금융 인식, 금융 기능, 금융 행위는 건전한 금융 생활과 금융 웰빙을 달성하는 데 필요한 기초 역량을 구성하는 핵심 요소들이다. 본 연구는 한국금융소비자보호재단이 2020년과 2022년에 수집한 자료를 분석해 우리나라 성인의 금융 인식, 기능, 행위를 진단한다. 우리 나라 성인은 스스로 유혹에 잘 견디며, 장기 목표를 위해 부지런히 일할 수 있다고 생각하 며, 부를 쌓을 기회가 모든 사람에게 공정하게 주어져 있다는 데는 동의하지 않는 경향이 있다. 물질주의에 대한 인식은 조사 시점에 따라 유의한 차이를 보이고 있어 더 장기적인 추가 조사 결과를 통해 정확한 인식 상태를 파악할 필요가 있다. 금융 기능과 금융 행위에 대해서는 대체로 안정적이고 확고한 결과를 확인할 수 있다. 즉, 우리나라 성인은 금전 약속 을 지키기 위해서, 그리고 자신이 수립한 재무 목표를 달성하기 위해서 노력하고 있다. 더 신뢰할 만하고 정확한 조사 결과를 얻기 위해서는 설문조사 문항을 부정적으로 서술하는 대신에 가급적 긍정적으로 서술함으로써 응답자들이 실수로 그릇된 선택을 하지 않도록 설 계할 필요가 있다. 본인의 금융 지식이 풍부하다고 판단하는 성인이 많지 않으므로 금융교 육을 통해 성인의 금융 지식을 강화하는 노력도 요구된다.

As various types of products are produced in a single production system, it is important to determine a scheduling policy that selects one of the different types. In addition, the failure of processes in a line need to be considered due to machine failure, raw material supply and demand, quality issues, and worker absence, etc. Therefore, we studied production systems with various product types, dedicated buffers for each product type, Bernoulli equipment, and WIP-based scheduling or cyclic scheduling. To analyze such system exactly, we introduced a method to analyze the performance such as production rate, WIP level, blocking probability and starvation probability based on Markov chains and derived various characteristics. Especially, assuming that equipment does not need to select the type it just tried, the flow rate is no longer conserved and increasing buffer capacity does not guarantee increase production rate. The performance comparison between WIP-based and cyclic policy is studied as well.

This paper is a quantitative follow-up study of Lee’s (2017) qualitative examination on the usage of Korean human nouns for inanimate/non-human referents. It investigated the usage of “demonstrative + human noun” construct (e.g., yay ‘this child,’ i-chinkwu ‘this friend’) referring to inanimate referents by examining various factors that were chosen based on findings and discussions from Lee (2017) and Kim (2018, 2021). Statistical results conformed to the findings of these earlier studies, showing that human nouns referring to inanimate referents were favored when referents were compared to other things or had concrete concept. In addition, it was also revealed that formality conditioned the realization of human noun usage as human nouns for inanimate/non-human referents were favored in less formal contexts. These results provided a quantitative verification of Lee’s (2017) findings and additional insights to Kim (2018, 2021) along with the usefulness of interdisciplinary approaches to understanding sociolinguistic variables.

This study investigates the listening comprehension performance of Korean university students when exposed to unscripted and scripted English speech, as well as their perceptions of various linguistic features associated with each speech type. A total of 115 participants were divided into two groups, both of which had the same level of listening proficiency. The unscripted group listened to spontaneous, unscripted dialogues during the listening comprehension test, while the scripted group listened to scripted versions from which features typical of unscripted speech had been removed. Following the listening test, participants completed a questionnaire assessing their perceived level of difficulty regarding a range of features that typically distinguish the two speech types. The results revealed that the unscripted group scored significantly lower on the listening test compared to the scripted group. Additionally, the survey indicated that participants found unscripted speech significantly more challenging, especially due to factors such as pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. Features typical of unscripted speech, including filled pauses, false starts, and a natural speech rate, were identified as obstacles to L2 listening comprehension. Based on these findings, the study suggests implications for L2 learning materials, instructional methods, assessment practices, and teacher education programs.

