이 논문은 19세기 말 서양 선교사들이 성서 번역과 지식 전달의 도구로 한글을 사용함으로써 한글을 재인식시키고 더 나아가 한글 공동체를 형성 하는 데에 끼친 공헌을 다루었다. 한글은 창제 이래 “양층 언어”라는 독특 한 언어 상황 속에서 한문의 하위 언어로서의 지위를 한번도 벗어 보지 못 했다. 그러나 19세기 말 중화사상이 흔들림에 따라 문화의 상징으로 여겨 졌던 한문의 지위가 흔들리기 시작하면서 그 자리를 대신하여 한글은 국문 이라는 이름을 부여 받게 된다. 하지만 한글은 현실적으로 국문으로서의 지위를 확보하지 못했고 국한문 혼용체가 주류를 이루고 있던 것이 19세기 말 조선의 언어 상황이었다. 이 시기에 조선에 입국한 서양 선교사들은 성 서번역과 문서 출판의 도구로 한글을 과감하게 선택함으로써 한글이 하나 님의 말씀을 전하고 지식을 전달하는 상층 언어로서 인식되는 데에 큰 공 헌을 했다. 한글이 처음으로 유교 경전의 내용을 담던 한자와 대등한 지위 를 부여 받게 된 것이다. 선교사들의 이러한 공헌은 단순히 한글을 재인식 시키는 데에 그친 것이 아니라 더 나아가 상하귀천을 막론하고 같은 문자 로 같은 정보를 공유하고 공론에 함께 참여하는 한글 공동체를 형성하는 데에도 영향을 미쳤다. 이렇게 볼 때 선교사들은 19세기 말 한글이 국문으 로 탄생되는 시기에 한글의 가치를 재인식 시키는 데에 매우 영향력 있는 촉매제 역할을 했다고 평가될 수 있다.

The initial and boundary conditions are important factors in regional chemical transport modeling systems. The method of generating the chemical boundary conditions for regional air quality models tends to be different from the dynamically varying boundary conditions in global chemical transport models. In this study, the impact of real time Copernicus atmosphere monitoring service (CAMS) re-analysis data from the modeling atmospheric composition and climate project interim implementation (MACC) on the regional air quality in the Korean Peninsula was carried out using the community multi-scale air quality modeling system (CMAQ). A comparison between conventional global data and CAMS for numerical assessments was also conducted. Although the horizontal resolution of the CAMS re-analysis data is not higher than the conventionally provided data, the simulated particulate matter (PM) concentrations with boundary conditions for CAMS re-analysis is more reasonable than any other data, and the estimation accuracy over the entire Korean peninsula, including the Seoul and Daegu metropolitan areas, was improved. Although an inland area such as the Daegu metropolitan area often has large uncertainty in PM prediction, the level of improvement in the prediction for the Daegu metropolitan area is higher than in the coastal area of the western part of the Korean peninsula.

The spatial and temporal variations of CO2 concentrations and radiative forcing (RF) due to CO2 were examined at urban center (Yeon-dong) during 2010-2015 and background sites (Gosan) during 2010-2014 on Jeju Island. The RF at the two sites was estimated based on a simplified expression for calculating RF for the study period. Overall, annual mean CO2 concentrations at the Yeon-dong and Gosan sites have gradually increased, and the concentrations were higher at Yeon-dong (401-422 ppm) than at Gosan (398-404 ppm). The maximum CO2 concentrations at the two sites were observed in winter or spring, followed by fall and summer, with higher concentrations at Yeon-dong. The RF at Yeon-dong (annual mean of up to 0.70 W/m2 in 2015) was higher than that at Gosan (up to 0.46 W/m2 in 2014), possibly because of higher CO2 concentrations at Yeon-dong resulting from population growth and human activities (e.g., fossil fuel combustion). The highest monthly mean RFs at Yeon-dong (approximately 0.92 W/m2) and Gosan (0.52 W/m2) were observed in spring 2015 (Yeon-dong) and spring 2013 (Gosan), whereas the lowest RFs (0.17 and 0.31 W/m2, respectively) in fall 2011 (Yeon-dong) and summer in 2012 (Gosan).

