이 연구는 우리나라의 공공조달에 있어 하도급에 관한 부당·위법한 행태들을 개선해야할 필요성에 따라 EU의 정부조달법제 속에서 하도급 공정화에 관한 규정과 그 제도적 의의가 어떤 것이 있는지를 살펴 우리 법제도의 문제점을 개선하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위해 서언에서는 우리 나라 정부조달에 관한 의의와 그에 비례하여 자주 발생하는 하도급 불공 정의 실태를 살피고, 연구의 기본 방향을 개관하였다. Chapter II에서는 EU 정부조달법상 기본원리와 전체 EU 차원의 체계를 살피고, EU 정부 조달규정과 WTO 하의 GPA와의 관계를 개관하였다. Chapter III에서는 EU 정부조달법의 세 기둥이 되는 2004/18/EG, 2004/17/EG 그리고 이 들의 권리구제에 관한 지침(2007/66/EG)의 내용을 살펴보았다. Chapter IV에서는 이들 세 개의 지침상 하도급으로 인한 위법·부당한 문제를 해결하기 위한 법제도적 내용들을 분석하고, 마지막 Chapter에서 는 각 Chapter의 핵심을 요약하였다. 이 연구를 통해 제시한 주요 내용 은 Chapter IV에서 제시되었는데, 첫째 EU법에서는 공적인 손(공공발주 자)이 낙찰자와 하도급자 간의 사법적 하도급 법률관계에 개입하여 양자 간의 불공정 관계를 예방 내지 시정한다는 점이다. 둘째, 낙찰자가 하도 급을 할 의도가 있는 경우, 공공발주자와 체결하는 계약서에 하도급의 비율을 명기하고, 그 이외 부분에 대해서는 낙찰자가 직접시공하는 방식 을 취한다는 것이다.

본 연구는 비고전 감쇠를 가지는 구조물, 모드가 매우 인접되어 있는 구조물의 모드를 분리하기 위하여 제안된 최적화 상태 공간 모드분리법의 검증을 목적으로 하고 있다. 실구조물에 대한 모드분리의 가능성 및 적용성을 위하여 40층 규모의 건물에 동조질 량감쇠기가 설치된 시스템을 대상으로 하였으며 그로부터 계측된 응답에 모드분리법을 적용하였다. 모드분리 결과를 보면, 해당 모드 에서의 에너지 집중을 목적함수로 설정한 경우에는 이웃한 인접모드의 고유진동수 부근에서 파워스펙트럼 값을 인위적으로 작게하여 왜곡하는 경향이 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 왜곡현상을 방지하기 위해 도입된 구속조건과 이를 이용한 목적함수의 설 정을 통해서 인접한 모드가 효과적으로 분리 가능함을 확인 할 수 있었다.

大学の日本語教育は、政府からの一定した基準を設けている中․高校 とは違って大学別に行われている。これは、大学ならではの教育ができ るという長所もあれば一定した体裁をなしていない授業も有りうるとい う短所もある。 大学の日本語教育に関する先行研究では教材の分析が多かったと言え るが、本稿ではK大学の日本語教材に載っている文法項目や文型などを調 査するとともに科目間の連係性という面から大学の日本語教育の在り方 について論じたものである。 大学ごとに日本語授業の講座数、担当者数などのやり方は様々である。 このような理由で本研究はK大学に限ったことになるかもしれないが、今 後、多くの大学における日本語教育に関する調査・研究が行われ、大学に おける望ましい日本語教育法が体系化されることを期待する。　

본 연구에서는 농업 분야 유용미생물 자원의 국가적 확보 현황을 파악하기 위해 이들의 생물분류학적 정보를 수집하였으며 이들에 대해 생물 종 다양성 지수를 도입하여 평가하였다. 대표적인 생물다양성 평가방법인 Margalef’s richness 및 Mehinick’s index를 각각 적용한 경우 세균은 각각 8.537, 3.546, 진균은 각각 3.349, 2.167의 값을 나타내었다. 높은 수준의 다양성을 가지고 연구·개발되고 있는 이들 농업 분야 유용미생물 및 농산물의 수확 후 선도저하를 유발한다고 보고된 주요 미생물들의 분류학적 위치를 비교하였을 때 일부 미생물이 유사한 분류학적 위치를 보이는 것이 확인되었다. 따라서 친환경 농업 분야 유용미생물의 연구개발 및 작물 내생 미생물에 관한 연구 등 농업 분야 미생물에 대한 전반 적인 연구현황을 고찰하여 농산물의 수확 후 선도관리를 위한 보완책을 제시하고자 하였다.