This study was conducted to verify the impact of hazardous risk factors in manufacturing workplaces on worker safety behaviors, focusing on the mediating effect of safety climate, and to establish safety management strategies in manufacturing workplaces and to suggest practical measures to improve worker safety. For this study, the results of the ‘10th Occupational Safety and Health Survey’ conducted by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency’s Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute in 2021 were used as analysis data for 3,255 manufacturing workplaces with 20 or more regular workers. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 24.0 program for descriptive statistical analysis, validity and reliability verification, correlation and multiple regression analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis. As a result of the study, first, hazardous risk factors were confirmed to have a negative effect on workers' safety behaviors. Second, hazardous risk factors were confirmed to have a negative effect on safety climate. Third, safety climate was confirmed to have a positive effect on workers' safety behaviors. Fourth, it was verified that the safety climate had a partial mediating effect in the relationship between hazardous risk factors and workers’ safety behavior in the workplace. Through this study, it was found that hazardous risk factors had a negative effect on workers’ safety behavior. This emphasizes that efforts to systematically manage and minimize hazardous risk factors in the workplace are important in promoting workers’ safety behavior. In addition, it was confirmed that the safety climate had an important mediating effect in the relationship between hazardous risk factors and workers’ safety behavior. In other words, it can be seen that the safety climate can alleviate the negative effect of hazardous risk factors on workers’ safety behavior. These research results suggest that reducing hazardous risk factors in the workplace and improving the safety climate can have a positive effect on workers’ safety behavior practice, thereby preventing industrial accidents.

This study aims to examine total factor productivity (TFP) and its determinants in offshore fisheries under the worsening fishing environment and to propose policy improvement based on the estimation results. We identified a decline in TFP of offshore fisheries from 2012 to 2020 employing the global Malmquist productivity index (GMPI), with the primary cause being the regression of the production possibility frontier due to the reduction of fishery resources. Moreover, utilizing the system generalized method of moments (GMM), we found that the determinants, such as the cessation of operations in Japan’s EEZ, vessel age, fishing experience, and oil prices, contribute to a decrease in the TFP of offshore fisheries. Therefore, this study suggests implementing a total allowable catch (TAC)-centered fishery resource management policy, along with reducing loan interest rates and extending the repayment period for the vessel modernization project. Furthermore, it is necessary to improve the TFP of offshore fisheries by providing regular training for fishermen, implementing the tax-free petroleum stockpiling project, and developing alternative fishing grounds.

전통적으로 기업가정신 연구는 여성창업가들이 여성성을 내재하고 있거나 수 동적으로 따른다고 가정했다. 이와 달리 우리 연구는 여성성이 전략적으로 연출될 수 있음을 밝히고, 연출 유형을 귀납적으로 이론화하고자 한다. 이를 위해, 생리혈 위생처리제품을 제조 및 판매하는 여성 기업 W스타트업(가칭)을 대상으로 15개월 간 에스노그라피 연구를 수행했다. 연구 결과, 여성창업가는 (i)직원관리형, (ii) 고객관계관리형, (iii) 제도대응형의 세 가지 유형 으로 여성성을 연출함을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 여성창업가는 신규 직원 관리를 위해 권위지양성, 관계지향성 등의 여성성을 연출하고, 타겟고객 마케팅을 위해 창업기업에 여성정체성을 부여 하고, 남성 중심 비공식적 제도에 대응하여 겸손 ž 순응 등의 여성성 고정관념을 의도적으로 표출할 수 있다. 이러한 발견은 여성-남성 창업가 간 성과를 비교하는 연구, 여성의 창업 의도 및 성과 등을 논의하는 연구 등에 이론적 시사점을 제시한다.

Yuan yin (元因) used to be a common Chinese word, but it was replaced by yuan yin (原因), but we still don’t know the exact evolution of the word. This paper concludes that yuan yin (元因) was first used in the Tang Dynasty and was widely used in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The word yuan yin (原因) was first used in the late Song and early Yuan dynasties, and gradually replaced yuan yin (元因) in the Ming dynasty, and then completely replaced it in the Qing dynasty. The original, fundamental meaning of yuan (原) is more intuitive and clearer than that of yuan (元), which is the root cause of the replacement of yuan yin (元因), and the most popular theory of “avoiding the fear of the Yuan Dynasty” is wrong. Yan yin (言因) is yuan yin (元因) of the loanwords, regional strong, only circulated in the southern region, especially common in Fujian, we can rely on the use of Yan yin (言因) to partially help determine the place of publication of the work.