Sensitivity analysis of the WRF model according to the impact of nudging (e.g., nudging techniques and application domains) was conducted during high nocturnal ozone episode to improve the prediction of the regional ozone concentration in the southeastern coastal area of the Korean peninsula. The analysis was performed by six simulation experiments: (1) without nudging (e.g., CNTL case), (2) with observation nudging (ONE case) to all domains (domain 1∼4), (3) with grid nudging (GNE case) to all domains, (4)∼(6) with grid nudging to domain 1, domain 1∼2 and domain 1∼3, respectively (GNE-1, GNE-2, GNE-3 case). The results for nudging techniques showed that the GNE case was in very good agreement with those observed during all analysis periods (e.g., daytime, nighttime, and total), as compared to the ONE case. In particular, the large effect of grid nudging on the near-surface meteorological factors (temperature, relative humidity, and wind fields) was predicted at the coastline and nearby sea during daytime. The results for application domains showed that the effects of nudging were distinguished between the meteorological factors and between the time periods. When applied grid nudging until subdomain, the improvement effects of temperature and relative humidity had differential tendencies. Temperature was increased for all time, but relative humidity was increased in daytime and was decreased in nighttime. Thus, GNE case showed better result than other cases.

Four shear-deficient reinforced concrete (RC) beam specimens with different shear span ratios were tested using a well-instrumented drop-weight impact machine to gain a better understanding of the effect of shear span ratio on impact behavior of RC beams strengthened with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP). The results demonstrated that the shear span ratio could change the failure modes for strengthened specimens and also affect the impact resistance.

This study is focused on three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips under impact loading. The validity of the model was assessed through the comparison with experimental results obtained from drop-weight impact tests of the authors. The well agreement proves the feasibility of the proposed numerical analysis method.

This study proposes a flood fragility analysis of bridges for considering debris impacts. The reliability analysis is conducted using the first-order reliability method (FORM) with an finite element model of a bridge column built in ABAQUS. A fragility curve of the bridge column is obtained based on the procedure described in this study.

Shock wave caused by the high-velocity impact causing the tensile strain and stress on the rear side. When the tensile strain and stress exceeds the tensile strength of the concrete, scabbing and perforation were occurred. The strain on the rear side was reduced due to improvement of the tensile strength by fiber reinforcement.

Thin plate amorphous steel fiber has more tensile strength and corrosion resistance than general steel fiber, and it has different fiber direction by casting direction. In this study, evaluating impact resistance and sectional crack characteristic of amorphous steel fiber-reinforced cement composites by casting direction.

In this study, an analytical study on the effect of the support structure deflection on the impact test result was carried out to set up the accurate impact test method. Various impact analyses of the CEDM(control element drive mechanisms) impact test were performed using LS-DYNA commercial FE program. Finally, the effect of the boundary condition of the support structure and impact loading duration were investigated.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate propriety of impact factor in railway design code about truss bridge with dynamic loading test. This study also analyzes and compares impact factor and railway design code. A impact factor of all members of the truss is lowered by revising railway design code in 2013. The result of this study indicates that a reasonable standard for impact factor is required, because current impact factor which is specified in railway design code could not properly reflect dynamic response of specific type and member.

Impact factor for used in the load carrying capacity evaluation of bridges is varied depending on vehicle speed and bridge frequencies. So, it is hard to define its peak value since in the field test the truck speeds applied cannot cover all possible vehicle speeds and the speed per each vehicle loading test cannot remain constant consistently. Furthermore, the target bridges should be closed during field test, which leads to an inconvenient traffic flow. In this paper, a displacement-based response spectrum of bridges is considered to define the peak impact factor without conducting the standard vehicle loading test, while using a bridge operational traffic condition.

