In this study, the intensity change of a crack and concrete surface as light condition was estimated by using a reflection model. The result shaw that the concrete surface intensity was proportional to the light incident degree and the crack intensity was affected by the geometry of the crack.

This study was evaluated of the fluidity of the mortar according to the size chance in order to examine whether ferro-nickel slag that produced by-product of making stainless steel applies to the fine aggregate.

It is important to analysis a Response change of measured data in order to observe displacement of Dam. So, we are able to judge what problems happen in dam throughout this analysis. In this study, Response Change judged abnormal behavior show about an example of analysis on a Dam in South Korea and we supposed current condition of this dam.

There is a need to analyze unconfined groundwater behavior since the demand of groundwater use has been increasing. While unconfined groundwater temperature is tend to be affected by air temperature, it is hard to find an empirical study in South Korea. In this research, we try to determine the relationship between daily average air temperature and daily average groundwater temperature by time-sequential analysis of groundwater monitoring wells in Galshin basin in Yesan-Gun, Chungcheongnam-Do. In addition, models to estimate groundwater temperature from air temperature were developed. In this research 101-day moving average method with measured air temperature is used to estimate groundwater temperature. To verify the developed model, estimated values of average groundwater temperature with 101 moving average are compared to the measured data from September 10 2007 to September 9 2008. And, Nash-Stucliff Efficiency and Coefficient of Determination were 0.970 and 0.976, therefore it was concluded that the model allowing groundwater temperature estimation from air temperature is with reasonable applicability.

섬유보강콘크리트의 균열발생 평가는 보통 인장강도나 휨강도가 지표가 되지만 시험체 제작 과정 시에 이루어지는 양생의 영향도 좌우된다. 일반적으로 콘크리트 시험체는 20±3°C의 온도에서 수중양생을 실시한 후 강도 평가를 수행하나 실구조물은 습윤양생을 소정의 기 간 동안 실시한 후 건조 상태로 된다. 이러한 기술적인 진보가 이루어지고 있는 경향과는 달리 양생방법의 차이가 균열발생 강도에 미치는 영향 은 아직 명확하지 않고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 섬유보강콘크리트의 역학적 특성, 특히 균열발생강도에 미치는 양생방법의 영향 에 대해서 검토하였다.

To predict annual energy production (AEP) accurately in the wind farm where located in Seongsan, Jeju Island, Equivalent wind speed (EQ) which can consider vertical wind shear well than Hub height wind speed (HB) is calculated. AEP is produced by CFD model WindSim from National wind resource map. EQ shows a tendency to be underestimated about 2.7% (0.21 m/s) than HB. The difference becomes to be large at nighttime when wind shear is large. EQ can be also affected by atmospheric stability so that is classified by wind shear exponent (). AEP is increased by 11% when atmosphere becomes to be stabilized ( > 0.2) than it is convective ( < 0.1). However, it is found that extreme wind shear ( > 0.3) is hazardous for power generation. This results represent that AEP calculated by EQ can provide improved accuracy to short-term wind power forecast and wind resource assessment.

미래 기후변화 시나리오에 따르면 극한강우사상이 현재보다 더 강화될 것으로 전망되기 때문에, 기후변화의 영향이 추정절차에 반영되지 않는 다면 가능최대강수량(PMPs)을 과소 추정하게 될 가능성이 매우 높다. 본 연구에서는 미래의 강우 변동이 반영된 PMPs가 추정된다. PMPs 계산을 위하여 수문기상학적 방법이 이용되며, 기존에 사용되어오던 지형영향비를 대신하여 산악전이비가 가능최대강수량의 산정에 적용된다. 미래 주 요호우사상들로부터의 DAD는 기상청 RCM (HEDGEM3-RA) RCP 8.5 기후변화 시나리오의 일 강수자료를 기반으로 편의보정 및 이동평균 된 변화인자를 이용하여 간접적으로 산출된다. 미래 PMPs 산출결과, 현재보다 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며 증가율은 2045년 기준으로 평균적으로 연간 3 mm 정도 증가하는 것으로 예측되었으며, 먼 미래로 갈수록 PMPs의 증가율은 커졌으나 미래강우자료로부터 유발되는 PMPs 추정의 불확 실성 또한 증가되고 있는 것으로 파악된다

