We present extra-tidal features of spatial configuration of stars around three metal-poor globular clusters (NGC 6266, NGC 6273, NGC 6681) located in the Galactic bulge. The wide-field photometric data were obtained in BVI bands with the MOSAIC II camera at CTIO 4 m Blanco telescope. The derived color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) contain stars in a total 71´×71´area including a cluster and its surrounding field outside of the tidal radius of the cluster. Applying statistical filtering technique, we minimized the field star contaminations on the obtained cluster CMDs and extracted the cluster members. On the spatial stellar density maps around the target clusters, we found overdensity features beyond the tidal radii of the clusters. We also found that the radial density profiles of the clusters show departures from the best-fit King model for their outer regions which support the overdensity patterns.

“모든 부는 불의한 부, 즉 불공평한 부라고 일컬어진다. 왜냐하면 그것 은 모든 이에게 공평하게 분배되지 않고, 한 사람에게는 부족하게, 다른 사 람에게는 필요 이상으로 풍부하게 분배되기 때문이다.” 토마스 아퀴나스의 신학대전에 나오는 이 인용문은 부의 불공평한 분배가 불의하다는 관념 을 뚜렷하게 표현하고 있다. 이것은“정의는 동등을 함축한다”는 명제로 요 약될 수 있는 토마스 정의론의 핵심적인 관념에 속한다. 이러한 특징을 가진 토마스의 정의론에 비추어 보면, 자본주의 사회에서 허용되어 온 심각한 수준의 경제적 불평등은 부정의를 내포하는 것으로 보 인다. 본고는 현대자본주의의 경제 질서가 양산해 온 불평등 문제를 재평 가할 수 있는 하나의 윤리적 준거점으로서 토마스 아퀴나스의 정의론을 고 찰하는 데 목적이 있다. 이러한 문제의식에 기초해서 본고는 토마스 아퀴나스의 신학대전에 나타난 정의론을 사적 소유권의 한계와 빈민의 권리에 초점을 맞추어 철저 한 원전 분석 방법을 사용하여 연구한다. 이 분석을 통해 다음과 같은 것 을 밝힌다. 토마스는 외적 사물의 관리와 분배에 있어서 효율성, 질서, 평 화를 이유로 사적 소유가 허용됨을 인정한다. 하지만 그는 외적 사물의 사용에 있어서는 공적 소유를 주장하며, 사적 소유권에 우선하는 자연법의 규정에 근거하여 사적 소유권의 한계를 분명히 한다. 즉 사적 소유권은 생 존에 필요한 것이 결핍된 빈민의 자기보존이라는 자연권에 종속되어야 한 다는 것이다. 이처럼 자연법에 토대를 둔 소유권 이해에 따라 토마스는 빈 민의 권리를 우선적으로 고려하여 부의 불평등 문제에 접근한다. 본고의 연구결과는 토마스의 정의론에 따른 소유권 이해가 무한한 재산 의 축적을 정의로운 것으로 본 현대 자본주의 정치경제학의 전제를 윤리적 으로 재평가할 수 있는 하나의 관점을 제공해 줄 수 있음을 보여준다.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of of transdermal testosterone gel (TTG) on controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) and IVF outcomes and ovarian morphology according to pretreatment duration in poor responders. A total of 120 women were recruited for this pilot study. They were randomized into control, 2 weeks, 3 weeks or 4 weeks TTG treatment groups. For three TTG treatment groups, 12.5 mg TTG was applied daily for 2 weeks, 3 weeks or 4 weeks in preceding period of study stimulation cycle. After 3 weeks of TTG pretreatment, significant increase of antral follicle count (AFC) and significant decreases of mean follicular diameter (MFD) and resistance index (RI) value of ovarian stromal artery were observed (p=0.026, p＜0.001, p＜0.01, respectively). The total dose of rhFSH administered for COS significantly decreased after 3 and 4 weeks TTG treatment both compared with control group (p＜0.001, p＜0.001). The numbers of oocytes retrieved and mature oocytes were significanty higher in 3 and 4 weeks TTG treatment groups than control group (p＜0.001, p＜0.001 in the number of oocytes retrieved; p＜0.001, p＜0.001 in the number of mature oocytes). The clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate were increased only in 4 weeks TTG treatment group compared with control group (p=0.030 and p=0.042, respectively). These data demonstrated that TTG pretreatment for 3 to 4 weeks increases AFC and ovarian stromal blood flow, thereby potentially improving the ovarian response to COS and IVF outcome in poor responders undergoing IVF/ICSI.