본 연구의 목적은 컬러명상 프로그램이 중년여성의 기분상태 변화에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 연구 참가자는 중년여성들 중 컬러명상 프로그램에 참여하기를 희망하는 45명 표집하여 실험집단 15명, 비교집단 15명, 통제집단 15명으로 배치하였다. 실험집단에 실시한 컬러명상 프로그램은 총 9회기로, 1주에 3회씩 3주에 걸쳐 실시되었고, 각 회기는 60-70분가량으로 진행하였다. 비교집단에 실시한 블루 컬러명상 프로그램은 총 9회기로, 1주에 3회씩 3주에 걸쳐 실시되었고, 각 회기는 60-70분가량으로 진행하였다. 통제집단에는 아무런 처치도 하지 않았다. 본 연구에서 컬러명상 프로그램 실시 전과 후의 기분상태의 변화를 측정하기 위하여 기분상태검사지(POMS: profile of mood states)를 사용하였다. 기분상태 변인의 사후검사 점수의 세 집단 간 비교에서 사전검사 점수를 공변인으로 하는 공변량 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 컬러명상 프로그램이 중년여성들의 기분상태의 전반적인 변화에 가장 긍정적인 효과가 있었고, 집단 간 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 기분상태 하위요인별로 살펴보면, 긴장, 우울, 분노, 피로요인에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 그러나 활력, 혼란요인에서는 컬러명상 프로그램을 실시한 집단의 사전-사후검사 변화량이 가장 높게 나타났지만 집단 간에 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 컬러명상 프로그램이 전반적인 기분상태 변화에 효과가 있음을 시사한다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점 및 후속 연구를 위한 제안사항을 논의하였다.

Since the end of the World War II, welfare states had enjoyed golden age for about 30 years before facing stagnation and crises during the 1980s and 1990s. Seeing this, many proponents for convergence including advocates for globalization went wild as if welfare states were facing their end, but in reality they were not. This is because welfare states were empirically proven to be still strong as the 2000s started. As a result, arguments saying welfare states are not declining but are restructuring started to gain credence. In addition, new theories about welfare states supporting these arguments began to draw attention. These theories criticized ‘convergence statement’ saying neo-liberal globalization would bring about reduction of welfare states worldwide, and at the same time, highlighted that in each country there existed various factors preventing reduction of welfare states. That is, this signaled the emergence of welfare states theories that could be categorized as proponents of divergence. Among them, partisan politics approach, institutionalist approach (new institutionalism), the VoC (Varieties of Capitalism) approach are representative theories that support ‘divergence in welfare states.’ Focusing on these three theories, this study will look at the trend in the latest welfare state theories and, through this, will see where the theoretical horizon of study on welfare states has reached. Given that welfare states are ever changing social organisms, it is necessary to see in what conditions these welfare states currently are and what changes in them are expected in the future.

우리나라는 기술혁신을 통한 글로벌 기술경쟁력 제고를 위해 연구개발(R&D) 에 대한 투자를 꾸준히 증대시켜왔다. 우리나라의 GDP 대비 연구개발투자 비중은 4.15%로 세계 1위 수준이며, 4년 연속 무역규모 1조 달러를 달성하였다. 그러나 이와 같은 노력에도 불구하고 국가 간 기술경쟁력을 가늠하는 중요한 척도인 기술무역수지는 OECD 국가들 가 운데 최하위 수준이며 만성적인 적자를 기록하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 우리나라의 기술무역수지 개선방안을 강구하기 위한 연구를 수행하고자 하 였다. 먼저, 기술무역에 대한 개념과 현황을 파악하였으며, 기술무역과 상품무역 간 비교를 통해 기술무역의 중요성을 검토하였다. 그동안 기술무역 관련 연구가 일부 수행되었지만, 기술무역에 있어 가장 중요한 역할을 담당하는 기업의 입장에서 기술무역에 대한 인식을 파악 하기 위한 연구는 제대로 수행되지 못하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기술무역 실적 보유 기업 과 미보유 기업을 구분하고 기업의 실제적인 인식 및 실태를 파악하기 위한 설문조사를 수행 하였다. 설문조사 결과, 기술무역 실적 보유기업과 미보유 기업 간에는 최고의사결정권자의 인지 도 측면에서 큰 차이를 보였으며, 기술무역 전담부서와 전담직원의 부족이 매우 심각함을 파 악할 수 있었다. 또한 기술무역 관련 교육의 필요성을 절실히 느끼고 있음에도 불구하고 이 에 대한 교육 이수 경험은 불과 10%에도 미치지 못하는 것으로 조사되었다. 아울러 본 연구에서는 선행연구에 대한 심도 있는 고찰 및 산업계 실태조사 등을 토대로 기술무역 통계조사 방법론 개선, 사회적 인식 제고, 기술수출 활동 유인을 위한 정부의 정책 적 지원, 기술무역 관련 인프라 구축 및 전문인력 양성을 위한 교육과정 개설 등의 개선방안 을 제시하였다.

