This study was performed to compare the healing quality of the allogenic acellular dermal matix (ADM) and xenogenic ADM combined with autologous skin graft. Xenogenic ADM was obtained from two GalT knock-out pigs. Allogenic ADM was obtained from cynomolgus monkeys. ADM was stored with lyophilization. Full-thickness skin wounds were made on the back of two cynomolgus monkeys. In one monkey, wounds were covered by xenogenic ADM combined with autologous skin graft or autologous skin graft only. In another monkey, wounds were covered by allogenic ADM combined with autologous skin graft or autologous skin graft only. Skin healing process was observed during 2 weeks and skin biopsies were performed on 3 months after skin transplantation. We obtained IACUC approval (ORIENT-IACUC-16053) Skin on the xenogenic ADM was necrotized 1 week after skin transplantation. Possibly due to the thickness of ADM, which block the blood supply from the subcutaneous tissue to the autologous skin graft. Skin biopsy revealed that less fibrotic change of the skin on the ADM compared with the skin without ADM. Xenogenic ADM can be used in high degree burn patients who can suffered from contracture after healing since it can reduce fibrotic change.

The production of therapeutic proteins from transgenic animals is one of the most important successes of animal biotechnology. Endostatin is 20 KDa C-terminal fragment derived from type XVIII collagen and an endogenous inhibitor of tumor growth by inhibition of angiogenesis. In this study, we are developed knock-in vector consists of 5’ arm region (1.02 kb), human Endostatin cDNA, CMV-EGFP, and 3’ arm region (1.83 kb). To express Endostatin gene as transgene, the F2A sequence was fused to the 5’ terminal of Endostatin gene and inserted into exon 3 of the β -casein gene. If this knock-in vector is inserted into the porcine β-casein gene locus by homologous recombination, human Endostatin mRNA are expressed using the gene regulatory region of the β-casein. Also, the β-casein and Endostatin fusion protein is translated and Endostatin protein is separated by F2A self cleavage during translation. In conclusion, our knock-in vector may help to create transgenic pig expressing human Endostatin protein via the endogenous expression system of the porcine β-casein gene in the mammary gland.

A meningioma is the second most common primary intracranial tumor of the central nervous system. One critical obstacle in meningioma research and preclinical development of novel therapeutic agents is a relative lack of suitable preclinical in vitro and in vivo model systems. In the current study, we assessed the proliferative characteristics of patient derived five primary meningioma cancer cell lines (WHO grade I and II) from brain tumor lesions. All of the meningioma cell lines showed homogenous expression of meningioma marker, VIMENTIN. The GTG-banding analysis determined the existence of different patterns of chromosomal abnormalities in representative cancer cell lines. The almost of the meningioma cell lines showed homogeneously spindle shaped cells, except for M160425 which have two prominent cell morphologies, spindle and round. Population-doubling (PD) was measured for every passage. The M160425 cell line had significantly longer PD time (39.8 ± 0.9 h, P<0.05) than the other meningioma cell lines. Consistent with the PD time, we confirmed that mRNA expression of Ki67, the conventional proliferation marker, was significantly lower in M160425 cell line compared to the other cell lines. The correlation between the PD time and the abundance of Ki67 in the meningioma derived cell lines was negative, indicating higher Ki67 abundance and a shorter PD time. The patient derived meningioma cancer cell lines established in this study might contribute to understanding cancer biology and help the success in the clinic by explaining the slightly different clinical behavior among the patients.

