The present study analyzed data from the 3D measurement of the feet of men aged over 20 years residing in the capital region as part of the 6th Anthropometry of Size Korea. To analyze the characteristics of the foot shapes of young men aged 20~39 years and middle-aged/elderly men aged 40~69 years by age and by type, a cluster analysis was conducted using the factors derived through the factor analysis as independent variables. The results of the study that analyzed the characteristics of foot shapes by type according to differences in age were as follows. First, through the analysis of the characteristics of the foot shapes of young men by type, five factors were extracted, and the foot shapes were classified into three types: Type 1 (short and flat), Type 2 (thick), and Type 3 (long and wide). Second, through the analysis of the characteristics of the foot shapes of middle-aged/elderly men by type, six factors were extracted, and the foot shapes were classified into four types: Type 1 (short and regular), Type 2 (flat), Type 3 (thick), and Type 4 (long and regular). The results of the present study are expected to serve as basic data for the design of shoes by age and foot type.

We investigated the high dispersion spectra that had been secured at the center of the planetary nebula NGC 7027 with the Bohyunsan Optical Echelle Spectrograph (BOES) on October, 20, 2009. We analyzed the forbidden lines of [OI], [SII], [OII], [NII], [ClIII], [ArIII], [OIII], [ArIV], [NeIII], [ArV], and [CaⅤ] in the 3770-9225Å wavelength region. The expansion velocities were derived from double Gaussian line profiles of the emission lines, after eliminating the subsidiary line broadening effects. The radial variations of the expansion velocities were obtained by projecting the derived expansion velocities: 19.56-31.93 kms ¯¹ onto the equatorial shell elements of the inner and the outer boundaries of the main shell of 2.5(2.1)'' and 3.8(3.6)'', according to the ionization potential of each ion. Analysis of equatorial shell spectra indicated that the equatorial shell generally expands in an accelerated velocity mode, but the expansion pattern deviates from a linear velocity growth with radial distance. NGC 7027, of which age is about 1000 years or less, might be still at its early stage. During the first few hundred years, plausibly in its early stage, the main shell of PN expands very slowly and, later, it gradually gain its normal expansion speed.

Young Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs) are where we can observe closely supernova (SN) ejecta and their interaction with the circumstellar/interstellar medium. They also provide an opportunity to explore the explosion and the final stage of the evolution of massive stars. Near-infrared (NIR) emission lines in SNRs mostly originate from shocked dense material. In shocked SN ejecta, forbidden lines from heavy ions are prominent, while in shocked circumstellar/interstellar medium, [Fe II] and H2 lines are prominent. [Fe II] lines are strong in both media, and therefore [Fe II] line images provide a good starting point for the NIR study of SNRs. There are about twenty SNRs detected in [Fe II] lines, some of which have been studied in NIR spectroscopy. We will review the NIR [Fe II] observations of SNRs and introduce our recent NIR spectroscopic study of the young core-collapse SNR Cas A where we detected strong [P II] lines.

목 적: 성장기 아동 및 청소년기에 있어 난시유병률과 굴절이상도 분석을 통해 안보건 및 눈 관리의 필 요성을 인식시키고자 한다. 방 법: 보건복지부 산하 질병관리본부에서 시행한 2010 국민건강영양조사 자료를 통해 만 5세에서 만 18 세의 성장기 아동 및 청소년 총 280명을 대상으로 난시 유병률, 난시굴절력, 난시축, 구면굴절력을 분석하 고 난시교정굴절력이 교정시력에 미치는 상관성을 SPSS 18.0을 이용하여 유의 수준 p<0.05로 처리하였다. 결 과: 연령별 난시 유병률은 5-6세 50.0%, 7-9세 33.8%, 10-12세 48.8%, 13-15세 67.7%, 16-18세 63.4%를 나타내었고, 연령대가 증가할수록 난시 유병률은 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, C-1.00D 이하일 때 구면굴절력이 큰 경우 교정시력은 0.93, 난시굴절력이 큰 경우 교정시력은 0.83으로 유의한 결과를 나타내 었으며 교정시력에는 난시굴절이상도가 더 많은 영향을 주었다. 결 론: 난시는 교정시력에 영향을 주어 약시를 유발할 수 있기에 난시유병률 증가에 대한 중요성을 인식 하여 국민의 안보건과 시력저하 방지를 위한 제도적 장치와 사회적 관심이 더욱 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