Super alloys, which can be divided into three categories, i.e. Ni-base, Co-base, and Fe-base alloys, are widely used for high temperature applications. Since superalloys contain many alloying elements and precipitates, their chemistry and processing parameters need to be carefully designed. In this study, we designed a new Ni alloy to prevent corrosion due to water vapor and gases at high temperatures. The new alloy was designed using the theoretical value of the resulting energy electronic state calculation(DV-Xα method). The components that were finally used were Cr, Mo, and Ti, with Ni as a base. For these alloys, elements were selected in order to compare their values with that of the average theoretical basis for an Inconel 625 alloy. Finally, two kinds of Ni alloy were designed: Ni-28Cr-4Mo-2Ti and Ni-20Cr-10Mo-1Ti.

MgB2 bulk superconductors are synthesized by the solid state reaction of (MgB4+xMg) precursors withexcessive Mg compositions (x=1.0, 1.4, 2.0 and 2.4). The MgB4 precursors are synthesized using (Mg+B) powders. Thesecondary phases (MgB4 and MgO) present in the synthesized MgB4 are removed by HNO3 leaching. It is found thatthe formation reaction of MgB2 is accelerated when Mg excessive compositions are used. The magnetization curves ofMg1+xB2 samples show that the transition from the normal state to the superconducting state of the Mg excessive sam-ples with x=0.5 and x=0.7 are sharper than that of MgB2. The highest Jc-B curve at 5 K and 20 K is achieved forx=0.5. Further addition of Mg decreases the Jc owing to the formation of more pores in the MgB2 matrix and smallervolume fraction of MgB2.

The objectives of this study were to determine trophic sate of agricultural reservoirs within the four major watersheds and evaluate the ecosystem health using the multi- metric fish modeling approach of Lentic Ecosystem Health Assessments (LEHAs). Agricultural reservoirs, based on Trophic State Index (TSI) ranged from mesotrophic to hypertrophic depending on the intensity of Asian monsoon. Regression analysis of N:P ratios showed a negative linear function (R2 = 0.698, p < 0.0001) with TP values, but not with TN (p = 0.939). The plots of "TSI (CHL) - TSI (TP)" and "TSI (CHL) - TSI (SD)" suggest that other factors other than phosphorus limited algal biomass (CHL - TP < 0), and that non-algal particles dominated light attenuation (CHL - SD < 0). Regression model of fish trophic component against TP showed that the proportion of omnivore (OM) and insectivore fish (IS) had a positive (R2 = 0.679, p < 0.01) and negative linear function (R2 = 0.403, p < 0.05) with TP, respectively. Values of multi-metric LEHAs model averaged 26 6.5, indicating a "Fair" conditions. Overall, the ecosystem health was directly influenced by organic matter pollution and high algal production.

1. Brunei의 국토면적은 5,765 km2, 인구가 406,200명으로작은 국가이다. 그러나 1인당 GDP가 38,916$로 국민소득이높은 수출 위주의 국가로 쌀을 포함한 주식 식료품의 80% 정도를 수입에 의존하고 있다. 2. 브루나이의 기온은 년간 25 ~ 30oC로 일정하고, 연평균강우량은 2,873.9 mm의 열대성 기후로 기상 환경은 벼 재배에 비교적 좋은 조건이다. 전체 농지면적은 7,193 ha 정도인데목축업이 2,764 ha 작물이 4,429 ha이다. 농산업에 종사하는 농가 및 기업은 전체 5,475로 그중 4,369 농가가 농업에 종사하고, 농업인은 축산이 2,607명, 작물이 9,540명, 농가공업이1,740명이다. 3. 브루나이의 벼 재배면적은 1,109h a이고, 쌀 수량성은1.48MT/ha로 매우 낮은 편이다. 국내 전체 쌀 생산량은1,237톤 인데 비해 전체 쌀 소비량 34,074톤으고, 1인당 쌀소비량은 약 84.5 kg으로 비교적 많이 소비하는 편으로 자급율은 3.6%로 매우 낮은 실정이다. 쌀 가격은 국내산 쌀 가격이 수입쌀 가격보다 매우 비싸다. 4. 브루나이 쌀 생산 환경 중에서 온도, 강우량 등은 벼 재배에 적합한 조건이지만 전반적으로 생산기반 정비가 낙후되어 쌀 생산성이 낮아 정부에서는 2008년부터 쌀 증산 사업을국가 주요 시책으로 3%에 불과한 쌀 자급율을 60%로 향상시킨다는 목표를 설정하고 중?단기 계획을 세워 정책을 추진 중이지만 국내산 쌀 자급율은 5% 이내로 매우 저조한 편이다.