Purpose: This study tested the health action process approach (HAPA) as a motivational model for physical activity in a longitudinal sample of 483 adults (275 males, 208 females) over a 10 week period. Methods: Participants' action self-efficacy, decision balance for exercise, perceived risk awareness and intention were measured at baseline (Time 1). Maintenance self-efficacy, action planning and action control were measured 5 weeks later (Time 2). Physical activity behavior was measured 10 weeks after baseline (Time 3). Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the HAPA model. Results: The first model showed that intention was a significant predictor of physical activity behavior. The second model, which included the volitional components of the HAPA model, did significantly increased the proportion of behavior explained. The third model showed that intention, maintenance self-efficacy and action control were positive predictors of physical activity behavior. Conclusion: Findings suggest that HAPA provides a useful framework for identifying determinants of physical activity intention and behavior within a group of middle-aged adults.

This study investigated the effect of heat treatments on the quality characteristics of fresh-cut 'Romaine' lettuce by treating in hot water (45, 50, and 55℃) for 2 minutes. Sensory properties, respiration rate, ethylene production, microbial growth, browning index, total phenolics (TP), vitamin C, and antioxidant properties (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays) of samples were evaluated after 5 days at 5℃. All heat treatment conditions tested in this study did not affect the change in TP after storage. Treatment at 45℃ enhanced respiration rate and ethylene production wheres decreased vitamin C content and antioxidant activities. There was no significant difference in browning index at 45℃ treatment. The rapid tissue softening occurred when treated with 55℃ hot water for 2 minutes. The 50℃ heat treatments exhibited the best quality index including texture and color, and inhibited microbial growth and browning after storage. In addition, the 50℃ heat treatment showed the highest vitamin C content and antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assay) after storage. Therefore, the 50℃ heat treatment can be used to maintain quality and antioxidant property of fresh-cut ‘Romain’ lettuce.

현재 대형 빌딩이나 공동주택에 건설되는 지하구조물은 건조수축, 시공이음, 폼타이부 등에서 콘크리트 균열로 인한 누수가 많이 발생되고 있다. 누수가 발생하게 되면 구조물의 지하공간은 결로, 곰팡이 등이 발생되어 지하 환경을 악화시키고 구조물의 콘크리트로 흡수되 면 철근의 부식 등을 유발하여 구조물의 안전을 위협한다. 이는 지하구조물의 사용과정에서 장기적인 쾌적성과 구조물에 안전성이 고려되지 않은 설계와 시공의 결과이며 누수 하자에 대하여 유도배수처리로 대응하기 때문에 근본적인 누수보수가 이루어지지 않아 지하구조물은 항시 누수를 허용하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 지하에 적용되는 방수공법을 내방수와 외방수로 분류하고 이를 바탕으로 지하구조물 과 유사한 간이시험체를 제작하였으며, 결로가 많이 발생되는 동절기의 온도조건을 기준으로 지하환경의 방수공법별 습도변화량을 분석할 것 이다.

Jeju Island is the highest rain-prone area in Korea that possesses affluent water resources, but future climate changes are predicted to further increase vulnerabilities as resultant of increasing of extreme events and creating spatial-temporal imbalance in water resources. Therefore, this study aimed to provide basic information to establish a proper water resources management plan by evaluating the effects of climate change on water resources using climate change scenario. Direct runoff ratio for 15 years (2000~2014) was analyzed to be 11∼32% (average of 23%), and average direct runoff ratio for the next 86 years (2015∼2100) was found as 28%, showing an increase of about 22% compared to the present average direct runoff ratio (23%). To assess the effects of climate change on long-term runoff, monthly runoff variation of future Gangjeong watershed was analyzed by dividing three time periods as follows: Present (2000∼2030), Future 1 (2031∼2070) and Future 2 (2071∼ 2100). The estimated results showed that average monthly runoff increases in the future and the highest runoff is shown by Future 2. Extreme values has been expected to occur more frequently in the future as compared to the present.