The Y chromosome is a type of sex chromosome existing primarily in male mammalian species. The Y chromosome passes through the male gamete and determines male sex in humans, non-human primates, and other mammals. The mammalian Y chromosome varies from the X chromosome and the rest of the chromosomes primarily by size and its male sex-determining/spermatogenesis function. In the Y chromosome, male sex-determining function is exclusively located on the short arm, while the spermatogenesis function is distributed widely on the short and long arm. Deletions or mutations particularly in the male-specific region of Y chromosome (MSY) may cause male infertility. During the last few decades, researchers put forth an enormous effort to discover Y chromosome specific genes, and their encoded RNAs and proteins in humans, primates, and rodents. As a result, most of the genes and encoded proteins responsible for male-sex determination, testis development, and spermatogenesis have been discovered in humans, however not well established in non-human primates and rodents. Also, there might be a percent of proteins missing in human Y chromosome. The aim of this study is to annotate the proteins that encoded on the Y chromosome of humans, chimpanzee, and mouse using extensive bioinformatics tools. The human (annotation release 107), chimpanzee (annotation release 103), and mouse (annotation release 105) proteins were first retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) eukaryotic genome annotation resource database. Then, the annotated human proteins (66 proteins) were compared with the core databases of human proteome project such as neXtProt, PeptideAtlas, and the Human Protein Atlas. The X-homologous of human Y chromosome-encoded proteins were searched using the NCBI Protein BLAST program. The cellular pathways and protein-protein interactions involving human Y chromosome-encoded proteins were searched using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway mapping database, the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database, and the Pathway Studio software. Finally, the human Y chromosome-encoded protein homologs/orthologs in chimpanzee and mouse were analyzed using the NCBI bl2seq program. This analysis resulted a significant number of homologous/orthologous proteins between human, chimpanzee and mouse. Our findings provide the scientific community with updated information on the Y chromosome-encoded proteins in humans, chimpanzee, and mouse.

Dental pulp is a highly vascularized tissue with high regenerative potential. Revascularization of severed vasculature in the tooth is required for pulp healing during avulsed tooth treatment. In this study, the relative expression of angiogenesis-related proteins was determined in human dental pulp cells using a human angiogenesis proteome profiler array. The proteome profiler array detected differentially expressed angiogenesis-related factors under conditions of hypoxia, which enhances the angiogenic potential of dental pulp cells. We confirmed that hypoxia regulates the mRNA expression of angiogenesis-related factors, including CXCL16 in dental pulp cells. Furthermore, conditioned media of hypoxic pulp cells induced tube-like structures of vascular endothelial cells, which were reduced by the neutralization of CXCL16 function. In conclusion, our data show that angiogenesisrelated factors are differentially expressed by hypoxia in dental pulp cells and suggest that CXCL16 may involve in the revascularization of hypoxic dental pulp.

β-carotene is present in carrots, pumpkins, and sweet potatoes. It suppresses many types of cancers by regulating cellular proliferation and apoptosis through a variety of mechanisms. However, the effects of β -carotene on oral cancer cells have not been clearly established. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effects of β-carotene on cell growth and apoptosis in oral cancer cells. Our results demonstrate that treatment with β-carotene induced inhibition of cell growth, and that the effect was dependent on β-carotene treatment time and concentration in KB cells. Furthermore, treatment with β-carotene induced nuclear condensation and fragmentation in KB cells. β-carotene promoted proteolytic cleavage of procaspase-3, -7, -8 and –9 with associated increases in the concentration of cleaved caspase-3, -7, -8 and –9. In addition, the level of cleaved PARP was increased by β-carotene treatment in KB cells. These results suggest that β-carotene can suppress cell growth and induce apoptosis in KB human oral cancer cells, and that it may have potential usefulness in anti-cancer drug discovery efforts.