본 연구는 한국 뮤지컬의 시장현황을 살펴보고, 변화양상에 따른 특징을 추출해 내어 발전방안을 연구하고자 한다. 그동안 ‘전욕극장의 건립’, ‘지자체 공연장 활성화’ 등 하드웨어의 비약적인 발전으로 뮤지컬 시장은 2014년 기준 연간 3천억 원 이상의 규모로 성장하게 되었다. 이러한 시장변화 가운데 해외 시장 진출이 두각을 나타내면서 한국 뮤지컬 시장의 범위 확대에 대한 분석을 필요로 하는 시점에 이르렀다. 연구방법으로는 2008년부터 2013년까지 6년간 전체 뮤지컬 시장의 매출 규모를 추정하여 분석하였으며, 특히 가장 많은 변화를 보여 준 2011년부터 2013년까지 3년간의 뮤지컬 시장의 주요 이슈와 성장을 이끈 변화요인을 중점적으로 분석하였다. 시장현황의 정량적 조사에 대한 비교 분석으로 공연 전문가 그룹 10인의 포커스 인터뷰를 통한 정성적 조사를 병행해 한국 뮤지컬 시장현황에 대한 진단, 시장 확대를 위한 해외진출의 제언, 향후 뮤지컬 시장의 발전과 전망 등에 대해 집중적으로 듣고 세부 항목별로 분류해 보았다. 본 논문은 2013년 이후 성장세가 둔화되고 있는 한국 뮤지컬 시장의 한계를 인지하고 그 대안을 제시하고자 하며, 해외로의 시장 확대와 더불어 해외 유입 관객까지도 끌어들일 수 있다면 뮤지컬 산업화는 가속화할 것으로 내다본다.

In order to evaluate the pollution of heavy metals in offshore surface sediments around shipyards in Korea, surface sediment samples were collected at eleven stations around four major shipyards located in the southeastern coast of Korea in summer 2010 and nine kinds of heavy metals such as copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb), chrome(Cr), arsenic(As), mercury(Hg), iron(Fe) and aluminum(Al) in sediments were analyzed. The concentrations of Cu at all sampling stations were in the range of 47.10 ~ 414.96 mg/kg and exceeded TEL(Threshold Effects Level) 20.6 mg-Cu/kg of Korean marine environmental standards for offshore sediments and ERL(Effect Range-Low) 34.0 mg-Cu/kg . The concentrations of Cu at seven stations around four shipyards were 65.18 ~ 414.96 mg/kg and exceeded PEL(Probable Effects Level) 64.4 mg-Cu/kg of Korean marine environmental standards for offshore sediments. The concentration of Cu at one station around B-shipyard was 414.96 mg/kg and exceeded ERM(Effect Range-Median) 270.0 mg-Cu/kg . The concentrations of Zn at all stations were in the range of 135.09 ~ 388.79 mg/kg which exceeded ERL 150.0 mg-Zn/kg . The concentrations of Zn at seven stations around four shipyards were 157.57 ~ 388.79 mg/kg and exceeded PEL 157.0 mg-Zn/kg . The concentration of Zn at one station around B-shipyard was 388.79 mg/kg and was approaching ERM 410.0 mg-Zn/kg . The concentrations of Cd at all stations were in the range of 0.11 ~ 0.54 mg/kg and were below TEL 0.75 mg-Cd/kg and ERL 1.2 mg-Cd/kg . The concentrations of Pb at all stations were in the range of 18.04 ~ 105.62 mg/kg . The concentrations of Pb at two stations around B-shipyard were 73.87 ~ 105.62 mg/kg which exceeded TEL 44.0 mg-Pb/kg and ERL 46.7 mg-Pb/kg , and were below PEL 119.0 mg-Pb/kg and ERM 218.0 mg-Pb/kg . The concentrations of Cr at all stations were in the range of 51.26 ~ 85.39 mg/kg. The concentration of Cr at one station around B-shipyard was 85.39 mg/kg and exceeded ERL 81.0 mg-Cr/kg . The concentrations of As at all stations were in the range of 8.70 ~ 22.15 mg/kg which exceeded ERL 8.2 mg-As/kg and were below ERM 70.0 mg-As/kg . The concentrations of As at eight stations around A-shipyard, B-shipyard and D-shipyard were 14.93 ~ 22.15 mg/kg which exceeded TEL 14.5 mg-As/kg and were below PEL 75.5 mg-As/kg . The concentrations of Hg at all stations were in the range of 0.02 ~ 0.35 mg/kg. The concentrations of Hg at three stations around A-shipyard were 0.11 ~ 0.13 mg/kg which were almost equal to TEL 0.11 mg-Hg/kg . Those at two stations around B-shipyard were 0.27 ~ 0.35 mg/kg which exceeded TEL 0.11 mg-Hg/kg and ERL 0.15 mg-Hg/kg, and were below PEL 0.62 mg-Hg/kg and ERM 0.71 mg-Hg/kg. The concentrations of Fe and Al at all stations were in the range of 2.90 ~ 3.66 % and 3.12 ~ 6.80 %, respectively. These results imply that heavy metals such as copper, zinc, lead, arsenic and mercury were likely to be transferred to marine environment from shipyards, especially from B-shipyard.

