목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 ICF(International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health)의 능력(capacity)과 수행(performance) 평가치의 신뢰도와 FIM(Functional Independence Measure)과 MBI(Modified Barthel Index)와의 기준관련타당도를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 방법 : 국립재활원에 입원한 아급성기 뇌졸중 환자 55명을 대상으로 실시하였다. ICF에 경험이 있는 2명의 의사가 FIM과 MBI에 해당하는 항목을 ICF 항목과 연결시켜 10개 항목 중 3개의 범주인 이동, 보행, 자기 관리 항목을 추출하였으며, 모든 평가는 물리치료사, 작업치료사에 의해 수행되었다. ICF의 수행과 능력 평가치의 측정자간 신뢰도(Inter-rater reliability)는 급간내상관계수인 ICC(2.1)을 절대적 신뢰도는 SEM(Standard Error Measurement)과 SRD(Small Reference Difference)를 FIM과 MBI, ICF와의 상관관계는 Pearson 상관계수를 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과 : ICF 능력과 수행 평가치의 측정자간 신뢰도는 각각 .92(.95, .97), .98(.97, .99), SEM은 1.03, 1.09이었으며, SRD는 2.85, 3.02로 매우 높은 신뢰도를 보였다. ICF 능력 평가치는 FIM(r=-.97), MBI(r=-.90)와 높은 음의 상관관계가 있었고, ICF 수행 평가치는 FIM(r=-.73), MBI(r=-.69)와 중간 정도의 음의 상관관계가 있었다. 결론 : ICF는 FIM과 MBI의 기준 관련 타당도에서 음의 상관관계가 있었으며, 신뢰할만한 기능 평가 도구로서 뇌졸중 환자의 기능적 상태를 평가하는데 임상 연구나 실험에서 유용한 평가 도구가 될 수 있을 것이다.

전자상거래는 인터넷매체를 통한 비대면적 거래이며, 사업자와 소비자 사이의 거리를 불문한다는 점에서 소비자거래 또한 국내에 국한되지 않는다. 따라서 국제소비자거래가 증가함에 따라 이에 따른 분쟁 또한 증가하고 있는 것으로 보인다. 본 논문에서는 소비자보호적 측면에서 전자거래에 관하여 전자거래기본법과 전자상거래소비자보호법의 미비점을 살펴보기 위하여 그 비교법적 대상으로 국제거래로 이루어지는 전자거래에 법적 장애를 제거하기 위해 마련된 통일적인 규범인 UN전자계약협약으로 하였다. 그리고 전자거래계약의 체결의 과정에 따라서 문제가 발생할 수 있는 정보제공, 청약과 청약의 유인, 오류의 방지, 성립시기와 장소의 문제를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 청약과 청약의 유인과 관련하여, UN전자계약협약이나 전자상거래소비자보호법이나 유사한 관점을 보인다. 그러나 청약과 청약의 유인의 구분에 관하여 많은 논란이 있었던 만큼, 분명히 명시하는 것을 고려해 보아야겠다. 다음으로 송신시기와 관련해서는 UN전자계약협약과 전자거래기본법이 다른 입장 차이를 보이고 있다. 이러한 송신시기와 관련하여 다른 나라의 입장과의 통일적인 관점에서 규율하는 것이 증가하는 국제거래에서 필요하다고 보인다. 마지막으로 장소와 관련하여 UN전자계약협약은 영업소라는 개념을 도입하고 있다. 전자거래에서 장소의 개념은 분쟁발생시 재판관할을 확정하는 등 중요한 문제이다. 그러나 전자상거래소비자보호법과 전자거래 기본법은 영업소가 2이상인 경우에만 주된 관리가 이루어진 곳을 영업소(place of business)로 본다고 명시하고 있지만, 그렇지 않은 경우에는 무엇을 기준으로 하여 영업소를 파악할 것인가의 명시는 없다. 따라서 전자계약협약과 같은 영업소의 실질적으로 파악하는 개념의 명시의 도입은 고려해 볼 필요가 있다.