본 연구는 대한제국 칙령 제41호 ‘석도=독도’설의 입증을 시도해 온 기존의 연구 성과들에 추가하여, 한국어는 물론 한국의 방언과 한국말의 한자표기 방식에 관한 지식이 전혀 없거나 익숙치 못한 국제사회의 외국인들에게 ‘석도=독도’임을 보다 쉽게 납득시킬 수 있는 접근방식으로서 이 주제와 관련해서는 국내 처음으로 사회언어학 이론들의 적용을 시도해 보았다. 구체적으로 당시 전라도 또는 경상도, 강원도 출신 울릉도 입도자들의 방언이 오늘 날 독도 명칭에 미친 과정과 관련해서는 사회언어학 분야의 “지역인구 변동과 지역어 변화의 상관성” 이론인 ‘도시 건너뛰기(city-hopping) 이론’을 적용해 보았다. 한편 시기적으로 비슷한 시점에서 ‘석도’ 명칭과 ‘독도’ 명칭이 혼재된 것처럼 보이는 부분에 대해서는 사회 언어학 분야의 “세대교체와 지역어 변화의 상관성” 관련 이론을 적용해 볼 수 있었다. 대한제국 칙령 제41호의 ‘석도(石島)’가 오늘날의 ‘독도(獨島)’임을 사회언어학적 관점에서 규명해 보는 것은 사회언어학 분야의 학술적 기여 뿐만 아니라 한국의 독도영유권 논리강화라는 정책적 기여 측면에서도 매우 의의가 있는 작업일 것이다. 특히 한국의 지역 방언과 음차, 훈차 방식 표기 등에 익숙하지 못한 국제사회의 외국인들을 이해시키고 납득시키는 데 특히 효과적이라는 점에서 독도영유권의 국제적 바른 인식 제고에 매우 중요한 의미가 있다.

The microbial composition in Nuruk, a Korean cereal fermentation starter, is a critical factor for the quality and organoleptic properties of traditional alcoholic beverages. This study was aimed at monitoring the compositional change and enzyme activity of culturable lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in two types of Nuruk fermented at different temperatures. All culturable LAB were isolated at various time points (0, 3, 6, 10, 20, and 30 days) and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. In traditional Nuruk type A (TN-A), which was fermented at 36℃, the population of total culturable LAB during the fermentation period was between 104 and 105 log CFU/mL. On the other hand, the LAB population in traditional Nuruk type B (TN-B) fermented at 45℃ (primary fermentation for 10 days) and 35℃ (secondary fermentation for 20 days) was 102 log CFU/mL; however, these bacteria could not be detected after 6 days. Major LAB strains were identified in both Nuruk types: (1) from the MRS-culture of TN-A, Pediococcus pentosaceus at 3-30 days; (2) from MRS-culture of TN-B, P. pentosaceus at 3 days and Enterococcus hirae at 6 days. The protease activities of the dominant LAB isolated from the TN-A and TN-B cultures were within the ranges of 0.64~1.03 mg/mL and 0.74~0.81 mg/mL (tyrosine content), respectively, whereas the α-amylase activities were 0.75~0.98 mg/mL and 0.78~0.79 mg/mL (amylose content), respectively.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic inputs on soil properties in a newly reclaimed organic soils. The soil of the experiment site was very low in soil fertility and the physico-chemical properties were poor. Several organic input treatments with different source of nutrient were placed, including compost in combination with green manures for organic agricultural practices, chemical fertilizers for conventional agricultural practices, and control without fertilizer. The experiment was conducted with continuous cropping system during 3 years. The chemical properties concentration in compost+green manure treatment was increased continually compare to control and chemical fertilizer treatment, and closed to the recommended rate of fertilizer. The organic matter value for compost+ green manure treatment was increased from 0.86~0.96% to 2.00~2.29% by continuous nutrient supply of compost and green manure. However, further investigation on increasing of organic matter value for 3 years is necessary to monitor carefully during the long-term because it will help to clarify the all mechanisms of organic matter on organic input application way. The available phosphate value for compost+ green manure treatment was generally increased from 21.9~27.1 mg/kg to 182.0~ 394.1 mg/kg. In case of exchange cation, the concentration for compost+ green manure treatment was increased during 2 years within the range to the recommended rate of fertilizer, however, it is expected to cause a rather over supply for 3 years.