Introduction The growth of the luxury goods market has seen an increased level of interest in the topic from both practitioners and academic researchers. The luxury market consists of a number of diverse categories (e.g., luxury clothing, cars, wines, jewelry, vacations) and is considerable in size, reaching €865 billion (over 1 trillion U.S. dollars) in 2014 (D’Arpizio 2014). While the topic of luxury brand marketing historically received only limited attention in the academic literature (Berthon, et al., 2009; Miller and Mills, 2012a) recent years have seen a growth of studies on the marketing of luxury products, including both goods and services). As the last half-decade has seen especially accelerated attention given to the topic, the time is right to examine the body of the overall literature on luxury brand. With the need for consolidation of findings in mind, this paper conducts a literature review of studies of luxury branding that is designed to contribute to the literature on luxury branding in multiple ways. First, the study is designed to provide guidance for researchers on luxury brands as to the definition and measurement of a “luxury brand.” While a number of studies have attempted to define the term, no single widely accepted definition of luxury brand exists and multiple measurement schemes have been put forward. This paper will review key definitions and measurement scales in an effort to help guide future researchers. A second intended contribution is to identify the most influential theories that have been used to help understand whether/why consumer behavior towards luxury brands differs from that towards other brands. A third intended contribution is to outline major sub-areas of research on luxury brands and identify key themes in the findings within these areas in order to summarize the state of knowledge of luxury brand marketing. These areas are: 1) consumer motivation for consuming luxury brands; 2) segmentation strategies for luxury brands; 3) international considerations; and 4) the role of social media in the marketing luxury brands. In conjunction with this goal we summarize how luxury brand marketing has been found to differ from the marketing of other types of brands. In other words, we identify what principles appear to be unique to luxury brand marketing. Finally, the study is designed to contribute to the literature by identifying areas especially in need of additional research in order to move this body of literature forward. Defining “Luxury Brand” Unfortunately for researchers, there is not a widely accepted definition of luxury brand. For example, the American Marketing Association’s dictionary of terms does not contain a definition of “luxury,” “luxury brand,” or “luxury marketing.” Yet, several scholars have attempted to define what constitutes a luxury brand. Prior research is characterized by, “…a lack of clarity regarding a definition, operationalization, and measurement of brand luxury” (Miller and Mills 2010, p.1471). This observation is consistent with previous calls by researchers for a more precise definition of luxury goods marketing (e.g., Berthon, et al., 2009). It has further claimed that the definition and measurement of luxury has been highly subjective (Godey et al., 2009). To the extent that it is true that definitions of luxury have been subjective, this is based on what individual researchers have put forward, as opposed to luxury being an inherently subjective construct. Thus, it is possible and desirable to define what a luxury brand is and measure the degree to which a given brand is a luxury brand. Fortunately, some researchers have made attempts to define luxury. The Miller and Mills (2012a) paper focused on fashion brands and also intentionally included several characterizations of luxury that were not designed to be formal definitions. Thus, it is not directly applicable to our purpose here, which is to identify key usable definitions of luxury brand that are generally applicable. For our purposes, a definition of a luxury brand should meet three key criteria in order to be considered viable definition. First, it should be based on a sound conceptual foundation, as is characteristic of academic definitions in general. Thus, we list here only those definitions that are logically derived from previously articulated and supported concepts. Second, the definition must be broadly applicable to luxury brands in general, and not just a subset such as only products or services, or one type of product category (e.g., fashion goods or automobiles). Finally, the theoretical definition should be capable of being operationalized in a way that allows the construct to be measured. Further, if the definition is multidimensional, it must be possible to measure all of the dimensions. We assembled a collection of definitions that meet these criteria that is displayed in table form. The literature largely defines luxury brands based on consumer perceptions (Heine 2012, Hagtvedt and Patrick 2009), managerially determined dimensions such as marketing activities and product attributes (Keller 2009, Nueno and Quelch 1998), or a combination of both (Vigneron and Johnson 2004, Berthon et al. 2009, Tynan et. al 2010, Vickers and Renand 2003). Some dimensions are present in multiple definitions such high quality (Keller 2009, Heine 2012, Dubois et al. 2001, Tynan et. al 2001, Vigneron and Johnson 2004, Nueno and Quelch 1998) rarity (Tynan et al. 2001, Heine 2012,Vigneron and Johnson 2004, Nueno and Quelch 1998), premium pricing (Keller 2009, Tynan 2010, Heine 2012, Nueno and Quelch 1998), and a high level of aesthetics (Keller 2009, Dubois et al. 2001, Heine 2012). Though the authors of many of these definitions present some explanation of the dimensions underlying the brand luxury definition, further clarification on how these dimensions should best be measured would make any definition of brand luxury more useful. Without methods to clearly measure brand luxury there exists a cacophony of definitions, all with their own grouping of necessary dimensions that lack true clarity or empirical backing. Measurement Scales for Brand Luxury Essential to a better understanding of luxury brands is availability of reliable and valid scales to measure the level of luxury a brand possesses and consumer perceptions of luxury value. There are a variety of reasons why widely accepted scale(s) for measuring luxury are necessary. First, as is evident from the numerous definitions of brand luxury, there exists considerable disagreement on what makes a luxury brand; making objective measurement necessary to clarify potential inconsistencies. Another important consideration in developing scales to measure luxury stems from the reality that amongst consumers and researchers it is acknowledged that not all luxury brands are equally luxurious (Vigneron and Johnson 2004). This suggests that it may be useful to view a brand’s relative luxury as existing on a continuum opposite another construct rather than as an absolute demarcation. The schemes developed thus far are presented with particular focus on those, which are most promising. While there is no generally accepted scale for measuring luxury, the scales that have drawn the most interest for measuring brand luxury appear to be Vigneron and Johnson’s (2004) BLI, and Dubois’ (2001) 33 item scale. Weidemann et al.’s (2009) scale also appears to warrant additional attention, while Miller and Miller and Mills’ (2012) scale appears to be promising but was designed for fashion brands only. Shukla and Purani’s(2012) effort is notable, but the real focus in on consumer motivation and not luxury. Key Theories Though a variety of theories are employed in the luxury marketing literature to explain the motivation for luxury consumption, a number of prominently used theories are summarized in Table 3. Though these various theories all add something slightly different to the understanding of what motivates luxury consumption, they all are largely social in nature. The oldest and perhaps most popular of these theories is conspicuous consumption which originates from Thorstein Veblen’s The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899). Veblen posits that individuals consume in a highly visible manner to signal wealth to others which infers status and power (Veblen 1899). More recently, Bearden and Eztel (1982) found that luxury goods consumed in public were more likely to be conspicuous in nature. Numerous measurement schemes have included conspicuousness as a key dimension of and motivation for consumption of luxury brands (e.g. Wiedmann 2009, Vigneron