본 연구에서는 방사성폐기물 처분장이 건설·운영되고, 폐쇄 후 제도적 관리기간이 끝나게 되어 그 곳에 처분장이 존재한다 는 사실과 위해(hazard)의 정도가 잊혀 지면서 무의식적인(inadvertent) 처분장 인간침입이 일어날 경우 이를 어떻게 평가할 것인지에 대해 기술하였다. 처분장 인간침입을 평가하기 위한 전제조건을 국내 또는 국제적으로 권고한 사항에 근거하여 설 정하고 처분장 인간침입 평가방법론에 대해 기술하였다. 처분장 인간침입 평가 방법론에서는 사회적요인, 인간침입 시나리 오, 방지대책 도출시 상호 관계에 대해 언급하였으며, 시나리오 도출절차에 대해서도 언급하였다. 인간침입 방지대책을 도 출하기 위한 절차를 네 단계로 구분하여, 기본 정보를 도출하는 방법, 일반방지대책을 도출하는 방법, 후보방지대책을 도출 하는 방법, 정형화된 시나리오를 고려하여 최종적으로 인간침입 방지대책을 도출하는 방법 등에 대해 체계적으로 기술하였 다. 본 연구에서 도출된 인간침입 평가 방법론은 향후 인간침입의 가능성을 감소시키고 인간침입 발생 시 위해를 줄이기 위 한 방지대책 마련 시 유용하게 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to present a business strategy plan to increase organizational effectiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises. The research investigated in the level of human resource activity, such as recruitment, education, evaluation, compensation and development for the employees and executives who are working at small and medium-sized enterprises where located in Busan and Gyongnam province. With this, the research carried out actual proof analysis on the level of human resource activity effects on organization effectiveness like job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The following implications can be acquired from the result of multiple regression analysis on the 201 employees of small and medium enterprises. First, small and medium-sized enterprises should carry out human resource management activities and improve research and development capacity to enhance organization effectiveness. Second, in order to improve job satisfaction of the members of small and medium-sized enterprises, the management should concentrate on recruitment activity and reward maintenance management activity and come up with strategies to enhance learning ability and external network ability. Third, in order to enhance organizational commitment of the members of small and medium-sized enterprises, recruitment activity, training activity, and reward maintenance management activity should be carried out and the management should come up with strategies to enhance learning ability and external network ability. In this research, the objective was only to find out antecedents of organization effectiveness, but considering that causality might arise among the antecedents, in the studies hereafter, the verification on the structural relationship of various factors will be needed.

해양생물을 포함한 천연물질은 신약개발의 원천 소재로서 매력적이며, 특히 무수한 미지의 해양생물들의 연구가 관심을 받고 있다. 기존의 연구에서 미크로네시아에서 채취한 해면동물 40여종에 대하여 항증식 효과를 다양한 암세포주에서 검색한 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 그 중 Cos-cinoderma sp.의 작용 및 그 기전을 살펴보았다. 특히, 암억제유전자 p53의 발현을 억제시킨 세포주(HCT116 p53KO 과 RKO-E6)에서의 차이점을 비교하였다. 세포생존률 시험에서 Coscinoderma sp. 추출물은 p53의 유무와 상관없이 암세포의 증식을 억제하였음을 확인하였다. 이 암세포증식 억제 효과가 p53 존재에 따라 다르게 나타나는지 알아보기 위하여 세포사멸 관련 단백질 발현양을 Coscinoderma sp. 처리한 각 세포주에서 비교하였다. 그 결과, Coscinoderma sp.를 HCT16 세포주에 처리하였을 때, p53과 Noxa의 발현이 증가하는 것을 관찰하였고, caspase-9이 분절되면서 감소하는 것으로부터 apoptosis를 일으킨다고 여겨진다. 반면, p53이 결핍된 HCT116세포주에서는 Coscinoderma sp. 에 의하여 p21과 mTOR의 발현이 증가되는 것을 확인하였고, 이는 senescence를 야기할 수 있다고 여겨진다. 본 연구로부터 Coscinoderma sp.는 p53의 존재여부에 따라 상이한 작용기전을 매개하여 대장암 세포주의 증식을 억제한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 새로운 항암제의 개발 가능성을 제시하는 것으로, Coscinoderma sp.의 활성 성분에 대한 지속적인 연구가 이루어 져야 할 것으로 보인다.