국제수형자 이송제도는 나날이 증가하고 있는 외국인 수형자들이 언어와 문화 등이 다른 외국의 교정시설에 수용됨으로 인하여 야기되는 어려움을 해소하기 위해서 창안되었으며, 현재 대부분의 나라가 하나 이상의 수형자 이송조약에 가입하고 있다. 우리나라도 수형자 이송제도에 대해 무관심한 그 동안의 입장에서 벗어나 우리나라 교정시설에 수용 중인 외국인 수형자의 효과적인 관리 및 외국 교정시설에 수용 중인 한국국적 수형자의 보호를 위해 2003년 12월 '국제 수형자이송법'을 제정하여 수형자의 국가간 이송을 위한 기반을 마련한 이후, 2005년 7월 20일 유럽평의회 사무국에 '유럽평의회 이송협약' 가입서를 기탁하여, 동년 11월 1일부터 발효되었으며, 이에 따라 현재 '유럽평의회 이송협약'의 63개 가입국과 별도의 개별조약을 체결할 필요도 없이 수형자를 이송 할 수 있게 되었다. 그러나 수형자 이송제도의 세계 각국으로의 보편적인 보급과는 달리 실제 그 실적은 미미한 편인데, 이는 실제 운용과정에서 발생되는 여러 가지 문제점 때문이다. 국제수형자 이송제도와 관련한 문제점은 크게 두 가지로 분류할 수 있는데, 이론적인 면에서의 문제점과 운용상 발생하는 문제점이 그것이다. 이론적인 면에서는 주로 국제수형자 이송제도의 위헌성 문제가 거론되며, 운용 상의 문제점으로는 당사국의 재량, 국적, 이송요건으로서 수용자의 동의, 이송절 차의 지연 등을 들 수 있다. 이러한 문제점들이 원만히 해결되지 않는 한 수형자 이송제도는 인권이라는 허울을 쓴 장식품에 불과 할 것이다. 이 글은 이러한 점에 염두에 두고 국제수형자 이송제도의 이론적·실무적 문제점에 대해 분석한 후 그 해결방안을 제시하고자 한다.

The rapid change of information and communication technologies (ICT) has resulted in a new gap, a digital divide between countries that can easily access ICT and digital information, and countries that lack accessibility of emerging information and communication technologies. Realizing the gap of digital divide through education, Korea launched a collaborative program called ‘APEC Cyber Education Network (ACEN)’ in 2001, targetting two economies: Indonesia and Thailand. This program provided workshops via ACEN Internet Volunteers (AIV) for training of the teachers’ capacity for economies’ beneficiary in the education of ICT. In 2003, this program has evolved into APEC Learning Community Builders (ALCoB) Internet Volunteers (AIV) program, and has continued until 2008. In this paper, we report our 8 years of experiences in collaboration between Korea and Indonesia through volunteers, and show the implications of a successful international cooperation model to overcome the digital divide between countries.

Abstract In this article, we examine two different kinds of national e-learning evaluation implemented in Korea (2007) and in Finland (2007-2008). The following evaluation guidelines were compared: objectives, methods, models, standards, results and follow up procedures. Our study indicates that evaluations should be interpreted in the operational contexts. Common to both Korea and Finland is a concerted effort to continuously develop e-learning in higher education and strengthen international cooperation in quality assurance of e-learning. Korea has systematically developed cyber universities and is able to offer her citizens extensive opportunities for flexible life time learning. The strength of e-learning at Finnish universities of applied sciences is the national network-like collaboration through the Finnish Online University of Applied Sciences. This study creates a foundation for further research and a benchmarking process in which development needs can be identified, good practices shared and sustainable quality assurance solutions found in an increasingly global world.

This paper presents a case of the implementation of international distance courses between two universities of Taiwan and Japan in Asia-Pacific area. It reports the design of activities engaged in learning with supports of various communication tools. It also examines the students’ interaction and context of learning in distance education. The paper begins by briefly introducing the initiatives, the curriculum and the instructional design on implementation of the case. It then presents results of the study with discussion, along with assessment data available on its success. Meanwhile, it also explores cultural interaction among students and class dynamics observed throughout this study. Finally, this paper closes by making recommendations for further research possibilities and practical applications aiming at enhancing international distance education.

International human rights discourse has largely ignored the decentralization of political, fiscal and administrative authority currently taking place across the developing world. By reference to Indonesia’s recent transition from a highly centralised system of government to a system of regional autonomy (called Otonomi Daerah, or “Otda”), this article demonstrates the importance of more closely examining the relationship between international human rights and decentralization. In particular, it is argued that an understanding of international human rights can shed light on the dynamics of decentralization and, vice versa, examining decentralization can inform our understandings of international human rights. The essay explains the historical, political and economic context of Otda and briefly describes its current legal framework. It then explores the varied impacts Otda has had on international human rights in Indonesia and how Otda can, in turn, highlight some of the limits and possibilities of international human rights.