and Johnson 2004, Dubois et. al 2001). Social comparison theory has been used in a variety of ways to explain different types of luxury consumption motivation. For example, Wiedmann et al. (2009) proposes that since social comparison theory predicts that people tend to conform to majority opinion of their membership groups, that consumers may likely use a luxury brand to conform to social standards. Mandel and Cialindi(2006) find that social comparisons impact not only one’s feelings of self-satisfaction, but also preference for luxury brands. Researchers have also used social comparison theory as a way to understand how consumers engage in comparison between themselves and mass media outlets, Kamal et al. (2013) use this theory in the context of social media marketing and luxury goods. Self-concept theory is another lens scholars have used to examine luxury consumption. Self-concept comprises of how a person feels about his or herself (Gil et al. 2012) making one’s self-concept a potential motivator for luxury consumption. Luxury brands can appeal to self-concept by making consumers feel good about themselves through possession or gift giving (Shukla and Purani 2010). Recent findings have also suggested that one’s self-concept orientation can have an effect on preference for certain types luxury consumption. Kastakankis and Balabanis (2012) find that consumers with an interdependent self-concept are associated with bandwagon luxury consumption while an independent self-concept discourages this type of behavior. Consumer culture theory in general (see Arnould and Thompson 2005) and Belk’s (1988) concept of the extended-self in particular, have informed how many researchers understand luxury consumption motivation. The extended-self helps to explain the symbolic role luxury possessions have in the consumers’ lives (Han, Nunes, and Dreze 2010). Consumers use possessions to form and alter their identities in order to fit their projections of who they are and hope to be (Belk 1988). Value in the possession and consumption of luxury brands is held in the ability to extend one’s self (Hung et al. 2011). Extended-self also serves as one of the five factors in Vigneron and Johnson’s (2004) BLI scale and includes the items of leading, very powerful, rewarding, and successful to measure this factor. While some have argued that a characteristic of luxury brands is their uniqueness (e.g. Dubois et al. 2001), others have also suggested that an individual’s desire to be seen as unique is another important motivation for luxury consumption. Underlying this assertion is Snyder and Fromkin’s (1977) theory of uniqueness, which proposes that individuals develop the need to differentiate themselves from others when there is too much similarity in their social environment. Tian, Bearden, and Hunter’s (2001) concept of consumer’s need for uniqueness is derived from the theory of uniqueness. Consumer’s need for uniqueness suggests that consumers pursue differentness relative to others through the consumption of goods with the intention of developing and enhancing one’s self and social image (Tian et al. 2001). Luxury goods inherent scarcity due to high price and restricted distribution makes it an especially strong category for those attempting to display uniqueness to others (Bian and Forsythe 2012) Motivations and Reasons for Consuming Luxury Goods A consistent theme in the luxury goods marketing literature is that the motives for buying luxury brands differ from those of other types of brands. Numerous studies have explored a variety of potential motives for luxury brand consumption and findings consistently confirm that unique factors contribute to the consumption of luxury brands. At the broadest level, it has been found that luxury brands are attractive to consumers for multiple reasons. Central to the appeal of luxury brands are symbolic meanings consumers attach to them as opposed to specific product features (Han et al., 2010; Kastakanis and Balabanis 2012). More so than standard brands, luxury brands attempt to leverage the meanings consumers attach to them in order to increase sales. The motives underlying the attachment of meanings to luxury brands are a key to understanding why consumers purchase luxury brands. A summary of key articles aimed at exploring motivations for luxury consumption is provided in this section. Clearly, motives for purchasing luxury brands is drawing research interest and is in need of additional research. One longstanding factor that consistently comes up is the importance of social influence and comparisons to others as well as a desire to project a certain image to others due to status consciousness. The role of hedonic pleasure through the consumption of luxury goods has also been a point of emphasis in several studies. More recently, some studies focusing on promising additional factors, including luxury brand consumption as an expression of personal values and as a result of pride, or expressing self-confidence have produced key findings. It is also clear that some variation in motives for purchasing luxury brands has been found, such as differences between product categories, by gender, and culture, and that need more research in these areas. International/ Cross-Cultural Considerations A sub-topic that has been investigated by several researchers is whether international and cross-cultural factors have an impact on luxury brand marketers. It has been well documented that many luxury goods marketers have been successful in selling their products to high income/ high-status consumers around the world. As the market for luxury goods continues to grow consumer demand in Western developed markets have stalled in the face of recessionary trends while the appetite for luxury goods has grown in emerging economies such as China, India, Brazil, and Russia (Shukla and Purani 2012). After reviewing the literature in this area it seems that to date, the studies done on cross-cultural issues in luxury brand marketing appear to raise more questions than they solve. On one hand, it is clear that luxury brands have grown in many parts of the world, resulting in interest in whether there are significant cultural factors independent of income that drive to own luxury goods. On the other, some studies appear to show individualism vs. collectivism matters to consumers while others are suggestive of similar motives across countries. As a result, it is very much worthwhile for more studies attempting to uncover nuances as to the circumstances under which collectivism makes a difference. Moreover, additional study of factors that may vary across culture, such as the influence of country of origin, value consciousness and susceptibility to interpersonal influence as well as other cultural factors should be considered going forward. Market Segmentation for Luxury Brands The extant research on segmentation in luxury brand markets suggests that there are strong possibilities for cross-market segmentation. The findings of Ko et al. (2007,2012) and Wiedmann et al. (2009) are notable examples of such possibilities. However, it must be noted that the research conducted to data primarily focused on markets at high levels of economic development, so further research on the circumstances under which markets can be segmented cross-nationally. It is also notable that much of the research on this issue has been conducted on female subjects, and in light of the Stokberger-Sauer and Teichman (2013) findings of gender differences in Germany, more research is needed on this topic. Effective Use of Social Media for Luxury Brands Research related to social media marketing and luxury brands is reviewed and underlying themes are presented. Because of the evolving nature of social media promotion and the limited number of studies, it is difficult to draw sweeping conclusions from the literature. However, it is clear that social media can be used to build brand image and enhance purchase intention if done properly. Moreover, Kim and Ko’s (2010 and 2012) study provides a promising framework for better understanding the impact of social media programs on various outcome measures. Conclusion and Suggestions for Future Research Recent growth in the study of the luxury market has produced a body of literature that has addressed a number of important issues related to the subject. This literature highlights how the marketing of luxury brands is different than other products while raising even more questions. Future research suggestions on all the topics included are presented based on the findings and themes in the literature review.