Purpose - The study aimed to evaluate the market opportunities and constraints confronting resource-poor pig farmers in South Africa. Research design, data, and methodology - Information was collected from 292 households in three municipalities through interviews with key informants. The data collected included socio- economic characteristics, major market channels, prices for different pig classes, average weight of the pigs on sale, number of pigs sold annually, and preferred meat quality attributes. Results - In Ngqushwa, 96% of respondents sold pigs as compared to Elundini (81%) and Ntabankulu (65%). Less resource- poor households and those with market-oriented production had large herdsizes (P < 0.05) when compared to more resource-poor farmers. The probability of selling pigs was high for the backyard production system and educated farmers. For all farmers, opportunities included high pork demand, good prices, employment creation, and a niche market for organically produced indigenous pork. Constraints include disease, feed shortages for large herds, distances to formal markets, lack of training, and drugs. Conclusions - Constraints outnumbered opportunities for the resource-poor pig farmers

The starting point of this work is to refute the argument of Peter Brown that the leadership of bishop as “lover of the poor” is not to confine the inspiration to within the Christian church and it would be considered from the social-political structure rather than ecclesiastical-monastic view. Brown insisted that Basileia, which was built for the relief of the poor by Basil, is a striking outcome of the great imperial endowment by which the church was granted its privileges in return for a fully, public commitment to the care of the poor. Even though the leadership of bishop as “the lover of the poor” is in part influenced by the socio-political structure, the religious and spiritual structure of human being is taking precedence over the socio-political structure of human being. Therefore, this work is to present how much as a bishop called “the lover of the poor,” Chrysostom was influenced by the monastic ideas. John Chrysostom, a deacon and presbyter from 381 to 397 in Antioch and a bishop from 398 to 404 in Constantinople, died in exile in 407. He spoke over eight hundred sermons, two hundred and forty two letters, and fourteen treaties on poverty, the rich and the poor and alms. He is called “the lover of the poor.” His understanding of above issues is greatly influenced by monasticism, because the monastic ideal is ‘the voluntary poverty.’ St. Antony died in Egypt in 365, and Pachomius died only a short time before Chrysostom was born. Therefore, definitely he was influenced by monastic ideal very strongly. Chysostom basically adopts the monastic ideals as his life model, and uses them as a basis for how he believes Christian ought to live in the city. The early years of the fourth century had already witnessed the popularity of the ascetic forms of Christianity in Palestine and Syria. In the second half of the fourth century, the manner of the lifestyle of the monks, both in Syria and in Antioch, was no longer unfamiliar. For Chrysostom monks are the models of Christian citizenship and monastery is the model for the city. His desire is to bring the monk’s way of life to the city. For Chrysostom, the monastery is the “city of virtue.” He wants to bring that virtue into the city, where the pursuit of glory prevails. In fact, glory is a key motivator for maintaining the city in an ancient society. Chrysostom challenges the vainglory pursued by so many, through his frequent preaching. In late antiquity, the dignity of the city was measured by the greatness of the city, represented by the Orchestra, the Hippodrome, gym and theatre of a city. He argues that the most important factor for maintaining the city is humility. While Chrysostom takes his ideal for the Christian life and for society from the norms of monasticism, his attempts to implement his ideal in reality represent in almsgiving to overcome the gap between the rich and the poor. He defines wealth itself as neutral. He focused on the function of wealth as utility, consequently he encouraged people to give alms. Therefore, he is called “the lover of the poor.”

