Removal of phosphate from environmental water has become more important to prevent eutrophication. In the present study, sorption behavior of phosphate onto magnesite was investigated under different conditions. The optimum pH of phosphate adsorption was determined to be 6.0. The adsorption capacity was found to decrease with increasing temperature, which indicates that a low temperature was beneficial for phosphate adsorption. The sorption capacity for phosphate was found to be 10.2 mg/g at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L and a dose of 2 g/L. The first order kinetic equation and Freundlich isotherm model fit the data well. Phosphate adsorption on magnesite was explained by electrostatic attraction and weak physical interactions.

In this paper, synthesis of terephthalate intercalated Zn-Al: Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) was studied. We designed freestanding Zn-Al: carbonate LDH nanosheets for a facile exchange technique. The as-prepared Zn-Al carbonate LDHs were converted to terephthalate intercalated Zn-Al:LDHs by ion exchange method. Initially, Al-doped ZnO (AZO) thin films were deposited on p-Si (001) by facing target sputtering. For synthesis of free standing carbonate Zn-Al:LDH, we dipped the AZO thin film in naturally carbonated water for 3 hours. Further, Zn-Al: carbonate LDH nanosheets were immersed in terepthalic acid (TA) solution. The ion exchange phenomena in the terephthalate assisted Zn-Al:LDH were confirmed using FTIR analysis. The crystal structure of terephthalate intercalated Zn-Al:LDH was investigated by XRD pattern analysis with different mole concentrations of TA solution and reaction times. The optimal conditions for intercalation of terephthalate from carbonated Zn-Al LDH were established using 0.3 M aqueous solution of TA for 24 hours.

Doped-LaCrO3 perovskites, because of their good electrical conductivity and thermal stability in oxidizing and/or reducing environments, are used in high temperature solid oxide fuel cells as a gas-tight and electrically conductive interconnection layer. In this study, perovskite (La0.8Ca0.2)(Cr0.9Co0.1)O3 (LCCC) coatings manufactured by atmospheric plasma spraying followed by heat treatment at 1200 oC have been investigated in terms of microstructural defects, gas tightness and electrical conductivity. The plasma-sprayed LCCC coating formed an inhomogeneous layered structure after the successive deposition of fully-melted liquid droplets and/or partially-melted droplets. Micro-sized defects including unfilled pores, intersplat pores and micro-cracks in the plasma-sprayed LCCC coating were connected together and allowed substantial amounts gas to pass through the coating. Subsequent heat treatment at 1200 oC formed a homogeneous granule microstructure with a small number of isolated pores, providing a substantial improvement in the gas-tightness of the LCCC coating. The electrical conductivity of the LCCC coating was consequently enhanced due to the complete elimination of inter-splat pores and microcracks, and reached 53 S/cm at 900 oC.

Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) were fabricated using solution-based ITO (Sn-doped In2O3) nanoinks with nanorods at an annealing temperature of 200 oC. In order to optimize their transparent conducting performance, ITO nanoinks were composed of ITO nanoparticles alone and the weight ratios of the nanorods to nanoparticles in the ITO nanoinks were adjusted to 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5. As a result, compared to the other TCOs, the ITO TCOs formed by the ITO nanoinks with weight ratio of 0.1 were found to exhibit outstanding transparent conducting performance in terms of sheet resistance (~102.3 Ω/square) and optical transmittance (~80.2%) at 550 nm; these excellent properties are due to the enhanced Hall mobility induced by the interconnection of the composite nanorods with the (440) planes of the short lattice distance in the TCOs, in which the presence of the nanorods can serve as a conducting pathway for electrons. Therefore, this resulting material can be proposed as a potential candidate for solution-based TCOs for use in optoelectronic devices requiring large-scale and low-cost processes.

The effects of an excess of Bi on the piezoelectric and dielectric properties of 0.60Bi1+xFeO3-0.40BaTiO3 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07) were investigated. The ceramics were processed through a conventional solid state reaction method and then quenched after sintering at different temperatures in the range of 980~1070 oC. A single perovskite structure without any secondary phase was confirmed for all compositions and temperatures. It was found that excess Bi reduced the sintering temperatures, acted as a sintering aid and enhanced the properties in combination with quenching. Curie temperature (TC) was found to slightly increase due to the presence of excess Bi; electrical properties were also improved by quenching. At x = 0.03 and 1030 oC, remnant polarization (2Pr) was as high as 45.4 μC/cm2 and strain at 40 kV/cm was up to 0.176 %.