상태 기반 페리다이나믹 모델은 일반적인 재료 구성 모델을 구현할 수 있고 비국부 영역 내에서 연결된 모든 결합의 변형을 통해 각 절점의 재료 응답이 결정되기 때문에 체적 및 전단 변형을 모두 표현할 수 있다. 따라서 상태 기반 모델은 복잡한 동적 취성 파괴 현상(분기균열, 2차 균열, 계단균열, 균열 유착 등)을 해석하는데 유용하다. 본 논문에서는 평면응력 탄성체에 대해 2차원 상태 기반 페리다이나믹 모델을 적용하고 에너지해방율과 페리다이나믹 에너지 포텐셜로부터 손상 모델을 구성하였다. 페리다이나믹 파괴 해석 모델을 통해 취성 유리 재료에 대해 균열 면에 평행한 압축 응력파가 균열 분기 패턴에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 실험을 통해 관찰된 동적 균열 진전 및 분기 패턴에 대한 주요 특성들이 페리다이나믹 해석을 통해 확인되었다. 또한 강한 인장 하중 하의 계단균열과 이차균열 등이 상태 기반 페리다이나믹 시뮬레이션을 통해 잘 모사가 되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

결합 기반 페리다이나믹 모델을 통해 다양한 동적취성파괴 현상을 해석할 수 있었지만, 결합 기반 모델은 다양한 재료 구성 모델을 표현하는데 여러 한계를 보여왔다. 특히 결합 기반 모델은 각 결합들이 서로 독립적으로 작용하도록 가정하였기 때문에 3차원 모델에서 포아송비가 1/4로 고정되며 전단 변형이 표현되지 못하고 체적 변형만이 모사되는 문제점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 상태 기반 페리다이나믹 모델을 통한 동적취성파괴 해석을 제시한다. 상태 기반 모델은 일종의 일반화된 페리다이나믹 모델로서 일반적인 재료 구성모델로부터 직접 페리다이나믹 재료 모델을 구성한다. 또한 연결된 모든 결합의 변형을 통해 각 절점의 재료 응답이 결정되기 때문에 체적 및 전단 변형이 모두 표현된다. 본 논문에서는 선형 탄성체에 대해서 상태 기반 평면 응력 페리다이나믹 모델을 소개하고 상태 기반 모델에 적합한 손상 모델에 대해 논의한다. 페리다이나믹 비국부 영역을 축소시키는 δ-수렴성 연구를 통해 동적파괴 모델을 검증하고 상태 기반 모델이 동적 균열 전파를 모델링하는데 적합함을 확인하였다.

