The critical fracture energy and failure mechanisms of GF/PP composites are investigated in the temperatures range of the ambient temperature to -50℃ The critical fracture energy increase as fiber volume fraction ratio increased The critical fracture energy shows a maximum at ambient temperature and it tends to decrease as temperature goes up. Major failure mechanisms can be classfied such as fiber matrix debonding, fiber pull-out and/or delamination and matrix deformation.

An attempt was made to provide valuable information to improve service quality and customer satisfaction for in-flight catering service. The customers' demographic characteristics that impact on service quality and customer satisfaction were examined for a group of customer. 474 customers who have been used the airplane within 1 year were participated in this study. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software program (version 6.01) for descriptive analysis, factor analysis, t-test and ANOVA. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: 1. Service Quality in In-flight catering was assessed on the basis of 18 service quality attributes and 5 dimensions derived from a factor analysis. After comparing customers' perception to customers' expectation regarding in-flight service quality, the quality of dimensions for 'meals', and 'sanitation' were not showed any significant differences. However, the expectation for dimensions of 'diversity of menu', 'providing information', and 'the degree of concern to the customers' were rated significantly higher than the perception for those. 2. Among the demographic variables, age and gender had highly influences on the customers' expectation and perception regarding service quality and customer satisfaction. 3. The korean food that the customers wanted to have for in-flight meals was investigated. Among the kinds of gruel(jook), abalone gruel(jeonbok-jook), pumpkin gruel(hobak-jook), and pine-nut gruel(jat-jook) were chosen to have for in-flight korean meals. It was rated that the preferences for beef soup(sogogikook), hot spicy beef soup(youkgaejang), brown sea-weed soup(miyoukkook) were higher than others in soup group. The preferences for boiled rice with assorted mixture(bibimbab) showed the highest and beef and rice soup(seoleongtang), boiled rice with four the staple cereals(ogogbab) were preferred higher than the others in main dish group. Bulgogi was rated the most popular dish. Korean style punch with omiza(whachae), sweet rice dish(yaksik) and fried glutinous rice cake(gangjeong)showed high preferences in dissert.

From comparing the impact dynamic absorber with the impact damper in the auxiliary vibration system with the conventional dynamic absorber, the following conclusions are obtained as follows ; 1. Recognizing that the amplitude restraining effect of the impact dynamic absorber become resonable in a comparison of conventional one development of an improved dynamic absorber may be probable. 2. With increasing the frequency ratio, the 1st resonance peak is higher but the 2nd one gets lower. In addition, the frequency ratio is peak located at the same resonance. 3. The optimum impact clearance is smaller and the vibration constraining effect becomes better with and increase in the mass of impact ball. And it is recognizable that the optimum tuning frequency ratio and impact clearance in an accordance with the mass ratio are varied. 4. The optimum tuning condition becomes gradually lower than the case of r=1 and maximum amplitude becomes lower with an increment in the mass ratio. However, the impulse clearance is larger and the working range of restraining vibration amplitude become smaller with a decrement in the mass of impact ball.

보일러 및 연소로 등에서의 부유체 환경에서 입자와 벽면 사이의 열전달 현상을 규명하기 위한 수치적인 모델링을 행하였다. 본 연구에서는 벽면에 수직 충돌하는 입자에 의한 열전달 현상을 알아보기 위해 2차원 모델을 사용하였다. 입자표면에서 단열된 경계조건과 등온의 경계조건을 사용한 결과를 비교함으로써, 입자가 벽면에 충돌할 때 유체를 매개로한 전도와 입자에 의해 야기된 대류 현상을 비교할 수 있었다. 계산 결과, 입자가 벽면에 충돌하기 직전에는 입자 크기의 반정도의 거리에 도달할 때까지는 입자의 영향이 별로 없고, 충돌하고 난 후에 영향이 많았다. 또한, Pe 수가 작을 때는 유체를 매개로 한 전도가 지배적이며, Pe 수가 증가할수록 야기된 대류의 효과가 점차 증가하였다

