동해 연안 식물플랑크톤의 계절별 분포 특성과 해양환경 요인과의 상호관계를 파악하기 위하여 2009년 2월, 5월, 8월 및 11월에 연안 18개 정점에 대해 조사하였다. 조사기간 중 출현한 식물플랑크톤은 규조강 37종, 와편모조강 22종, 유글레나조강 1종, 규질편모조강 3종 및 은편모조강 1종으로 나뉘었다. 현존량은 1.2×10³ -246.6×10³ cells/L(평균 24.8×10³ cells/L)의 분포 범위를 보였으며 5월에 가장 높았다. 주요 우점종은 Leptocylindrus danicus, Chaetoceros affinis, Pseudo-nitzschia pungens 및 Thalassionema nitzschioides 등이 출현하였다. 해양환경 요인과의 상관분석 결과 식물플랑크톤 현존량은 pH, 용존산소, 클로로필-a 및 부유물질과 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 규산규소와는 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 식물플랑크톤 우점종의 계절 변동은 등밀도선 상의 수온(T)-염분(S)도로 구분한 수괴 특성에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 5월은 수온, 8월은 염분 분포와 관계가 있었다. 현존량과 종조성을 바탕으로 다원척도 분석을 한 식물플랑크톤의 공간적인 분포는 경북 죽변과 울진을 기점으로 강원연안 그룹(Group A)과 경북연안 그룹(Group B)으로 나뉘어졌다.

Insect is an important player in the ecosystem as a prey for animals. Moreover, they are a valuable candidate food source for rearing animal. Tenebrio molitor (Coeloptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae are known as a good food source with high protein, unsaturated fatty acid, minerals. Therefore, it has strong potential to substitute the conventional meat consumption. To utilize T. molitor as a feed, the standard mass-rearing protocol is required. To make standard mass-rearing protocol, we tested different temperature(17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 and 30°C) conditions for egg, larvae, pupae and adult T. molitor to identify the optimal rearing condition. Hatching was occurred within 15~32.5°C range. However, 17.5~27.5°C was required to get more than 70 % hatching rete. When the eggs were treated in 22.5~27.5°C, all eggs were hatched within 10 days. As larval development, shorter developmental period, higher pupation and eclosion rates were observed within 25~27.5°C temperature range. In addition, we compared the number of egg, oviposition duration and time required to start egg-laying. The minimum egg-laying(258.40±10.86) was observed at 17.5°C, but the maximum(749.10±7.45) was at 27.5°C. The maximum oviposition duration (137.00±12.73 day (mean±S.D.)) was achieved at 27.5°C, but the minimum (87.50±3.54 day (mean±S.D.)) was at 30°C. The time required to start egg-laying was less than 10 days at 17.5, 27.5, and 30°C. To consider all the factors, we concluded that the optimal temperature is 27.5 °C.

PURPOSES : A finite difference model considering snow melting process on porous asphalt pavement was derived on the basis of heat transfer and mass transfer theories. The derived model can be applied to predict the region where black-ice develops, as well as to predict temperature profile of pavement systems where a de-icing system is installed. In addition, the model can be used to determined the minimum energy required to melt the ice formed on the pavement. METHODS : The snow on the porous asphalt pavement, whose porosity must be considered in thermal analysis, is divided into several layers such as dry snow layer, saturated snow layer, water+pavement surface, pavement surface, and sublayer. The mass balance and heat balance equations are derived to describe conductive, convective, radiative, and latent transfer of heat and mass in each layer. The finite differential method is used to implement the derived equations, boundary conditions, and the testing method to determine the thermal properties are suggested for each layer. RESULTS: The finite differential equations that describe the icing and deicing on pavements are derived, and we have presented them in our work. The framework to develop a temperature-forecasting model is successfully created. CONCLUSIONS : We conclude by successfully creating framework for the finite difference model based on the heat and mass transfer theories. To complete implementation, laboratory tests required to be performed.