단일제국은 러시아 정교 교회 전통에 대한 패러디 위에 구축되어 있다. 단일제국은 2×2=4에 근거한 무류한 지식(신앙)에 근거해 만장일치의 선거(부활절)를 통해 은혜로운 분(여호와)에 의해 통치되며 보안요원(수호천사)들에 의해 수호되는 세계이다. 그리고 이 단일제국는 I-330을 비롯한 불복종하는 파편화된 오만한 개인인 메피들, 즉 ‘영혼’이라는 병이 든 사람들(교활한 뱀과 악마, 반그리스도교도들)이 재판제(예배식, 종교재판), 수술, 가스종과 처형 기계로 진압되고, 자유, 그림자, 욕망, 웃음이 존재하지 않으며, 행복과 구원과 미소가 머무는 국가이다. 이 안에는 선악에 대한 선택의 짐으로부터 해방되고 구원을 받은 순진무구하고 복종적인 D-503과 O-50과 같은 이들이(아담과 이브) ‘우리들’로 살아가며 석유식품(그리스도의 빵)과 교리강의기(율법), 시간 율법책(성상)으로 일상을 영위하는 지상낙원(기독교의 낙원이자 단일교회)인 것이다. 영원한 혁명을 꿈꾼 자먀찐은 엔트로피의 세계를 깨고 새로운 역사의 발생을 지향하는 에네르기의 세계, 악마와 반그리스도교도의 편에 서 있다. 그런 점에서 그는 도스토예프스키보다는 니체의 전통을 따르고 있다.