable nature. Accordingly, this study shows the characteristics of total nitrogen removal in SCF on the operating time, current density, and electrolytes when using aluminum in a batch-type reactor. The results are as follows: ① Under the condition of without the electrolyte when the current density was adjusted to 40 A/m2, 60 A/m2, or 80 A/m2, the respective T-N removal efficiencies were 71.7%, 80.6%, and 87.2% at 60 min. ② In the comparison for the condition of whether NaCl was added, the removal efficiency of adding NaCl (5 ~ 10 mM) was higher than non-addition at 60 min for all current densities. ③ In the comparison for the condition of whether Na2SO4 (5 ~ 10 mM) was added, the removal efficiency when adding Na2SO4 showed no significant difference compared to non-addition at 60 min for all current densities.

Cd2+ 이온으로 교환된 제올라이트 Y 단결정은 294 K에서 |Na75|[Si117Al75O384]-FAU(Na75-Y, Si/Al = 1.56)에 0.05 M인 Cd(NO3)2(pH = 3.65)수용액으로 교환하여 723 K에서 진공 탈수를 통해 준 비하였고(crystal 1) 두 번째 결정은 첫 번째 결정과 같이 준비한 뒤 294 K에서 건조된 벤젠을 72시간 동안 노출시켜 준비했다(crystal 2). 이들의 구조는 싱크로트론 X-선을 이용하여 결정학적으로 확인하 였고 Fo > 4σ(Fo)를 사용하여 최종 오차 인자를 각각 R1/wR2 = 0.040/0.121 그리고 0.052/0.168로 정 밀화하였다. Crystal 1(|Cd36H3|[Si117Al75O384]-FAU)에서 Cd2+이온은 주로 site I과 site IIa에 점유되어 있었고, 이와 더불어 site I’, II’ 그리고 site IIb에도 Cd2+ 이온이 점유되어졌다. Crystal 2(|Cd35(C6H6)24H5|[Si117Al75O384]-FAU)에서 Cd2+ 이온은 다섯 개의 결정학적 자리에 점유되었다. 24개 의 벤젠분자는 supercage 내부에서 두 개의 뚜렷한 자리에서 발견 되었다. 17개의 벤젠분자는 site IIa 에 있는 Cd2+ 이온과 면상에서 서로 상호작용하였고 supercage 안에서 3회 회전축 상에서 발견되었다. 나머지 7개의 벤젠분자는 12-ring 면상에서 골격(framework)산소들과 함께 약한 다수의 정전기적인 작용과 van der Waals 상호작용으로 안정화되어 있었다.

This study was conducted to investigate how PM10 concentration and Relative Humidity (RH) affected visibility in Jinju, Korea. A 9-yr dataset of 1 h averages for visibility, PM10, and RH data was analyzed to examine the correlation between these variables. On average, visibility decreased by 1.4 km for every 10 μg/㎥ increase in PM10 and by 2.1 km for every 10% increase in RH. In general, a negative correlation was observed between visibility and and PM10 concentration. However, under conditions of low PM10 concentration(< 15 μg/㎥) and visibility(< 2 km), there was a positive correlation between these two variables. In this case, RH levels were high (> 75%). A high correlation analysis between two variables need to be under control conditions with RH < 75%, PM10 15~100 μg/㎥, and visibility > 2 km.

Rapid industrial development has led to a serious problem of pollution in the industrial sector. With the increasing social need for environmental protection, research on air pollution prevention equipment for reducing pollutants in industrial processes is actively being undertaken. The deterioration of existent, installed facilities, their increased emission rates, and the strengthening of the effluent quality standards make complying with permissible emission standards difficult. In fact, installing new electric precipitators or complementing existent facilities is inevitable. The expansion and complementation of the installed electrical precipitators have led to improvements in dust collection efficiency, shorter working times, and lower costs. Because of its easy installation and simple manufacturing process, the production method with the discharge electrode of an electric precipitator is widely used. The following conclusions were reached by classifying discharge electrodes into four types based on the production method and mutually comparing them by their dust collection efficiency. None of the four types used in this study were damaged by impact. However, we were able to confirm some strain from the compression sites of both type A and type B. Both type B and type C are expected to have greater dust collection efficiencies than the other models due to their large vibration transmissibility. Moreover, the high vibrational energy is expected to cause rapping damage during its operation. Particularly, in the case of type B, some of the strain was found at the end of the compression site. The coupling schemes of both type C and type D are out of vibration transmissibility. On the other hand, the ability to maintain straightness and solidity of the side is regarded as outstanding and stable. Type D has outstanding on-site workability, considering the presence of locking, structural stability, and work conditions. From these experiments, we determined that type C is the most ideal connection method of discharge electrode, considering its construction period of renovation. Type C is inferior to type D with regard to on-site workability. However, type C has outstanding dedusting transmission with regard to the straightness, solidity maintenance, and vibration of shearing stress.