자운영답 입모부족시 생초량 증진방법을 구명하고자 실시한 시험결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 3월초에 Sethoxydim 유제로 둑새풀을 일찍 방제시 방제가가 84%로 높았으나 처리시기가 늦을 수록 방제효과는 낮았다. 2. 둑새풀 방제후(처리 76일 후) 자운영 입모수는 처리전과 비슷하였고 가을철 재입모수도 처리전에 비해 2.2~2.6 배가 증가 하였으나 무처리는 둑새풀과 경합에 의해 자운영 입모수가 감소하였다. 3. 둑새풀 방제후 자운영 건물중은 자운영 피복도가 20%일때 63%, 50% 피복도일 때 164%가 증가하였고 질소함량으로는 12.3 kg, 16.4 kg/10a으로 표준질소시비량 9 kg/10a 보다 높았다. 4. 둑새풀 방제에 따른 쌀 수량은 기계이앙 및 부분경운 이앙 모두 무방제와 비슷하였다.

The tithe system which the Urgemeinde did not know, has returned to the church with the Judaising trends. The early church was convinced that it would correspond with the spirit of the gospel, to use the tithe for the purpose of charity. The church depended on the voluntary donations; but in the sixth century, in Meroving dynasty the tithe was referred to for the first time in a synodal letter, and thence force it has begun to have the obligatory character. In the Caroling Dynasty the bishops asked the secular power to chastise those who refused to pay the tithes. At last Charlemagne proclaimed a capitulary, which made the payment of the tithes an obligation. He chastised the refusers as violators of the imperial order. In this way the tithe which men introduced originally as voluntary donation, changed into a sort of religious tax. Also the rule concerning the 1/4 portion for the poor which the Roman popes had stipulated, has lost its meaning. The purpose of tithes collection for the charity has been forgotten; the tithes has been collected only for the salary of the clergy. In the Frankish empire which was neither a industrial state nor a welfare state, the worst victims of the wars, the plagues and the natural catastrophes were the common people. They who were freemen nominally, have lost their scanty possessions for several reasons and erred on the streets. Although the church and the monastery tried to provide the costs for the charity from the tithes and other incomes and the synods tried to reform the charity system, the charity activities were encountered with their limits for several reasons. The rulers like Charlemage and Louis the Pious were interested for the problem of the poor; it could be relieved with the public funds, but could not be solved basically. The charity was the only help for the poor of the early Middle Age, and they were waiting for the charity.

본 연구는 대상자의 수가 적고 연구기간이 짧아 연구결과를 일반화시키기에 제한점이 있으나 원예치료 프로그램이 저 소득층 결손가정의 아동에게 자아존중감에 미치는 영향을 검증한 결과 긍정적인 방향으로 유의한 방향을 나타내었다. 이는 아동에게 흥미와 오감을 자극하는 창작활동에 몰두시켜서 자긍심을 가질 수 있도록 프로그램을 진행하였다고 본다. 따라서 특수한 환경에 있는 저 소득층 결손가정 아동의 건강한 인성발달을 위하여 다양한 원예치료 프로그램 개발이 필요하다고 사료된다.

본 연구는 대상자의 수가 적고 연구기간이 짧아 연구결과를 일반화시키기에 제한점이 있으나 원예치료 프로그램이 저 소득층 결손가정의 아동에게 자아존중감에 미치는 영향을 검증한 결과 긍정적인 방향으로 유의한 방향을 나타내었다. 이는 아동에게 흥미와 오감을 자극하는 창작활동에 몰두시켜서 자긍심을 가질 수 있도록 프로그램을 진행하였다고 본다. 따라서 특수한 환경에 있는 저 소득층 결손가정 아동의 건강한 인성발달을 위하여 다양한 원예치료 프로그램 개발이 필요하다고 사료된다.