How will the reunification of Korea impact the population and enable them to confront their history and recognize themselves as citizens of a new Unified Korea? As cultural identity is ubiquitous in intercultural communication and across social science disciplines, this study seeks to analyze the formation of different identities in both North Korea and South Korea during the almost 70 years of division. This analysis will focus on the distinct interpretations of three major topics by both Koreas: 1) Korean Mythology, specifically, the Myth of Dangun, 2) the Perceived Meaning of Independence, and 3) the Korean War-comparisons which have been ignored by most of the research to date related to the Korean Peninsula. Intercultural communication attempts to establish reciprocity through the exchange of information and values between parties hitherto unknown to each other. In this process, it is vital to examine which historical elements of the Koreas that can be employed to reduce nationalistic and ethnocentric views and stereotypes, to develop mutual positive perceptions, to promote reconciliation, and to facilitate conflict resolution and form common regional perspectives. This study will focus on ideology, individual identity and intercultural communication to analyze the current relationship between the history education and social identity formation of both Koreas. As such, it will examine how each social identity formation can provide narratives about the transformation of former enemy groups from enmity to being considered members of the same society. Korostelina describes North Korean history education as an example of the impact that history textbooks can have on the formation of an ideological mode of national identity. What have others said about the impact of Korean history textbooks on the above mentioned topics?

In this study, we examined the impact of transplant timing of mother plants for seedling strawberry on growth and development of daughter plants and field stage. The leaf growth of treated mother plants and crown thickness were low when transplant was performed on April 10th. Based on the results collected until July 13th, the numbers of daughter plants with more than two leaves were 20.6 and 19.5 for March 10th and March 25th, and these values decreased by April 10th and April 25th showing values of 15.1 and 11.8, respectively. After seedling growth was complete, leaf area and fresh weight of the saplings were remarkably low beginning from the transplant on April 10th. Crown thickness of saplings was generally lower when transplant timing was late. After 45 days of transplant leaf length and width were noticeably lower than the transplant on April 10th and 25th. First cluster was 100% for both the March 10th and 25th transplant, followed April 10th and 25th with values of 66% and 43%. The results revealed that transplant on March 10th and 25th had a greater positive impact on the growth and development of the strawberry cultivar ‘Seolhyang’. A supplementary study will have to be conducted to determine the relationship between the harvest period of the first cluster and the yield of marketable strawberries depending on the transplanting time of mother plants.

To investigate the impact of the number of runners developed from daughter plants during seedling on sapling growth and development during phase of first cluster, we examined four treatment groups that had 3–4, 5–6, 7–8, and 9–10 runners. As of June 5th, the group with 9–10 runners showed the highest number of saplings with more than 2 leaves, followed by groups with 7–8, 5–6, and 3–4 runners. Although observation on June 25th and July 15th showed a similar tendency for sapling numbers, no significant difference was detected between groups with 7–8 and 9–10 runners. The length of runners in the treated groups was similar to that in groups with 3–4 and 5–6 runners, with lengths of 49.4 mm and 48.0 mm, respectively, but runner length was significantly shorter in the group with 7–8 runners. Both the thickness and the weight of runners were highest in the group with 3–4 runners. The growth and development of daughter plants and root weight were similar between the groups with 3–4 and 5– 6 runners, whereas both values were lower in groups with 7–8 and 9-10 runners. While stem crown thickness values were 8.7 mm and 8.5 mm in groups with 3–4 and 5–6 runners, respectively, groups with 7–8 and 9–10 runners had thinner stems of 7.1 mm and 6.2 mm, respectively. The fresh weight of saplings decreased as the number of runners increased. From the phase first cluster, leaf area and fresh weight were remarkably low in groups with 7–8 and 9–10 runners. Taken together, these results can be used to increase the production of high-quality saplings by providing a foundation for studies to investigate the impact of the number of runners developed from daughter plants on growth and development during the seedling period and the phase first cluster.

Humankind has been searching for medicinal materials from various plant sources in an attempt to treat disease. Mistletoe is one indubitable plant source for these materials due to its effectiveness in treating various diseases, but it has almost disappeared from the mountainous areas of Korea due to excessive harvesting. In this study, in order to select host tree species for Korean mistletoe [Viscum album var. coloratum (Kom.) Ohwi] by seed inoculation and to clarify the effect of host specificity among various tree species were conducted for the purpose of gaining basic information for the artificial cultivation of Korean mistletoe. Almost all the seeds of Korean mistletoe germinated in vitro at the temperature of 15℃. Among host trees used in this study, Prunus mume showed the highest parasitic affinity with inoculated Korean mistletoe, compared with any other host plants. However, treatment of hormones could not increase the low survival rate of Korean mistletoe on the host trees.