This study was conducted to investigate days after anthesis (DAA) and fruit after-ripening period (FAP) for seed-harvesting of high quality watermelon seeds. Fruit weight and number of seed per fruit increased according to DAA, while those did not significant about FAP. Ratio of cotyledon at whole seed was higher about 2 to 4% compared to seed coat irrespective of DAA and FAP. Germinability of watermelon was not a significant effect by DAA, however, it had differences by FAP. Percent of germination (PB) was below 50%, when 30 days maturated fruits after anthesis was omitted ripening, while PB was increased to 92% by ripening. In addition, seeds at DAA 40 and FAP 20 were higher general seedling vigors (hypocotyl length, diameter etc.) in BP test. Results indicated that considering seed productivity, it had maximized seed viability at DAA 40 and FAP 20.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fruit set internode on the germination of watermelon seeds. Generally fruits setted in higher than 20 internode were high percent of germination, fruit setted in low internode(5-10) is low. The higher fruit-set internode, fruit weight was significantly increased, but 1,000 seed weight was decreased the more fruit set internode. However number of seed was about 300 seeds irrespective of fruit-set internode. Investigating viability of seed by BP test, general percent germination was recorded highest at 5 flower cluster above 20 internode of fruit-set internode. In contrast, condition of fruit setted on 3, 4, 6 flower cluster were high percent of germination, regarded as unnormal germination not to be as normal seedling by 2~3%. Seed harvested at 5 flower-cluster had high viability on hypocotyl height and diameter of seedling through early growth test, but were not significant. Therefore 5 flower-cluster was optimum fruit-set internode to obtain high-quality seed.

The present study was conducted to find a way to recycle the coir substrate by investigating changes in its physical and chemical properties based on the number of use year. Specific gravity of unused coir substrate was 0.212 g/cm3 , while it was higher for the substrate used for 2 years. Porosity was different depending on the number of use year. The porosity of unused substrate was 51.9%, but it increased to 68.6% after used for 2 years. In general, physical and chemical properties were better in the coir substrate used for 2 years than in unused one. The number of leaves, leaf area, flesh weight and dry weight of oriental cabbage and lettuce were higher in coir substrate used for 2 years than those in unused one. Whereas, no significant difference was observed between the substrates used for one year and 2 years, indicating that the one time-used wast substrate could be recycled for cultivating vegetables. Growth of the vegetables was improved when organic fertilizer composed of complex organics with different mixing ratios was provided to the coir substrate, compared to untreated plot. The optimum mixing ratio of the wast substrate and complex organics was 2:8(v/v) for fertilization using wast coir substrate. Therefore, coir substrate generally wasted after being used for one time was reuseable by supplying organic fertilizer.

The present study was conducted to development mass production methods for peanut sprouts that is considered as a field of blue ocean among the agricultural products. 'Jopyeong' was the best as a major cultivar for peanut sprouts production. The manual for the production of high-quality peanut sprouts is as following. Germination temperature appropriate for production of high-quality peanut sprouts was 27℃. Peanut sprouts at the growth stage of 8th day, and older plants with advanced growth showed deteriorated merchantable and eating quality. Resveratrol compound was not found in the seeds, but its highest amount was detected from 9-day old sprouts. The best water temperature applicable to high quality peanut sprout production was 25℃. The growth of peanut sprout was inhibited by the high temperatures above 35℃ and low temperatures below 15℃.

The present study was conducted to develop seed treatment for the production of healthy and clean peanut sprout. Dry heat treatment of peanut seeds reduced the incidence of the rot. The seed treatment condition at 52℃ for 10 h. was the most efficient without inhibiting seed viability significantly. Seeds were dark cultured at 27℃ for up to 9 days. The treatment of Indole-B and gibberellic acid influenced germination, T50, fresh, dry weight, hypocotyl length, hypocotyl length diameter, root length, number of lateral root and epicotyl of peanut sprout. There were no differences in the germinability of peanut seeds between gibberellic acid treatment methods but higher fresh weight was observed in the GA3 solution spray after 2 hour water soaking. The general growth and lateral root development of peanut sprouts were suppressed by Indole-B which is used for inhibiting root formation and promoting hypocotyls. The treatment of gibberellic acid promoted hypocotyl elongation, but it did not influence on the growth of hypocotyls and root system.