The Chinese market has played an important role for the luxury industry in the past years, with double-digit yearly growth (except for last year). Luxury brands have tried to design strategies to meet the local requirements, be it in terms of retail formats or communication strategies. However, Chinese luxury consumers are evolving in terms of consumption habits and materialistic value: observations from the field show that there is less and less emphasis on logo display among certain consumers (Dubois & Laurent, 1994; Lin & Wang, 2010). Such changes might affect also young consumers, which already stand for a great share of luxury consumers (Source: Red Luxury,2012). Besides, past studies on Chinese consumers’ attitudes toward luxury and values behind luxury consumption have often relied on student-samples, acknowledging the potential limitation to their results due to a potential lack of representativeness of the population interviewed. Few studies have provided analyses of the causes of the values and behaviours of young Chinese customers towards luxury product consumption, focused on them as ‘young people’ (Wang et al., 2012; Xue & Wang, 2012). Besides, most of those that tried to do so relied upon student samples of Chinese students studying abroad (in the USA or Europe) (Chen & Kim, 2013). This paper attempts to investigate the contemporary young Chinese consumers’ behaviour towards luxury consumption, segmenting them into two groups : the international student group and mainland Chinese young consumer group. A quantitative survey collected data from 104 respondents within a month where the snowball sampling method was applied to broadcast both online and offline questionnaires. Qualitative data was analyzed through lexical analyzis, while quantitative data was analyzed with the help of SPSS (Levene-test and T-tests). This study mainly focuses on four features: Chinese culture, materialism, young Chinese generation culture and buying motivation. The results of the study mainly indicate that there have been some changes between generations. One such change is that Chinese youths are more individualistic than what was found in previous studies, and another change is that young Chinese consumers hold different points of view towards the values of luxury consumption. As far as differences between international students and local young people from Mainland China are concerned, we found the following differences: • Finding 1: International students purchase luxury products to fit-in with their friends & because they want others to view them as a member of the upper class & as a successful person more than their local fellows. • Finding 2: International students’ income is more able to support them purchase luxury products than for young locals, and they are more inclined to save money to buy luxury products that their local fellows. • Finding 3: Mainland Chinese young people usually go luxury shopping with their parents more than international students do and claim they will still purchase luxury products even if prices increase more than them as well. • Find 4: Purchasing luxury products make local young people happier than international students, and they care more about the style (as opposed to price) of luxury products than these lasts.  We believe such findings will help luxury companies refine their strategies for the coming generations and help researchers notice on which dimensions of luxury consumption using expatriated Chinese students might have an impact and lead towards biased results.

The aim of the study was to investigate the neural substrates associated with processing anger among young males with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Eighteen individuals with AUD and 15 demographically similar non-abusers participated in the study. Participants were scanned on their brain functioning while they viewed an audio-visual film clip that was previously designed specifically to induce anger emotion, followed by anpsychological assessment. Greater brain activities were detected in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) among subjects with AUD compared to the controls during the exposure to anger-provoking stimuli. Despite the same level of subjective anger during anger induction, the greater activations both in the IFG and dACC regions may suggestthat individuals with AUD have a greater propensity to undergo cognitive control and self-regulation while experiencing anger.