We stored sweet pumpkins at 8℃, 12℃, 12℃ plasma curing and room temperature (control) for 180 days. During this time, the quality characteristics were analyzed within the different groups. No spoiling occurred in either of the storage conditions for up to 120 days, and the marketability was good. After 120 days, spoiling sharply increased by over 70% in the control group, while in the 12℃ group it decreased to 20~60%. Conversely, spoiling was completely absent in the 8℃ and 12℃ plasma curing groups during the overall 180 days of storage. The lowest moisture content was found in the 8℃ group and the quality of the pumpkins was excellent during the entire storage period. The color of pulp was better in the 12℃ and 12℃ plasma curing groups, with best results were found in the latest. Both the 8℃ and 12℃ plasma curing groups maintained their dark green surface colors, while both the 12℃ and control groups turned from green to yellow. All groups showed a reduction in their initial hardness, with the 8℃ group staying the hardest. Soluble solid and mealiness was increased to the storage during 90 days while decreased, that were long to maintain the mealiness texture in the 8℃ storage pumpkin. The overall acceptability from sensory evaluation was higher in the 12℃ plasma curing group, when compared to those of the 8℃, 12℃ and control groups storage conditions.

The aim of this study is to suggest the social vulnerability index for reflecting social properties of a region, such as population and economy, in vulnerability assessment. For such a research objective, this study composed the assessment index with 'social vulnerability' and 'physical vulnerability'. Also, this study composed the social vulnerability with 'population vulnerability index', 'economic vulnerability index' and 'information vulnerability index' while composing the physical vulnerability with 'flood-risk index', and then selected proxy variables. In addition, this study determined the weight using an entropy weight measurement as an objective weight measurement. The vulnerability assessment result is as follows: First, the vulnerable areas were concentrated around the inner harbours and some rivers of Incheon. Second, the areas vulnerable to the flood caused by climate change were found to be highly vulnerable socially as well as physically. Third, results of assessment were different according to the social properties of an areas despite the identical level of flood risk. The resultant implications are following. First, there is the necessity of having to put emphasis on social vulnerability of an area from the perspective of adaptation to climate change. Second, there is the necessity of having to arrange effective social and physical adaptation strategy based on the results of vulnerability assessment.

피부는 외부 유해물질로부터 내부기관을 보호하는 장벽기능을 하는 대표적인 기관으로 자외선 (ultraviolet radiation, UV), 중금속, 각종 산화 물질들과 같은 외부의 위협에 항상 노출되어 있어 손상을 받 기 쉽다. 특히 자외선 B (UVB)는 진피의 상부까지 도달하여 화상이나 홍반과 같은 염증반응을 일으키며 멜라 닌 생성을 촉진시켜 색소 침착을 유발한다. 지나친 자외선 B의 피부세포로의 유입은 각질세포 및 진피 섬유아 세포의 DNA손상을 야기하고, 세포외기질의 합성을 방해하여 피부탄력감소, 주름생성, 진피 결합조직의 손상 과 함께 피부장벽을 붕괴시켜 노화를 일으키며, 장기간 노출 시 심각한 피부 병변으로 이어져 피부세포 사멸 및 종양의 발생으로까지 이어진다. Haloarcula vallismortis는 사해로부터 분리 동정한 미생물로 호염성 고생 물의 생장적 특징은 아직 자세히 연구된 바는 없다. 대게 10% 이상의 염도에서 자라는데 실제 생장염도는 평균 20 ∼ 25% 염도에서 자란다. 염도가 높은 호수나 염전에서 주로 발견되기 때문에 강한 햇빛에 대한 방 어기작이 존재한다. 그중 하나로 다른 ATP를 생성하기 위한 bacteriorhodopsin외에 halorhodopsin이라는 색소를 이용, 광자(photon)를 흡수하고 염화이온 채널을 개방시켜 생기는 전위차를 이용해 추가로 에너지를 생산한다. 또 carotenoid 색소로 인해 농도가 높을시 분홍색 또는 빨간색을 띄는 특징이 있는데 이것이 강한 자외선에 대한 방어기작을 할 것이라고 여겨진다. 본 연구는 호염성 고세균이 자외선을 에너지 소스로 이용하 는 특성을 이용하여 자외선으로부터 피부를 방어하는 방법을 개발하고자 이들의 피부각질세포에서 자외선에 의한 항염 효과 및 DNA 손상 방어 효과를 확인하였다. 그리고 이들을 천연 자외선 차단제의 소재로서 사용 할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