이 논문은 구약성서의 인간 창조 서술의 핵심으로 볼 수 있는 ‘하나님의 형상’의 구약신학적 의미와 선교신학적 의미가 무엇인지에 대해서 연구한다. ‘하나님의 형상’은 전통적으로 외형적 혹은 내면적 어떤 의미로 해석되어 왔다. 그러나 최근 구약신학의 분야에서는 아래 의 두 가지 사실에 근거하여 그것을 ‘땅에 대한 지배권’(dominium terrae)으로 해석한다. 첫째, 창 1:26의 문맥이 이것을 명확히 보여주 며, 둘째, ‘형상’의 히브리어 표현인 ‘첼렘’이 어원학상 ‘상/동상’이란 의미를 지니며, 실제로 고대근동 지방에서는 이 개념을 ‘신의 대리자’로 서 행세하는 왕들이 ‘왕의 이데올로기’를 가시화하는 수단으로 사용하 였다는 점이다. ‘땅에 대한 지배권’의 모습은 구약과 고대근동에서 자연과 동물에 대한 일방적이고 폭력적인 다스림으로 나타나기도 하나, 동시에 ‘보존 과 보살핌의 개념’으로 이해되기도 한다. 창세기 1장 28절에도 이 두 가지의 모습이 다 나타나기도 하는데, 이것을 구약성서 자체가 드러내는 ‘하나님의 행하심’의 모습과 고대근동 지방에서 늦은 시기에 대두된 ‘페르시아의 왕의 이데올로기’와 연관하여 보면 창세기 1장 28절의 ‘땅에 대한 지배권’은 인간에게 주어진 자연에 대한 평화적 통치권으로 이해할 수 있다. 인간의 권리로서 주어진 ‘땅에 대한 통치권’이 특히 ‘하나님의 형상’과 관련이 있다는 사실은 동시에 그것이 ‘하나님의 행하심’의 모습을 따라 규정되어야 함을 의미한다. 인간과 모든 만물의 주로서의 ‘하나님의 행하심’은 모든 인간과 만물에게 은혜를 주시며 돌보실 뿐 아니라 궁극적 구원을 주시고 모든 창조 세계를 새롭게 하시는 것으로 나타난다. 그러므로 이런 ‘하나님의 행하심’에 참여하도록 부름 받고 보냄을 받은 인간의 사명, 곧 하나님의 형상대로 지음을 받은 모든 인간에게 주어진 ‘땅에 대한 지배권’은 ‘하나님의 선교’에 참여하도록 부르심과 보내심이라고 할 수 있다.

This paper will discuss the role of humanship in marketing non-profit, for-profit, and public policy. Humanship is defined as leadership in one’s life or self-sponsorship through finding an optimal balance between awareness and action by focusing on one’s internal locus of control. In essence, it reflects the need to bring the ‘human’ back to the center stage as the end and not just the means to service, product, and policy delivery. In addition, strengths perspective is presented as the theoretical foundation of branding of such human strength—highlighting the benefit of tapping into one’s strengths in generating positive program outcomes (non-profit), favorable product image and increased sales (for-profit), and improved policy impact (public policy). The added value of branding humanship has to do with the consumers’ shift in seeking the virtues that define quality of life, happiness, and meaning in life as they relate to services, products, and policies. Since of the inception of the Association for Consumer Research (ACR) with the mission “to improve the quality of life and well-being of consumers,” consumer researchers contributed to Consumer Transformative Research (TCR) movement have investigated various areas of social problems such as poverty (Blocker, Ruth, Sridharan, Beckwith, Ekici, Goudie-Hutton, et al., 2013), health (Criag, Burton, & Netemeyer, 2009; Grier & Kumanyika, 2009; Anderson & Ozanne, 2009), motivation (Burroughs, Chaplin, Pandelaere, Norton, Ordabayeva, Gunz, & Dinauer, 2013) as well as multiple methodological considerations. There is much more to be done in this arena for future TCR research and application of humanship as a new concept to make the human agent the empowered driver of non-profit, for-profit, and public decisions for whom the ultimate benefits will return. The human-centered approach empowers the consumers and will ultimately closes the gap in the principal-agent dilemma—who is the end beneficiary—in the ever more contracted out development of services, products and policies in the context of seller- buyer relationships. This requires transforming the traditional model of focusing on the ‘how’ through transactional relationships—normalized by the ‘give and take’ interactions in market economy—to a new model that values the question of ‘why’ consumers will decide to use the services, products, and policies. Therefore, branding based on humanship becomes a significant strategy in any organizational management. This paper discusses benefits and challenges of branding human strength are discussed in the context of working with low-income consumers through two case studies: Transforming Impossible into Possible (TIP) in Chicago, USA and DAIL Community in South Korea.