A seismic study combined with well data of a circular oil field in Cass County, Michigan, indicates that the structure's origin may be related to an impact event. The structural closures in the time structure maps and drilling results both show a central uplift. The fault system in the Trempealeau Formation shows a structure similar to other proven astroblemes. Undisturbed layers just beneath the central uplift also provide an evidence of an impact structure. The impact event occurred on the Utica shale of the Late Ordovician age. The subsequent uplifting and erosion formed the missing of some Late Ordovician rocks in the center of the oil field. A delayed isostatic adjustment may resulted in the structural closures of the Silurian and Devonian sedimentary formations which played the role of structural trap as a hydrocarbon reservoir. The diameter of the original crater was at least 2 kilometers. The meteorite seems likely to be as heavy as about 9×10⁴ tons and as large as 36-50 meters in its diameter depending on itscomposition.

주진동계인 외팔보의 자유단에 부진동계인 부가질량을 설치하여 부가질량의 크기와 충격 틈새 및 접촉면적을 변화시켜 그때의 진동진폭 특성을 실험함으로써 밝혀진 결과들을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 부가질량의 상하 충격작용이 계의 진동진폭 감소에 상당히 큰 효과가 있으며 일종의 충격감쇠기로써 사용할 수 있음이 실험적으로 확인되었다. 2) 부가질량이 같을 때 충격틈새를 적절히 조정함으로써 진동진폭을 감소시킬 수 있다. 3) 충격 틈새가 일정할 때, 부가질량이 클수록 진동진폭은 감소하지만, 특정 조건에서는 부가질량이 작아도 진폭 감소효과가 크다. 4) 부가질량과 충격틈새가 일정한 조건에서 그 틈새가 작을 때 (1mm, 2mm) 부가질량의 접촉마찰면적이 클수록 진동진폭은 감소한다. 5) 계의 진동진폭 감소가 클 때, 주진동계와 부가질량의 진동진폭에는 위상차가 발생하며 충격감쇠 효과가 가장 클 때 위상차도 최대로 된다. 6) 일반적으로 부가질량이 클수록 진폭은 감소한다. 향후의 연구과제로서 충격시의 소음을 감소시키며 감쇠작용을 증가시키기 위해 접촉면에 적절한 방진고무를 설치하여 그때의 진동 감소 특성을 구명할 것이 요구된다. 이러한 일련의 기초연구를 통하여 목적으로 하고 있는 충격식 동흡진기의 설계 및 이에 대한 실험을 수행할 것이다.

On the slamming analysis of ship design the data for the impact pressure acted on the forward bottom of a ship are needed. Furthermore impact pressure is given by the function of both the hull form coefficient and relative velocity. In this papper. a simplified method to estimate hull form coefficient by perso;,al computer (p. c.) is studied. This numerical analysis was applied to the model of the Mariner type. and then the result by the p. c. was compared with that by IBM 7090 computer. Main results obtained are as follows: 1. The result by the developed p. c. method had fairly good agreement with that by conventional large computer (IBM 7090) within 2% error. 2. This developed method' by p. c. may be applied to the initial estimation of the K-value because of the close agreement between the ship lines by the results of p. c. and that of input.

본 논문에서 얻은 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) slamming 충격력에 의한 선각의 굽힘 모우멘트와 전단력의 계산은 본 논문의 이론 전개방법에 의해 구하는 것이 Antonides의 적용 방법보다 더 타당하다고 생각된다. 2) 수치계산 예에서 보면 선체 중앙단면에서 가장 큰 sagging moment가 발생하며 Antonides의 결과치 보다 3~5%정도 더 크게 나타났다. 3) 기준진동형의 중첩항 수는 주어진 문제의 특성 및 요구되는 정도에 따라 결정되어야 하므로 고차 진동형에 대한 실측치와 이론치의 비교 분석이 선행되어야 한다고 생각된다.