Despite the increasing interest in noticing by second language (L2) learners during the output process, little attention has been given to child L2 learners’ noticing and output. Thus, the present study investigated what child L2 learners of different English proficiency levels noticed as they composed a text and received written corrective feedback (WCF) (error correction vs. models), and how they incorporated the noticed features into their revised texts. Data were collected from twenty-six child pairs throughout three stages (composition, comparison, and revision stages) and note-taking was employed as a means of measuring learner noticing. It was found that learners were able to initiate noticing on their own when composing texts, and that highproficiency learners tended to attend to grammatical problems more frequently than medium/low-proficiency learners. WCF played a facilitative role in leading learners to notice, and their attention to language was mediated differently by different types of WCF. Learners incorporated the noticed features into their revisions, and textual revisions were mostly lexical. Error correction (EC) triggered more grammatical revisions, while the model text helped learners to notice something beyond what they could produce on their own. These findings suggest a facilitative role for output and WCF as a means of learner noticing, and the different roles of EC and model texts.

본 연구는 스프링클러식 관개에서 관비재배가 대추 유목의 생육 및 토양 화학적 특성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보고자 수행하였다. 2012년에 1년생 대추나무를 시험포장에 식재하고 2012년부터 2013년까지 시험을 수행하였다. 시험처리는 토양검정 추천 시비량을 기준으로 관비 50%, 관비 75%, 관비 100%, 관비 125%, 관비 150%와 고형 비료 100%처리를 두었다. 대추나무의 줄기 길이 및 줄기 직경은 관비 125% 및 150%에서 가장 좋았다. 8월에 채취된 대추나무 잎의 T-N, P, K, Ca 및 Mg의 함량은 각각 21.7~ 25.5 g/kg, 1.97~ 2.10 g/kg, 26.8~ 30.5 g/kg, 7.64~ 8.71 g/kg, 2.31~ 3.05 g/kg 범위에 있었다. T-N, P, K 및 Mg함량은 8월에 채취된 잎에서 10월에 채취된 잎 보다 많았다. 2013년 시험후 토양은 시험전 토양에 비하여 pH는 낮아지고 EC, 질산태 질소 및 치환성 칼륨은 다소 높아졌다.

This study attempts to introduce and develop nature experience program utilizing the instructional mixed reality and examines its effects on creativity and young children in order to overcome the limitations that can be found when young children explore and observe nature. In addition, the purpose of this study is to investigate the change aspects of creativity and nature-friendly ability of young children when experiencing nature with the further activities using the instructional mixed reality. To verify the effect of the instructional mixed reality developed through this process, this study selected 30 young children who are 5 years old in H child care center located in Seoul. As a research tool, creative test of characteristics for children (K-CTC) produced and standardized by Chung Kyung-won (2003) was used to test creativity. As data analysis methods, SPSS 17.0, T-test, MANOVA test, and repeated measure ANOVA were conducted.

Kang, Nayoung. 2015. “A sociolinguistic study on the structural properties and sociocultural meaning of pun and speech play in Korean young children’s peer talk”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(1). 1~30. This paper examines the use of pun in a Korean preschool classroom from the perspective of sociolinguistic study. The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze how Korean young children learn and speak their peer talk and cultural theme in regard to forms and meaning of pun and speech play. For this study, I conducted ethnographic fieldwork for one year at a Korean preschool, focusing on intensive participant observation of teachers’ and children’s interactions, supplemented by in-depth interviews with teachers and children. Through the analysis of social interactions in classroom, I argue that 1) the structural properties of pun(sound patterns, lexicon, syntax, and pragmatics) and 2) sociocultural and interactional meaning(performance, pun in class, taboo as sexuality and curse) in various forms of everyday talk.

김영호는 지속적으로 문학과 종교를 연구해왔으며, 시인으로서 탁월한 종교 시들을 선보이고 있다. 디지털 시대는 컴퓨터와 스마트폰 문명의 혜택으로 창작 물의 실시간 공유가 가능하다. 김영호 시는 ｢대지의 기도｣에서 보여주는 바와 같이 인간의 한계와 신적인 용서 사이에서 고뇌하는 종교적 깊이가 잘 드러난 다. ｢순복｣에 나타나듯이 하나님의 종이 되어 예수가 구주임을 만천하에 증거 하는 것이 가장 고귀한 사명임을 천명한다. 최근에 페이스북을 통해 발표된 시 편들에서도 아름다움과 배려와 천국의 행복을 추구하는 시심이 깊은 종교성을 간직한 채 선보이고 있음을 살펴보았다. 김영호가 계속하여 종교성과 예술성의 조화로운 시 창작을 이뤄가는 가운데 문학과 종교와 삶에 밝은 비전을 보여줄 것을 기대한다.