We present our analysis results for an updated orbital ephemeris for the dipping low mass X-ray binary 4U 1624-49, using the light curve collected by the All Sky Monitor (ASM) on board the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) and the Monitor of All-Sky X-ray Image (MAXI). To make clear dip profiles, the light curve from the ASM and the MAXI were divided into ten 500d segments and four 400d segments for ASM and MAXI light curves, respectively, and folded with the linear ephemeris proposed by Smale et al. (2001). The phases of dip centers were determined by the method adopted from Hu et al. (2008). The phase drift was then fitted with a linear function. We obtained an updated orbital period of 0.869896(1) d and a phase zero epoch of JD 2450088.6618(57). No clear orbital period derivative is detected with a 2-sigma upper limit of 1.4 X 10-6(yr)-1 from a quadratic curve fitting of the dip phase evolution.

4U 1323-62, a low mass X-ray binary with an orbital period of 2.94 hr, exhibits periodic X-ray dips, which are due to absorption by the bulge of the outer accretion disk. The purpose of this study is to search for orbital period changes using archived X-ray data over a time span of 20 years. We present our preliminary results from analyzing light curves observed by RXTE, BeppoSAX, XMM-Newton and Suzaku. We used the method proposed by Hu et al. (2008) to estimate dip center time and adopted the Observed - Calculated method to measure changes in period. We obtained an orbital period of 2.941917(36) hr and a period derivative of _Porb=Porb = (-9.9 ± 3.5) X 10-7yr-1. The F-test result shows that the quadratic ephemeris is describes the evolution of the dip phases better than the linear ephemeris at a greater than 95% confidence level. More X-ray data collected from the early 80s will be included to further rfine the orbital ephemeris.

Stellar mass is an important parameter of galaxies. We estimate the dynamical mass of an elliptical galaxy by its velocity dispersion and effective radius using the Hernquist model in the framework of MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). MOND is an alternative theory to the dark matter paradigm. In MOND the dynamical mass is the same as the baryonic mass or luminous mass, and in elliptical galaxies most of the baryons reside in stars. We select elliptical galaxies between redshift 0.05 and 0.5 from the main galaxy sample and the luminous red galaxy sample in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We nd that the stellar mass-to-light ratio at different redshift epochs can be fitted by a gamma distribution, and its mean is smaller at smaller redshifts.

목 적: 본 연구의 목적은 3D 안경 또는 스마트 글라스와 같은 대량생산형 안경테의 착용감을 평가하는데 있어 EEG 측정의 유용성을 보이는 것이었다. 방 법: 무작위 순서로 2 종류의 대량생산형 안경테(안경테-A와 -B)를 착용하고 있는 동안 40명의 피검자의 뇌파 강도를 주파수에 따라 측정하였다. 2 종류의 안경테에 대해서 측정된 α파의 시간에 대하여 평균 한 상대강도를 서로 비교하였다. 결 과: 안경테 A의 시간에 대하여 평균한 α파의 상대강도가 안경테 B의 시간에 대하여 평균한 α파의 상대강도보다 통계적으로 유의하게 더 강한 것으로 나타났다. 결 론: 시간에 대하여 평균한 α파의 상대강도는 대량생산형 안경테의 착용감을 상대적으로 비교하는데 있어 객관적인 지표로 활용될 수 있다.

Using black hole masses which span 105-1010M⊙, the distribution of galaxies in the (host spheroid stellar mass)-(black hole mass) diagram is shown to be strongly bent. While the core-Sersic galaxies follow a near-linear relation, having a mean Mbh=Msph mass ratio of ~0.5%, the Sersic galaxies follow a near-quadratic relation. This is not due to offset pseudobulges, but is instead an expected result arising from the long-known bend in the Msph-σ relation and a log-linear Mbh-σ relation.

Classical novae (CNe) are interacting binary systems whose outbursts are powered by a thermonuclear runaway in accreted material onto the surface of a white dwarf (WD). The secondary star in such systems fills its Roche lobe and material is transferred onto the WD primary star via an accretion disk. Recurrent novae (RNe) show many similarities to CNe, but have had more than one recorded outburst. RNe play an important role as one of the suspected progenitor systems of Type Ia supernovae, which are used as primary distance indicators in cosmology. Thus, it is important to investigate the nature of their central binary systems to determine the relation between the parameters of the central system and the outburst type, and finally ascertain the population of novae that might be available to give rise to the progenitors of Type Ia SNe. A low outburst amplitude is adopted as a criterion that may help distinguish RNe from CNe and was therefore used to select targets for observations from ground-based observatories including the Liverpool Telescope and the Southern African Large Telescope as well as the full-sky space-based archive of the Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI). We found that at least four objects currently classified as CNe are possibly RNe candidates based on their quiescent spectra. We also searched the SMEI archive for additional outbursts of bright CNe that might otherwise have been missed but did not find a conclusive example.

Mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FMB1), ochratoxin A, T2 toxin, and zearalenone, are found in numerous vegetables. Mycotoxin accumulation in food and feed poses serious health risks to humans and animals because of carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and toxic properties. In addition, mycotoxins cause large economic losses in commercial crop production, food and feed processing, and animal husbandry worldwide. In this study, an analytical method for the simultaneous analysis of the levels of AFB1, DON, and FMB1 in cow blood with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated. AOZTM and Myco6in1TM multitoxin immunoaffinity columns and an OasisTM reversed-phase solid-phase extraction Hydrophilic-Lipophilic-Balanced columns were used to purify and concentrate the blood samples. Extracts that contained AFB1, DON, and FMB1 had average recovery of 64.0%, 98.0%, and 89.9%, respectively. In conclusion, we used LC-MS/MS to detect several important toxicological mycotoxins in cow blood. The multimycotoxin method, which detected and quantified the levels of AFB1, DON, and FMB1 can be used in animal pilot studies to monitor simultaneous exposure to major mycotoxins.

We present observational results characterizing molecular out ows from very low-mass objects in ρ Ophiuchi and Taurus. Our results provide us with important implications that clarify the formation process of very low-mass objects.

국내 육성 프리지아(Freesia)가 농가에 보급되고 시간이 지나면서 바이러스에 감염되거나 품질이 저하되는 문제가 발생하고 있다. 고품질을 유지하기 위해서는 생장점 배양을 통해 무병종구를 만들고 기내에서 급속 대량증식하여 농가에 보급하는 일이 시급하다. 본 연구에서는국내에서 육성된 프리지아 ‘Shiny Gold’와 ‘Gold Rich’의자구를 이용하여 효과적인 급속 대량증식 기술을 찾고자실험을 수행하였다. 배지는 MS기본배지에 호르몬을 첨가하지 않은 배지와 5.0mg•L−1 NAA+5.0mg•L−1 Kinetin를 넣은 호르몬배지 2종류를 이용하였다. 치상방법은 자구를 횡으로 절단한 절편체를 정상으로 치상(정상치상)한경우와 위아래를 거꾸로 치상(역위치상)하는 2가지 방법을 이용하였다. 치상한 절편체는 23oC의 암배양실에서 5주간 배양한 후, 광도 60µmol•m−2s−1 (16/8, 주/야)의 광환경으로 옮겨 주었다. 치상 10주째에 두 품종 모두 역위치상하였을 때, 정상치상에 비해 부정아 발생이 2~6배 정도 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 호르몬 유무에 상관없이 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 역위치상하고 19주 후 ‘ShinyGold’의 신초수는 기본배지에서 절편체당 42.7개로 정상치상에 비해 약 2.5배 증가되었고, 호르몬 첨가배지에서는 17.7개로 정상치상에 비해 약 7.1배 증가되었다. ‘GoldRich’를 역위치상 하였을 때, 기본배지에서는 신초수가 절편체당 55.4개로 대조구에 비해 약 1.7배 증가되었고, 호르몬 첨가배지에서는 61.0개로 대조구에 비해 약 2.4배증가되었다. 결론적으로 프리지아 자구를 기내에서 급속대량증식 하고자 할 때, 호르몬 유무와 상관없이 자구를횡으로 절단하여 역위치상 하는 방법이 효율적이라는 것을 알 수 있었다.