1. slam충격수 N(T)는 전부수선에서 거리가 증가할수록 감소하며, N(T)=1인 위치가 제한점으로 되며, 제한점이 되는 위치이후에서는 충격의 영향을 고려치 않아도 무방할 것으로 고려된다. 2. 충격력을 고려한 수직제한깊이는 계획흘수의 1/10로 잡았고, 충격응력에 대해서는 고려된 단면위치에서 압력작용속도의 상이로 인하여, 각각의 단면위치에서 전부선저의 몰입높이에 따라 각각 추정되어야한다. 3. 주어진 단면에 대한 충격력은 압력을 수직한계 높이까지 girth를 따라 계산함으로써 결정할 수 있다. 4. 최대충격력은 전부의 선저판의 형상에 따라 그 작용위치가 달라질 수도 있다. 5. 최대충격력의 약 50% 정도의 힘이 전부선저판의 충격에 소비됨으로, 이는 전부선저판의 적정치수 결정에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

정면규칙파중에서 Bow-flare부 충격은 선저충격에 비해서 작용 시간이 길고, 선체 수직운동진폭이 큰 상태이거나, 파고가 큰 입사파가 적용되는 경우에 선체에 작용하는 충격력은 상당히 크며, 파고가 높아지면, 발생하는 모우멘트도 증가한다. 2. Bow-flare부가 큰 선형의 경우에는 선저노출이 일어나지 않더라도 부가질량의 급격한 증가에 따라 상당히 큰 충격력이 작용한다. 3. Deckwetness, 불규칙파중에서의 응답해석, 상대변위를 구할 때 Dynamic Swell-up의 양을 고려한 계산 등의 검토가 요망된다.

In this study, impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on PM2.5 mass and its five chemical components (NH4 +, NO3 -, SO4 2-, OC, EC) in Busan was evaluated, and compared with that of Seoul. The study period over the recent three years was sub-divided into two periods: Pre-COVID (2018~2019) and COVID (2020) periods, and the differences in observed annual and monthly variations between the two periods were explored here. The results indicated that annual mean PM2.5 mass concentrations decreased during the COVID period by 16% in Seoul and 29% in Busan, and the satellite-observed annual average of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the Korean Peninsula also decreased by approximately more than 10% compared with that of the Pre-COVID period. All of the five chemical components decreased but no particular changes were found in their fractions occupied during the COVID period. However, over the Lock-down period (2020-March), the sulfate fraction decreased in Seoul, mostly reflecting the recent Chinese trends of aerosol characteristics, whereas the nitrate fraction considerably decreased in Busan, which was attributable to the local emission changes and their variabilities in Busan. Other meteorological characteristics such as higher frequencies of easterly winds in the Busan area during the COVID period were also discussed in comparison with those in the Seoul area.

In this study, the prediction technology of Hydrological Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (HQPF) was improved by optimizing the weather predictors used as input data for machine learning. Results comparison was conducted using bias and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), which are predictive accuracy verification indicators, based on the heavy rain case on August 21, 2021. By comparing the rainfall simulated using the improved HQPF and the observed accumulated rainfall, it was revealed that all HQPFs (conventional HQPF and improved HQPF 1 and HQPF 2) showed a decrease in rainfall as the lead time increased for the entire grid region. Hence, the difference from the observed rainfall increased. In the accumulated rainfall evaluation due to the reduction of input factors, compared to the existing HQPF, improved HQPF 1 and 2 predicted a larger accumulated rainfall. Furthermore, HQPF 2 used the lowest number of input factors and simulated more accumulated rainfall than that projected by conventional HQPF and HQPF 1. By improving the performance of conventional machine learning despite using lesser variables, the preprocessing period and model execution time can be reduced, thereby contributing to model optimization. As an additional advanced method of HQPF 1 and 2 mentioned above, a simulated analysis of the Local ENsemble prediction System (LENS) ensemble member and low pressure, one of the observed meteorological factors, was analyzed. Based on the results of this study, if we select for the positively performing ensemble members based on the heavy rain characteristics of Korea or apply additional weights differently for each ensemble member, the prediction accuracy is expected to increase.