This study investigated the future change in surface wind over the Korean Peninsula using a high-resolution climate change scenario projected by a regional climate model (RCM). In the evaluation of historical runs (1981-2010), the RCM reasonably reproduced a 30-year annual mean surface wind and it also represented climatological seasonal wind pattern properly. To examine the future change in surface wind, the results from RCP8.5 run for 30 years (2071-2100) were compared with those from historical run. Despite of slight differences among seasons, southerly differences were overall dominant. This indicated that southerly prevailing wind for summer was intensified in the future climate, while northerly prevailing wind for other seasons was reduced. The changes in the seasonal mean surface wind were significantly associated with those in the surface pressure distribution surrounding the Korean Peninsula. In the future climate, the monthly mean wind speed was reduced compared in the present climate. However, the magnitude and annual variability of the annual maximum wind speed tended to increase in the future climate.

This study analyzed the frequency of heatwave occurrences in Jeju Island in summer season (June to September) for the recent 46 years (1968-2013). The frequency showed an increasing trend up until now and we applied statistical change-point analysis in order to determine whether this increasing trend had a climate regime shift. As a result, it was discovered that frequency of heatwave occurrences has rapidly increased since 1990. Thus, to determine the causes of rapid increase in frequency of heatwave occurrences in Jeju Island since 1990, a difference in mean values of June to September between a period of 1990-2013 and a period of 1968-1989 was analyzed. The analysis result of differences between two periods about stream flows showed that large anomalous anticyclonic circulations were strengthened in the subtropical western Pacific and the center of the small anomalous anticyclone, which was branched westwardly out of the anticyclonic circulations was located within the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. This strengthening of the anomalous anticyclone in the Korean Peninsula was also shown at the middle and upper troposphere. The anomalous anticyclonic circulations, which were expanded to the Korean Peninsula from the subtropical western Pacific in recent years was due to strengthening of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) in the Korean Peninsula. Hot and humid air can be introduced into the Korean Peninsula due to the strengthening WNPSH in the Korean Peninsula. Furthermore, a difference in daily maximum temperature at 2m height as well as sensible heat net flux between two periods were analyzed in order to determine the degree of the heat at the ground. There was positive anomalies found along the coast in East Asia and the center of the positive anomalies was linked to the Korean Peninsula via the northern part of China. Thus, the Korean Peninsula including Jeju area had more heat than usual in recent years.

The purpose of this research is to compare between past and present resuscitation outcome of cardiac arrest patients in one emergency department. A clinical analysis of 429 cases of CPR performed in one emergency department from April 2013 to March 2015 was conducted. Then we compared this with previous paper that were written in same emergency department in 2004. During the period, 429 patients received resuscitations. Between the two studies, all patients under CPR were increased 2.27 times (94.33 pts/years to 214.5 pts/years). As the cause of cardiac arrest, traumatic cardiac arrest increased to 30.1% form 24.1%. Cardiogenic cardiac arrest showed highest survival rate in two studies, and the ratio was increased from 6.8% to 15.2%. VF/VT showed highest survival rate in two studies, and the ratio was increased from 8.8% to 20.7%. In this study, At least who once became ROSC patients was 260 people (60.6%), permanent surviving patient was 34 people (7.93 %), patients with CPC score 1-2 was 26 people (6.06%). The survival rate of patients with cardiac arrest has increased compared to the past. But in-hospital cardiac arrest survival rate is still low so it is necessary to increase the recovery rate of cardiogenic arrest survival rate to increase the permanent survival rate and good prognosis patients.