Inspired by the Sound-change Trajectory Method to identify the original written form of a word proposed by Mr. Pan Wuyun潘悟雲, it is proved that the lost iconographic symbols for the orphanized lexical item used as a verb which means crying (read as [da31]) in Wenling and Yuhuan dialects of Wu吳language is “Tuo (沱)”, which is Change-resistant form of the grade 1 of non-labial vowel in Guo Auslaut 果摄开口一等. “Tuo (沱)” is an adjective, which extends its meaning along the line of “abundant water” “rain drooping” and “tears drooping”. With the expansion of collocation range, it is extended to a verb which means flowing. The verb “Tuo (沱)” which means crying in Wenling and Yuhuan dialects is derived from the verb which means flowing, and is a feature word in Wenling and Yuhuan dialects.

Zaoye (造業) has appeared in the documents of pre-Qin Dynasty, indicating the establishment of a career. The extensive spread of Chinese-translated Buddhist scriptures gives Ye (業) a specific Buddhist connotation, which refers to the corresponding results produced by various thoughts and behaviors. Ye (業) is associated with Nie (孽) after biased towards evil karma. The thesis examines the semantic and usage frequencies of Zaoye (造業), Zaonie (造孽), Zaonie (遭孽), Zaoye (遭業), Zuoye (作業) and Zuonie (作孽) in historial documents and dialect materials, arguing that the phonetic and semantic proximity of the morphemes readily results in semantic blending among these words. Zaoye (造業) in Southwestern Mandarin expresses pity. Zaonie (造孽) in Southwestern Mandarin, Xiang, Gan and Hakka dialect expresses pity. Zaonie (遭孽) in Jianghuai dialect and Southwestern Mandarin also expresses pity. Zaoye (遭業) in Beijing dialect expresses pity. Zuonie (作孽) in Jianghuai and Wu dialect expresses pity. Based on the literal semantics of the word Zaoye (造業), it is not possibe to deduce why the word can express pity. The thesis suggests that Zaoye (造業) expresses pity because it is confused with word Zaonie (遭孽). Zaonie (遭孽) means suffering from bad things, which leads to the meaning of pity. Due to the phonetic similarity and semantic overlap between Zaoye (造業) and Zaonie (遭孽), Southwest Mandarin dialect areas use the simple character form Zaoye (造業) to express pity.

In recent years, the research on the new word family of modern Chinese and some morphemes with affixation like tendency has been continuous. Most of the research focuses on word formation, syllable characteristics, and the components in the sentence. However, the semantic evolution of some affixes is not very clear, or because the morpheme meaning of this type of affixes is relatively diverse, which leads to the fact that several word families with different sources and types seem to be confused. This brings some troubles to some specific language teaching practice. The new words “X寶” is such a typical example, Although it seems that the morphology is the same and “X” and “寶” form the noun of the fixed structure, in fact, “寶”, as a common morpheme, has various morpheme meanings. Therefore, “X寶” word family also has several different sources and types. This paper starts with the semantic evolution of the word “寶” and makes a classification study of the new words of “X寶”. This paper argues that the sources of new words of “X寶” in A (financial APP name) and B (general entity product name) are different from those in C (nickname of people) and D (gem). They not only have obvious differences in semantics, but also in syllable number, word formation, productivity and so on. Finally, this paper discusses the motivation of the extension of the new meaning of “寶” and the generation of the new words of “X寶” from the perspective of external and internal factors of language. Thus, the author summarizes several types of word families of “X寶” in modern Chinese.

For a long time, the teaching concept of “monism” has made the field of international Chinese teaching focus on “words”, not “Chinese characters”. Chinese characters that are difficult to teach and learn have not been effectively improved. In 2021, the introduction of the “Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education” set a new direction for international Chinese education, and the practice of listing a handwritten Chinese character list separately for the first time also reflects the importance of Chinese character teaching. Long before the introduction of the “Grading Standards”, a small number of international comprehensive Chinese textbooks had compiled handwritten Chinese character lists, but there were many handwritten Chinese characters that were not included in the “Grading Standards”. This kind of Chinese characters or have a large number of strokes, or the shapes of the strokes are more difficult, or the structures are more complex, or the ability to form words is weak, etc., which is exactly the opposite of the characteristics of the “Grading Standards”. According to the results of the relevant analysis, it can provide practical reference for the compilation of Chinese characters in textbooks in the future.