The study was aimed to investigate the correlation between tidal effects and fog occurrence in Incheon and Mokpo, which are located in the middle and southern coasts of the West Sea of Korea, respectively. The investigation used meteorological data obtained from the automated synoptic observing systems and automatic weather stations and ocean data from tide stations from 2010 to 2019. Fog occurrence frequency was highest at high tide (Incheon, 41%; Mokpo, 45%). During fog event days at high tide, the dew-point depression was low (Incheon, 0.5 ℃; Mokpo, 0.4 ℃) and the relative humidity was high (Incheon, 97%; Mokpo, 9 8%). The w ind speed w as 2 . 4 m/s in I ncheon a nd 2 .0 m/s in M okpo, a nd t he m ain wind d irections w ere west-southwesterly from Incheon and southwesterly from Mokpo. In the fog case study, tidal flats were covered with water before and after the fog started. During the fog period, both stations experienced negative air-sea temperature differences, low dew-point depression, and high relative humidity were maintained, with weak winds forming from the tidal flats to the shore.

Jeju Special Self-Governing Province has implemented a self-governing environmental impact assessment system (Jeju-EIAS) in recognition of its autonomy. In this study, the institutional features of Jeju-EIAS were examined by analyzing the development projects whose consultation under Jeju-EIAS were completed from 1994 to 2019. The consultation procedure of Jeju-EIAS, such as the actual operation of Review Committee for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), the consent of the provincial council, and the regular follow-up activities for the implementation of EIA consultations, has been implemented differently from those of other metropolitan cities and provinces. Under Jeju-EIAS, types of development projects subject to consultation on EIA also take into account local conditions, and include the construction of aquarium basin and building. In addition, provisions concerning the scale of development projects is strengthened above the Korean Environmental Impact Assessment Act (EIA Act).

This study was initiated to isolate the microorganisms removing phosphorus (P) from domestic sewage and to investigate the effects of environmental factors on the growth and P removal of the isolated bacteria. Microorganisms isolated from the sewage were identified as Chryseobacterium sp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Bacillus licheniformis. Among them, Bacillus licheniformis was selected as the P removal microorganism. The environmental factors considered in this study included initial phosphorus concentration, temperature, pH, and carbon source. At initial P concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 mg/L, the P removal efficiencies were 100.0%, 84.0%, and 16.5%, respectively. At 20°C, 30°C, and 40°C, the P removal efficiencies were 0%, 75.8%, and 60.6%, respectively. The removal efficiencies of phosphorus according to pH were 1.6%, 91.7%, and 51.1% at pH 5, pH 7, and pH 9, respectively. Using glucose, acetate, and glucose + acetate as carbon sources yielded P removal efficiencies of 80.9%, 33.6%, and 54.1%, respectively. Therefore, the results from the study demonstrated that the P removal efficiencies of Bacillus licheniformis were the highest when the initial P concentration, temperature, pH, and carbon source were 10 mg/L, 30°C, 7, and glucose, respectively.

This study investigated the distributional pattern of meiobenthos associated with future deep-sea mining in the Korea Deep Ocean Study area present in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) located in the southeastern part of the North Pacific Ocean. Standing stocks of meiobenthos were investigated in benthic impact experiment sites (BIS) and Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology long-term monitoring (KOMO) sites during the 2008-2014 annual field survey. A total of 14 taxa of meiobenthos were identified. Nematodes were the most abundant taxon (60-86%). Harpacticoid copepods (5-26%) and benthic foraminifera (1-12%) were also dominant at all sites. The total meiobenthic densities varied from 4 to 150 ind./10 cm2. The mean value of total meiobenthic abundance was higher at BIS than at KOMO sites, but there was no significant difference between the two sites. The mean values of the number of taxa and biomass at BIS and KOMO sites were similar. The mean abundance of nematodes that were the most dominant taxa was also higher at BIS than at KOMO sites. The standing stocks in our study sites were relatively lower than those previously reported at other CCFZ sites. These results seem to reflect a low organic concentration in the study area.

This study presents meteorological data integrity to improve environmental quality assessment in Yongdam catchment. The study examines both extreme ranges of meteorological data measurements and data reliability which include maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, radiation, heat flux. There were some outliers and missing data from the measurements. In addition, the latent heat flux and sensible heat flux data were not reasonable and evapotranspiration data did not match at some points. The accuracy and consistency of data stored in a database for the study were secured from the data integrity. Users need to take caution when using meteorological data from the Yongdam catchment in the preparation of water resources planning, environmental impact assessment, and natural hazards analysis.