As the primary mode of long distance transport between nations, international air transport plays an essential role in the development and prosperity of the global economy. While other services sectors have benefited immensely from the multilateral trading system, the air transport services have long been dominated by restrictive bilateral arrangements since the Chicago Conference of 1944. Following the successful deregulation of its domestic air transport regimes, the United States initiated an Open Skies campaign toward international air services liberalization in 1990s. The conclusion of the U.S.- EU Open Skies Agreement in April 2007 represents a landmark in the liberalization of international air services. This historic deal not only heralded a new era in transatlantic aviation, but also strengthened the path-dependence of air transport services liberalization. As a major economic power and potential aviation power, China would benefit immensely from the liberalization of air services. However, base on actual conditions, a controllable and phased-in approach toward liberalization is a more rational choice for China at present.

What is an Islamic view of women’s rights? Is there an authentic Islamic interpretation of this issue? The central argument of this article is that there is no unique Islamic view of women’s rights and even more, that according to the very nature and spirit of Islamic law itself, there should be no such version. The article starts with an overview of states’ international obligations with regard to protection of women’s rights. It continues with some examples of implementation of these obligations in several states proclaiming Islam as official religion and source of legislation. This part of the article demonstrates diversity of views existing among such states and insists on the fact that it is not religion itself, but its misuse by patriarchal totalitarian regimes that impedes any development towards improvement of the situation of women in some Muslim states. Finally, the article suggests that international lawyers shall abandon sacralizing religiously framed defences of certain states and be in contrast more attentive and sensitive to difficulties faced by other Muslim states in their effort to reform and reinterpret Islamic law.

Islamic international law is a branch of the Shari’ah (Islamic law). Due to the classical doctrine of the notion of‘ Jihad,’there have been misconceptions and Islam has been painted as a religion encouraging violence and war. This paper appeals for the reconsideration of the classical doctrine, which was adopted at a time when there was a state of war between Islamic and non-Islamic states. Going back to the roots and referring to the Qur’an and the Sunnah: the two primary sources of Islamic law, the paper argues that Islam prohibits aggressive war and that the essence of‘ jihad’ is‘ self-defense.’After elaborating the essential conditions of the right of self-defense, the paper concludes that Islamic international law can contribute much to the present world order by providing moral and ethical values that modern international law is lacking.

The creation of the Iraqi Special Tribunal in December 2003 by Iraqi authorities who were at the time under the legal occupation of the Coalition Provisional Authority marked the emergence of a new form of internationalized domestic tribunals. The Iraqis succeeded in incorporating the full range of modern crimes into their domestic codes alongside some carefully selected domestic offenses, while amending domestic procedural law in some key ways to align the process with established international law related to the provision of full and fair trials. The subsequent investigations and the beginning of trial proceedings generated major debates about the legitimacy of such a domestic forum within the context of human rights norms and the law of occupation. In particular, there was a major strand of thought from outside Iraq that the most legitimate and appropriate forum would have been an international process under the authority of the United Nations. This article examines the arguments made by the Iraqis who demanded a domestic process based on their inquisitorial model, setting them in the broader context of the emerging trends in international criminal law. Through a detailed and unique analysis of the provisions of human rights law and underlying Iraqi procedural law, it criticizes the arguments made by some that assume the illegitimacy of the tribunal under established international norms. The article provides the most detailed explanation of the law of occupation as it emerged following World War II to conclude that the establishment of the Tribunal as an independent court, and its subsequent validation by sovereign Iraqi domestic authorities, was completely valid and proper. The overarching theme of the article is that the imposition of artificial standards and the complete revocation of the preexisting Iraqi judicial structures would have created a process deemed wholly illegitimate by the Iraqi people and judiciary that would have undermined the establishment of the rule of law in Iraq. The author’s personal interactions with the judges serve to support the conclusion that the Tribunal is capable of serving as the doorway through which the detailed body of international criminal law is introduced to the broader Arabic speaking world.

For the safety and cost reduction in the navigation, the automatic and intelligent system has been developed for the vessel, and the most important factor in the system is to decide the collision risk exactly. In this paper, we propose an advanced collision risk decision system for collision avoidance of the system. The conventional researches using DCPA and TCPA for calculating the collision risk have a problem to produce a same collision risk regardless of bearings for the ships, if they are located in the same distance from own ship. To solve this problem, in addition to DCPA and TCPA, we introduce the factor of VCD(variation of compass degree) and constant, CR which derived from COLREG'72(International Regulation for Preventing Collision at Sea, 1972) for evaluating the collision risk including even the burden of own ship navigator due to the encountering angle of each vessels. We decided the collision risk legally by the rule considering the relative situation of vessels. And therefore, the proposed system has two advantages, of which one is to produce more detail collision risk and another is to reflect the real underway situation in conformity with the rule.