Using three influential physical translations from the mid-19th century as the main materials, 54 groups of 81 physical translations were obtained. These translations are all free translation terms, mainly disyllabic and polysyllabic; there are 19 translations that use traditional terms, 6 translations that use physical terms selected or created during the Ming and Qing dynasty, and 56 newly created terms. Out of 81 translations, 22 were used in the later edition of “Physical Vocabulary” and 39 were used in “Physical Terms”. In addition, 33 newly created terms appeared in “Vocabulary”; there are 21 newly coined terms in “Terms”, and their meanings are more scientific, concise, accurate, and systematic. The features of physical translations in the late Qing Dynasty are distinct, including the frequent occurrence of multiple translations with one meaning, significant differences in term usage, loose structure of some translations, strong systematic nature, and a high proportion of newly created terms.

After the invention of woodblock printing in China, It gradually spread to Vietnam and achieved rapid development. Among the existing Sino-Nôm/Chinese-Nôm Literature, there are many Chinese inscriptions, which are valuable materials for studying the Chinese characters used in Vietnam. This paper analyzes the forms of simplified vulgar characters in Vietnamese Chinese printed texts from the perspectives of inheritance and variation. The inherited simplified vulgar characters, mainly include types such as the adoption of “ancient characters,” cursive script standardization, symbol replacement, and partial deletion. The variant simplified vulgar characters, primarily include types such as cursive script variations, reduction variations, and symbol variations. The purpose of this study is to explore and analyze the acceptance and usage of Chinese characters in Vietnam, in order to provide a reference for the study of Chinese character cultural exchange and mutual learning in East Asian sphere.

There has been a long history of concern and research on Chinese characters by Western scholars and have achieved fruitful results. According to the current construction of Western Sinology history and the development of Western Chinese Grammatology itself, the history of Western Chinese Grammatology could be divided into five periods: the germination state, the missionary period, the initial stage of specialized Chinese Grammatology in the west, the expansion period of specialized Chinese Grammatology in the west, and the peak period of specialized Chinese Grammatology in the west. The initial stage showed the tendency of specialization, disciplinarity and rationalization. The research subjects included Protestant missionaries, philosophers, politicians and linguists, etc. Systematic research results were obtained in the aspects of characters’ nature, characters’ characteristics, characters’ etymologies, characters’ analysis and characters’ phonology. Under the guidance of comparative linguistics theory, American scholar Peter S. Du Ponceau’s work A Dissertation on the Nature and Character of the Chinese System of Writing has conducted in-depth research and elaboration on the nature and characteristics of Chinese characters, which is representative. This paper attempts to take this work as a representative monograph to describe and analyze from the aspects of research content, thoughts of Chinese characters studies, research methods, academic influence and value, deficiencies and limitations, etc., giving an objective evaluation of its value in the evolution of western Chinese Grammatology in the west.

This article takes the semantic symbol “走” in “Shuowen Jiezi” as the research object. Firstly, starting from the combination relationship of the semantic symbol “走”, it analyzes and summarizes the actual semantic categories of the semantic symbol “走” in constructing characters, providing a context for extracting the semantic function of “走”. Starting from the aggregation relationship of the semantic symbol “走”, the distribution of the actual semantic classes of the six semantic symbol parameters in the “足” group was compared, and the synchronous and diachronic substitution phenomena of the semantic symbol “走” and the semantic symbols “止”, “辵” , “彳”, “行”, and “足” were examined. The following conclusion can be drawn: In Shuowen Jiezi, the construction of “走” is rich, with “running” as the most typical and advantageous construction. the semantic symbol “走” has the most action semantic characters, while the ability to construct characters for the five major components of “running,” “jumping,” “falling forward,” “walking” and “foot movements” decreases in order. The ability of “走” to construct state and object meanings is weak, and it is often replaced by its variant characters. In the process of historical evolution, the number of preserved characters with the semantic symbol “走” has gradually decreased, and their semantic functions have become increasingly singular. Finally, explore the internal and external factors of language that influence the formation and historical evolution direction of the semantic symbol “走” From a cognitive perspective, the prototype status of the basic construction meaning “run” in the semantic symbol “走” construction meaning category determines the number and historical stability advantage of its constituent characters. In the systematization of Chinese characters, the three factors of “the tendency of semantic symbol construction”, “the mode of semantic symbol construction”, and “whether the function of semantic symbol construction is powerful or not” have led to the semantic symbols “走” in ancient times, resulting in a tendency to “run” through a layer of associative parameters to express action semantic Chinese characters.