Recognizing English as an increasingly powerful lingua franca, many governments in East Asia have implemented English-language education at the primary school level. The zeal for teaching English to younger and younger learners extends to both within and outside of the formal education system. While there are many unique local issues, a number of challenges and issues apply across the East Asian region. In this article, I focus on three such topics: (a) the widespread belief in the increased benefit of starting English-language learning when children are very young; (b) the emergence of new instructional models in early English teaching; and (c) the growing gaps in English-language achievement by children’s socio-economic status (SES). In discussing these issues, I draw on examples from previous studies as well as my own applied linguistics research in East Asia. I conclude by offering suggestions for future research directions that will inform pedagogy and policies for early English education.

본 연구에서는 유색감자 자영을 건조한 뒤 분쇄하여 분말을 제조하고 자영 분말을 전체 분말 기준으로 0, 30, 50,100% 첨가하여 쿠키를 제조한 후 쿠키의 총 페놀 함량,색도, 경도를 측정하고 관능 평가를 실시하였다. 쿠키의 총페놀 함량은 쿠키를 굽는 시간과 자영 분말 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 쿠키의 색도는 색도차와 Browningindex로 나타내었다. 대조군인 밀가루 쿠키와의 색도차는자영 분말의 첨가량이 많을수록 컸으며, 쿠키를 굽는 시간이 증가할수록 감소하였다. Browning index의 경우 쿠키를굽는 시간이 증가할수록 전체적으로 증가하였다. 그 결과,logistic 모델이 유색감자 자영의 함량이 증가하였을 때 굽는 시간에 따른 갈변 현상을 나타내는 데 가장 적합함을알 수 있었다. 쿠키의 경도를 측정한 결과 6분 동안 구웠을 때 자영 분말의 함량이 증가할수록 경도가 증가하는 것을 확인하였으나 쿠키를 굽는 시간이 증가함에 따라 자영분말 첨가군 간의 유의차는 나타나지 않았다. 또한 쿠키를15분 이상 구웠을 때에는 대조군과 자영 분말 첨가 쿠키의 경도에 차이가 없었다. 관능 검사 결과는 자영 분말을30%와 50% 첨가한 쿠키를 11분간 구웠을 때 가장 높은 점수를 보이며 밀가루 쿠키와 유사한 기호도를 나타내었다.따라서 쿠키에 자영 분말을 첨가하여 11분에서 13분간 구웠을 때 시중에 유통되고 있는 높은 기호도의 밀가루 쿠키와 유사한 식감과 색도를 가지며, 항산화활성이 우수한 기능성 쿠키의 제조가 가능함을 확인하였다.

본 논문에서는 국내 선박해양플랜트연구소에 구축된 빙해수조의 빙특성 중에서 모형빙의 두께와 유효탄성계수 산출과정이 소개되었다. 수조에서 결빙되는 빙판은 크기가 가로 세로각각 30 m 정도에 두께는 40mm정도이다. 모형선의 실험결과를 쇄빙선 설계에 사용하기 위하여 빙 특성 정보가 필요하다. 사람이 빙판을 일부 절개하고 일일이 손으로 두께를 측정하는 것을 지양하기 위하여 초음파 기기를 사용하였는데 저주파 장비를 사용하여 작은 샘플 모형빙에 대한 두께는 계측되었다. 하지만 완벽한 계측을 위해서는 송수신 일체형 저주파 센서나 정확한 위치가 설정된 분리형 센서 혹은 고가의 특수 장치가 필요함을 확인하게 되었다. 한편 빙판의 처짐량을 간이식 LVDT로 계측하고 이를 탄성체 위에 놓인 무한 판의 특성길이 관계식에 대입하여 빙의 유효탄성계수를 산출하였는데 외국의 결과와 유사함이 입증되었다.