철근콘크리트 구조물에서 배근상태에 따라서는 다짐불량에 의한 재료분리 및 골재폐쇄현상이 발생하여 채움이 제대로 되지 않는 경우가 발생할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 그 영향을 충분히 고려하지 않고 있는 재료분리에 따른 중립축이하 인장부 콘크리트가 보부재 거동에 미치는 영향 파악을 위한 실험을 수행하여, 보부재의 인장 철근영역 콘크리트의 유효성 파악을 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 실험결과 인장철근영역 콘크리트의 재료분리에 따른 거동은 부재항복강도에는 미치는 영향이 없으나, 부재 휨연성, 전단저항능력을 저하시키는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 원예치료가 빈곤가정 아동의 인성변화에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보고자 실시하였다. 그리고 원예치료에 의한 인성변화 결과를 결손가정과 양부모가정 아동 중심으로 비교분석 하였다. 대상자는 경상북도 영천에 위치한 영구임대주택 내 복지관 공부방을 이용하는 빈곤가정아동 14명으로 2005년 3월부터 2005년 7월까지 주 1회 총 21회 원예치료프로그램을 실시하였다. 대상자 전체 다차원인성검사 평가 결과 원예치료 실시 후 일반성격척도 영역에서 사회성과 개방성이 크게 향상되었으며 생활적응척도 영역에서는 학교생활 만족도, 학교공부 만족도, 스트레스 청정도, 일탈행동 통제력이 크게 향상이 되었다. 이들 빈곤가정아동 중 결손가정아동은 원예치료 실시 후 개방성과 학교공부 만족도가 향상되었으며 양부모 가정아동은 학교생활만족도, 학교공부만족도, 가정생활만족도, 일탈행동 통제력이 크게 향상되었다. 원예치료평가표 결과 결손가정아동과 양부모가정아동 모두 정서발달과 사회성 발달이 원예치료 실시 중반기까지 두드러진 변화는 없었으나 후반기로 갈수록 점수가 크게 향상되었다.

본 연구는 원예치료 프로그램이 빈곤결손가정 아동의 자아개념과 학습능력에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보고자 실시하였다. 대상자는 경상북도 영천시 야사동 야사종합복지관 내 공부방을 이용하고 있는 빈곤결손가정 아동 9명으로 200년 3월2일부터 2005년 7월 27일까지 주 1회에 걸쳐 원예치료 프로그램을 실시하였다. 대상자 전체의 자아개념 검사지 평가 결과 원예치료 실시 후 사회적 자아와 정서적 자아가 크게 향상되었다. 그리고 학습능력 검사 결과 학습활동 영역에서 기억력과 집중력이 크게 향상되었으며 학습능력 영역에서는 추리력과 수리력이 크게 향상되었다. 문장완성 검사 결과 자아개념 검사에서 볼 수 없었던 학업에 대한 자신감과 또래 친구와의 관개개선을 문장으로 확인할 수 있었다

To research the cause of the low and the poor visibility phenomena of Kimhae international airport statistically, we analyzed the field routine data for the last five years from 1985 to 1989. The poor visibilities below l㎞, 3㎞, and 5㎞ usually occurred at about 6 o`clock in the morning under the condition of calm or light wind from south to southwest direction, and lasted for from 1 to 3 hours. They were caused by the radiative cooling and the inflow of moisture from the South Sea. The frequency of the low visibility(below 9㎞) recorded 48.1% a year. And the low visibility below 8㎞ with relative humidity below 70% often occurred in the case of southeast, southwest, and northwest wind. And it reveals a peak at 11:00 a.m.. It is supposed to be caused by the pollutants flowing from the neighbouring industrial complex, Sasang, Jangnim and by the photochemical reaction. And, when the industrial complex is built in Sinho, Myongji, Noksan located southwest, and Changyu area located northwest direction from Kimhae international airport, the visibility and the air pollution may become worse and worse by the increased pollutants.

The writer has attempted in the present article first to investiqate whether shipping industry is poor countries' business more favourable to them, compared to wealthy nations in terms of comparative cost of operation and to analyse how can developing conntries afford to maintain a modern fleet; secondly to examine the economic aspect of the situation created by the UNCTAD V held in May this year, at which passed a resolution demanding "the right of all countries to an equitable participation in the carriage of cargoes generated by their own trade"; and thirdly to adduce conclusions. The article contains six chapters; chapter I is the introduction on the subject under examination; chapter II provides background information on the structure of the industry and of the operating cost of ship; chapter III addresses itself to the legal backgrounds of ensuring free transfer of resources among nations and free competition of shipping; chapter IV deals with the recent development of shipping nationalism of developing countries at the UNCTAD; chapter V discusses division of labour in shipping and in particular the survival mechanism of high-cost countries; and chapter Ⅵ sets forth conclusion.onclusion.