This paper explores the origins, structural composition, and evolution of the ancient Chinese characters 橐 (tuo) and 囊 (nang). Through an analysis of oracle bone inscriptions, bronze script, and relevant archaeological documents, this study examines the existence of a “base” in the 橐 character and compares its morphological features across different periods. The research reveals that 橐, through the clerical script transformation, evolved in form in line with its usage and extended meanings, often being used interchangeably with characters such as 囊 and 櫜. The paper further addresses the question of 橐’s radical classification as discussed in the Shuowen Jiezi and proposes insights into the character's evolutionary patterns and phonetic borrowing processes, aiming to provide new perspectives for the study of morphology and semantics in ancient Chinese script.

This paper discusses the ancient phonetic loanword “grapes” in Chinese Buddhist scriptures, examining the relationship between the phonetic translations in the scriptures and the collation notes, and considering the cognitive recognition of phonetic loanwords by Chinese users and the influence of characters on the Sinicization of phonetic loanwords. In the translation of Buddhist scriptures, ancient phonetic loanwords not only accept the phonetic translations of foreign terms into Chinese but also undergo further Sinicization, making them more acceptable to Chinese users. For example, the use of the word “grapes” in Buddhist scriptures not only retains its original phonetics but also integrates into the Chinese writing system, allowing it to be transmitted and used in Chinese. This study summarizes the usage of ancient phonetic loanwords in Chinese Buddhist scriptures, analyzing their role in language contact and cultural exchange. Ancient phonetic loanwords are not just products of language contact; they are also witnesses to cultural fusion.

Radicals serve as the central elements in the semantics of Chinese characters, but what foundational and extended meanings do they convey? This paper examines all characters with the radical ‘目’ related to attributes, as recorded in Shuowen Jiezi and The Standard Dictionary of Chinese Characters. In Shuowen Jiezi, the ‘目’ radical encompasses four conceptual categories—physical attributes, scale, color, and value. Specific elements under these categories include physical attributes such as ‘dimness, disease, clarity, order, and dryness,’ scale including ‘size, depth, height, thickness, density,’ value comprising ‘beauty and gentleness,’ and color represented by ‘white.’ Over time, these categories have been substantially reduced, with only physical attributes, limited to ‘dimness’ and ‘disease,’ being retained in later literature. This reduction highlights that ancient Chinese vocabulary contained a broader range of conceptual and semantic elements than modern vocabulary. Additionally, synonyms associated with the attribute concept of ‘目’ have mostly disappeared, while newly introduced vocabulary shows a shift towards polysemy, indicating an evolution in lexical structure. Extended meanings have followed mechanisms such as the expansion from attribute to action, metaphorical extensions, and grammaticalization. Semantic expansion frequently shifted to perceptual verbs, while metaphorical extensions moved from ‘human to object’ and ‘action to time.’ Grammaticalization trends were also observed, extending meanings to adverbial and modal uses. These findings reveal that ancient and modern uses of the ‘目’ radical differ significantly in both meaning and conceptual application.

There is a character “셓” in the inscriptions on bronze wares of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and up to now, the academic community is divided on the reading of this character. From the use cases where the character appear in the inscriptions on ancient bronzes, it is used as the appellation of the clan without exception, mainly as the single clan name, and then as the constituent of the compound clan name. However, why the clan is named as “셓” and what is the meaning of its configuration have been rarely mentioned. Combining the latest research results of the history and culture of ancient society and archaeology with the inspection and proofreading of the related words of this character, besides versifying with the handed down literature the paper, the paper holds that the character is actually related to the fishery production in ancient times as the symbol of the clan. The configuration of “셓” is the reflection of an image in which a caught fish is disemboweled and then stretched out by bamboo or branches to dry. And the structural meaning is “薧” corresponding to “鱻”, also known as “鱐” in the literature handed down from ancient times “The Three Rituals”, namely the dried fish said today.