This paper examines the co-creation of human brands identities exemplified by celebrities in a stakeholder-actor approach. By bringing together the theoretical web of service-dominant logic, stakeholder theory, actor-network theory, and consumer culture theory, we argue that human brand identities are co-created by multiple stakeholder-actors that have resources and incentives in the activities that make a up an enterprise of a human brand, including the celebrities themselves, consumer-fans, and business entities. By utilizing an observational, archival netnographic data from popular social media channels, four exemplars of celebrity identities from the Philippines demonstrate the co-creation of human brands. Findings illustrate key stakeholder-actors’ participations, production and consumption, and integrations of resources and incentives in the co-creation process as articulated in social media. The co-creation process happens through sociological translations codes namely: social construction and negotiation of identities, parasocialization, influence projection, legitimization, and utilization of human brand identities. These dynamics of human brand identity advance a stakeholder-actor paradigm of service co-creation that is adaptive to the predominant consumer culture and human ideals that surround the celebrity. Implications and future research on celebrity brand marketing management are discussed.

The recent developments of artificial intelligence (AI), such as Google AlphaGo and IBM’s Watson, defeating human experts in public game venues, have instigated much surprise and awe among us. We are now genuinely curious about the true growth potential of AI into the future. Some of us are already imagining a darkening future where all human managerial positions can be replaced by machines leaving humans in a marginalized place after the point of singularity where machine intelligence achieves intellectual superiority over us and becomes a truly autonomous being. Likewise, the potential of AI has been overestimated or underestimated; rarely has it been addressed in the open context where marketing academics serve the role of an architect of future marketing AI, to provide valuable insights. We are enlightened about a possibility that the future of and marketing can greatly benefit from advanced forms of artificial intelligence. But how and where can this new technology be integrated in the every-day lives of consumers, to optimize business functions and create much higher levels of collective value for consumers, companies, and machines altogether? In this talk, we will discuss the following three points related to the AI and its potential future in the field of marketing. First, for consumers, we will discuss how marketing AI can help consumers to make better decisions about their eating, health, and consumption to enjoy better life, do more, and be happy. Second, for business, we will discuss the roles of AI and design a collaborative work process that can employ both human ingenuity and machine accuracy. Third, we suggest ethical issues related to marketing AI, delineating its boundaries and suggest governing policies to prevent potential danger spots. The purpose of talk is not to present a definitive answer, but to instigate an open discussion among the marketing academics, about the future of marketing, where AI will be an indispensable partner in the value creation process.

The paper suggests a new method of collision avoidance stemming from the concept of the polygonal target ship domain. Since the last century, we have witnessed the current typical ship domains classified and described. In this proposition, firstly, the domain is a geometrical manner which is used in both analytical and statistical method, resulting in the signification of practical application and simulation. Secondly, such domain will be applied to target ship under the combination of two separated parts: “Blocking area” and “Action area” in order to define the area where the ship must keep outside and how the actions to avoid collision can be generated. Thirdly, the concept has suggested the number of mathematical models for different approaching encounters, including head-on, overtaking and crossing situation. Finally, the parameters of turning circle of the ship can be proposed in determining the size of the domain. Statistical evidences indicate that this method reflects a crew’s real habit and psychological in maneuvering. As the result, simple domain is shaped like imagination of sailors, but more accurate in calculating boundary. It promises an effective solution for automatic collision avoidance method. The next researches of this paper have achieved positive results in finding shortest route for avoiding collision. Moreover, while using statistical methods, classical researches face a serious problem in a wide application with different areas, this concept can make up a beneficial solution for the popular application. The numerous ship domains which are in previous researches will be carried out to compare and point out the simplification and effectiveness of the new method in practice.

The emergence and spread of the variant form of Chinese Character are related to people’s cognitive principles. The cognitive modes of Chinese Character formed by identity, assimilation, distinction and integration. On the surface, the variant form of Chinese Character appears haphazardly. It is clearly seen that there are the reason on the evolution of the variant form of the Chinese Character, which mainly lies in the active role of human perception. People’s cognitive principles determine not only the ways of the emergence but the degree of variation of the variant form of Chinese Character.