This study was designed to know the possibility in repeat uses of elite donor cows for getting mass production of OPU-derived embryo production (OPU-IVP). Ultrasound transvaginal ovum pick-up (OPU) performed in 6 Korean native cows was aged 4 to 10 years old. The aspiration of immature oocytes for OPU derived embryo was carried out 2 times per week, and OPU-IVP of 1st period was carried out 22∼48 sessions from each donors. And the break time for OPU-IVP of 2nd period after 1st OPU from each donors were 2∼25 months. The OPU-IVP of 2nd period each donors conducted total 15∼65 times for 2∼8 months by an ultrasonographic, was guided follicular aspiration system. The average numbers of collected oocytes, grade 1 + grade 2(G1+G2) oocytes and cleavage embryo from 1st period OPU-IVP were significantly differences between donors (p<0.05). Total collected oocytes of donor D were significantly higher compared with donors of A, B, C, E and F (average 17.0 per session vs. 11.2, 10.1, 8.5, 10.2 and 9.6; p<0.05) and also oocytes of G1+G2 were significantly higher compared with r A and D and subsequently to donors of B, C, E and F (average 7.9 and 8.5 per session vs. 5.0, 2.7, 6.0 and 1.6; p<0.05). Cleavage rate of donor D was significantly higher compared with donors of A, B, C, E and F (average 13.1 per session vs. 10.1, 9.1, 6.9, 8.9 and 6.7; p<0.05). The average numbers of OPU-IVP for 1st period was significantly higher from donors of B, D and E than those from donors of A, C and F (average 6.5, 7.1 and 6.5 per session vs. 3.5, 4.2 and 2.8; p<0.05). The possibility investigation of 2nd OPU-IVP was carried out after 2∼25 months rest periods from 1st period OPU session. Total average numbers of collected oocytes, cleavages and blastocyst development rates were significantly higher from 1st period OPU compared with 2nd period one (p<0.05). The OPU-IVP efficiency by break for more embryo production from elite cow was analysis comparing without rest of donor A, under 6 months rest period as B and over 6 months rest period as C and then the average numbers of collected oocytes, cleavages and blastocysts were significantly higher from A group (11.8, 9.5 and 5.2 per session) than those from B and C groups (7.9, 6.2 and 2.6 vs. 9.2, 7.5 and 3.9, p<0.05), and also C group was significantly higher than B group. In conclusion, 1st period OPU-IVP was more efficient compared with 2nd period repeated uses of donor, and the break times for additional production of embryo on donor were needed more than over 6 months after 1st period OPU-IVP. This repeating uses of elite donor cows given more emphasis for getting the opportunity on mass production of elite cow OPU-IVP embryo should be increased G1+G2 possibility of genetic improvement of livestock within short period.

The purpose of this research is to enhance sustainable outcomes as well as to understand the Chinese consumers’ needs by focusing on transformable design. In this study, mass customization and co-design were discussed. One-on-one interviews and online surveys were employed to capture both fashion experts’ and consumers’ opinions toward transformable design through customization.

Mass customization refers to a strategy whereby online retailers provide individually tailored products and services to their customers and has been implemented by many retailers with the Internet technology. Many luxury brands such as Bottega Venetta, Louis Vuitton, and Salvatore Ferragamo, provide customization programs to better serve their customers, from engraving their initials on a product to creating a new design of a product. However, the expansion of the customization program to the luxury brands raises potential risk, such as loosening the brand identity and inability to satisfy customers. Despite high interests in mass customization programs and popularity of luxury brands, the effect of mass customization in luxury brands has not been explored. Addressing this gap in the literature, this study attempts to investigate how customized products of luxury brands influence perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty. In addition, this study explores how consumers’ past loyalty toward a luxury brand influences perceived value of the customization. Hypotheses of the study were (1) Perceived value of a mass-customized product has a positive influence on satisfaction with product customization; (2) Satisfaction with product customization has a positive influence on brand loyalty; (3) The influences of perceived value of a mass-customized product on satisfaction and brand loyalty are different as a function of a customer’s past loyalty; (4) The influences of perceived value of a mass-customized product on satisfaction and brand loyalty are different as a function of a customer’s need for uniqueness. The research strategy of this study was survey methodology and the sample of the study was online shopping consumers. Online questionnaires were collected by an online survey firm. After visiting ‘BURBERRY BESPOKE’, a mass-customization program of a luxury brand, survey participants were asked to answer the questionnaire. The instrument tapped perceived value of a mass-customized product, satisfaction with product customization, past/future brand loyalty, and need for uniqueness. A total of 304 female online shoppers participated in the survey. The result of structural equation modeling found the positive effects of hedonic value and utilitarian value on satisfaction with product customization and the positive effect of the satisfaction on brand loyalty. The result of multiple group comparison analyses revealed the moderating roles of past loyalty and need for uniqueness in influencing the effects of perceived value of a mass-customized product on satisfaction. These findings of the study contribute to the literature in luxury brand retailing fields and suggested managerial implications to luxury brand retailers.