This study was carried out to systematically maintain and manage the trails by assessing the physical characteristics, the types of deterioration and impact rating class of trails located in Mt. Nam District of the Gyeongju National Park. The major trails followed 6 routes including Sambulsa-Geumobong(A), Yongjangsaji-Geumobong(B), Yongjanggol-Yiyoungjae- Gowibong(C), Cheonusa-Gowibong(D), Sangseojang-Forest road(E) and Tongiljeon-Forest road(F). The routes length of A was 2.2 km, 2.7 km of B, 3.4 km of C, 1.3 km of D, 2.0 km of E and 1.0 km of F. In the physical characteristics, A was the widest and F was the narrowest in the width and bared width of trail. In depth of erosion, B was the deepest and E was the shallowest. D was the steepest and E was the gentlest in the slope. In the results of analysing the types of deterioration, A were 13 types, 11 types of B, C and D, 10 types of E and 6 types of F. The times of appearance of deterioration types in A were 86 times, 75 times of B, 105 times of C, 48 times of D, 47 times of E and 13 times of F. In case of the impact rating class, trail erosion was Ⅱ degree, Ⅰ degree of trail expansion, root exposure, trail divergence and rock exposure.

공공시설물의 대형화 및 도심지로의 인구 밀집화에 따라 충돌 또는 폭발과 같은 하중조건 하에서의 구조물 방호성능의 중요성이 대두되고 있다. 그러나 구조물의 방호설계 및 시공에 있어서 필수적이라 할 수 있는 구조 재료 또는 자재에 대한 방호성능 평가기준은 현재 정 립되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 구조용 자재의 내충격 성능평가 기준 개발 연구의 일환으로 가스건을 사용한 발사체 충격 파 괴시험을 콘크리트 시험체에서 수행함과 동시에, 다양한 접촉식 계측 센서의 적용 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 또한, 충격 파괴시험을 통해 일반 콘크리트 및 강섬유가 보강된 초고성능콘크리트의 파괴모드 및 방호성능에 대한 평가를 수행하였다. 실험 수행 결과, 접촉식 계측센서 중 LVDT 변위계의 적용 가능성을 확인하였으며, UHPC의 경우 혼입된 보강섬유의 효과로 인해 일반 콘크리트에 비해 우수한 방호성능을 보여주 었다.

The effects of Houttuynia cordata powder on the growth performance of ducks were investigated. Ninety ducks were assigned into one of three dietary treatments as a completely randomized design for 6 weeks: feeds supplemented with 1% or 2% H. cordata and a control group. No significant difference was observed in feed conversion among the three groups (p > 0.05), but addition of H. cordata had a significantly positive effect (p < 0.05) on initial and final body weight, weight gain, and feed intake of the ducks. Furthermore, the effects of chemical treatment (comprising 50 g and 100 g aluminum chloride [AlCl3] per kilogram litter) on the ammonia (NH3) flux in duck litters were also investigated. Duck litter was treated with AlCl3 at a depth of 8 cm by top-dressing; this resulted in a significant difference on NH3 flux (p < 0.05) during the experimental period (but not at 2 weeks). NH3 flux at 6 weeks were reduced by 25.4% and 37.5% by treatment with 1% and 2% H. cordata, respectively, compared with the control groups. In conclusion, enriching the diets of the ducks with 2% H. cordata and adding 100 g AlCl3 to their litter has beneficial effects on increasing their growth performance and reducing NH3 flux in their environment.

When the concrete is subjected to impact of the projectile, compressive stress wave is transmitted to the rear side. When the compressive stress wave reached the rear side, is was reflected as a tensile wave. And, when the tensile stress in the concrete matrix exceeded the dynamic tensile strength, crack in the concrete was occurred.