우리의 목표는 남북한이 정치적으로나 경제적으로 하나가 되어 통일국가를 이루는 것이다. 통일 이전이라도 남북한이 평화를 이루어 서로 화해하고 협력하여 함께 살아야 한다. 109년 전 평양 대 부흥을 경험하고 제2의 예루살렘으로 불린 그곳이 다시 회복되어 전 세계에 평화의 마음을 가지고 영혼들을 살리며, 다시 오실 예수 그리스도를 전하는 나라가 되어야 할 것이다. 따라서 인간 삶의 본질적인 변화를 추구하는 기독교선교에 있어서 북한 동포들의 사고방식이나 생활습관 등의 환경적인 요소들을 연구하고 분석하는 것은 필수불가결한 요소일 수밖에 없다. 진정한 의미의 민족화해를 이룩하기 위해 화해와 통일을 목표로 북한의 인권과 탈북자 문제를 중심으로 살펴보면서 남북관계에서 한반 도 통일의 전망을 제시한다. 한국교회의 중재자적 접근은 정의와 진실 에 근거한 평화와 조화를 이루는 일에 매우 중요할 것으로 강조된다. 통일 선교정책의 평화 이해와 전략은 북한선교정책전략에서 북한 인권 문제에 대한 접근과 모색을 통하여 북한 인권의 실태, 북한 이탈주민, 탈북여성의 인신매매와 탈북고아, 요덕수용소, 북한 인권법을 중심으 로 전개했으며, 북한선교정책 유형에서 남북관계의 이중성을 어떻게 전환시켜서 접목하는지를 서술하였다. 선교의 유형들이 다양한 창구로 변함에 따라 북한선교의 기독교정 체성에 관한 문제가 서서히 제기되었다. 또한 지구, 세계화로 대변되는 오늘의 시대는 모든 것이 자본의 논리로 관찰되고 있다. 이로 인해 가난한 국가들과 가난한 사람들의 어려움은 더욱 가중되고 있고, 엄청 난 분단비용을 감수해야 하는 한국과 북한의 국민들 역시 어려운 상황 가운데 놓여있다. 이러한 시점에 우리 기독교인들은 북한선교에 힘을 모아야 한다. 북한선교는 예수 그리스도의 선교명령 차원에서 뿐만 아니라 민족의 생존적 차원에서, 자유라는 미명 아래 당연시되는 무한 경쟁을 도전하는 차원에서 기독교인들의 중요한 과제이다. 그러므로 한국교회는 미래 북한선교사역에 있어서, 먼저 북한을 더 이상 한국과 북한이 서로 대립되는 관계로 머무르는 것이 아니라 미래를 함께 주도할 동반자로 인식해야 한다. 그렇게 될 때 한국교회 미래는 민족 모두에게 진정한 희망이 될 것이며, 통일정책에 북한선교 정책이 기독교인들의 북한선교는 큰 의미를 창출할 것으로 본다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate production efficiency of Oceans and Fisheries Human Resources Development Programs Efficiency using Bootstrap-DEA. The study extracts 33 officials curriculum, 11 fisheries managers curriculum for its analytical. First, the study estimates technical, pure technical, and scale efficiency of each curriculums based on traditional DEA under the assumption of CRS and VRS. 8(official 7, managers 1) curriculums are identified as efficient DMUs under the CCR-model, and 13(official 10, managers 3) under the BCC-model. We provide inputs that allow inefficient curriculum to be efficient DMUs on a production frontier, and a reference set for their bench-marking. Second, rank test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test to find a statistical significance of heterogeneity existing in efficiences between Bootstrap-DEA tenical vs Bootstrap-DEA pure technical was no significant difference. We have identified that G10, 11, 12 13, 25, 31, 33, 39 curriculums are the most efficiently produced in the technical and pure technical efficiency. Also we managed to measure the inefficiency which exists in efficiently produced curriculums when estimating the bias corrected efficiency scores. In Technical efficiency, Operation and facility was significant at the 10%. In Pure technical efficiency, facility was significant at the 10%.