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode has an extremely wide potential window in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes, very low and stable background current and high resistance to surface fouling due to weak adsorption. These features endow the BDD electrode with potentially wide electrochemical applications, in such areas as wastewater treatment, electrosynthesis and electrochemical sensors. In this study, the characteristics of the BDD electrode were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and evaluated by accelerated life test. The effects of manufacturing conditions on the BDD electrode were determined and remedies for negative effects were noted in order to improve the electrode lifetime in wastewater treatment. The lifetime of the BDD electrode was influenced by manufacturing conditions, such as surface roughness, seeding method and rate of introduction of gases into the reaction chamber. The results of this study showed that BDD electrodes manufactured using sanding media of different sizes resulted in the most effective electrode lifetime when the particle size of alumina used was from 75~106 μm (#150). Ultrasonic treatment was found to be more effective than polishing treatment in the test of seeding processes. In addition to this, BDD electrodes manufactured by introducing gases at different rates resulted in the most effective electrode lifetime when the introduced gas had a composition of hydrogen gas 94.5 vol.% carbon source gas 1.6 vol.% and boron source gas 3.9 vol.%.

현행 여신전문금융업법 제19조 제1항 및 제4항은, 신용카드가맹점으 로 하여금 ‘신용카드 결제를 거절하는 행위’, ‘신용카드회원을 불리하게 대우하는 행위’, ‘가맹점수수료를 신용카드회원에게 부담시키는 행위’를 금지하고 있다. 동 조항은, 국민의 금융편의를 도모하고, 거래의 투명화 및 이를 통한 탈세방지를 위하여 도입된 것으로 그간 충분한 효과를 보 여주었으나, 동 조항의 남용을 통한 가맹점 피해, 신용카드를 발급받지 못하는 저신용자에게 비용이 전가되는 등 경제적 정의에 반한다는 점, 사회전체의 거래비용이 증가한다는 점 등의 부작용이 발생하고 있다. 이 러한 부작용을 최소화하며 입법목적을 달성할 수 있도록 입법적 보완작 업이 필요하다. 예를 들어, 거액 결제와 같은 경우에는 동 조항의 적용을 배제하는 방안, 가맹점수수료 정도의 합리적인 범위내의 차별을 허용하 는 방안, 현금결제와의 차별만 금지하고 다른 전자지급결제수단과의 차 별은 허용하는 방안 등을 논의해 볼 필요가 있다. IT산업의 발달과 더불어, 과거 전통적 결제수단이었던, 현금, 어음, 수 표, 계좌이체, 신용카드 외에, 계좌이체지급결제대행, 신용카드지급결제대 행, 직불카드(직불전자지급수단), 선불카드(선불전자지급수단), 전자화폐 의 방법이 등장하였다. 이들 결제수단 중 최근 서민을 위한 결제방식으 로 부상하고 있는 계좌이체지급결제대행의 경우, 신용카드를 발급받을 수 없는 저신용자도 이용이 가능할 뿐 아니라, 탈세방지 목적에도 부합 하고, 간편결제 방식의 적용에 따라 그 이용도 매우 편리하게 되었다. 그 러나 계좌이체지급결제대행의 경우에도 제19조 제1항 및 제4항을 적용 하게 되면, 신용카드(혹은 신용카드지급결제대행 방식)에 비하여 회원 유치 경쟁력이 떨어지게 되어, 그 확산에 어려움이 있다. 현금결제 고객 과는 달리 지급결제대행업체에 의한 별도의 용역제공 행위가 있음을 감 안하여 현행 여신전문금융업법 하에서도 제19조 제1항 및 제4항의 형식 적 적용을 배제하는 적극적 해석이 필요하다.

We synthesized potassium hexatitanate, (K2Ti6O13, PT6), with a non-fibrous shape, by acid leaching and subsequent thermal treatment of potassium tetratitanate (K2Ti4O9, PT4), with layered crystal structure. By controlling nucleation and growth of PT4 crystals, we obtained splinter-type crystals of PT6 with increased width and reduced thickness. The optimal holding temperature for the layered PT4 was found to be ~920 oC. The length and width of the PT4 crystals were increased when the nucleation and growth time were increased. After a proton exchange reaction using aqueous 0.3 M HCl solution, and subsequent heat treatment at 850 oC, the PT4 crystal transformed into splinter-type PT6 crystals. The frictional characteristics of the friction materials show that as the particle size of PT6 increases, the coefficient of friction (COF) and wear amounts of both the friction materials and counter disc increase.

Isosteric heat of hydrogen adsorption is one of the most important parameters required to describe solid-state hydrogen storage systems. Typically, it is calculated from adsorption isotherms measured at 77K (liquid N2) and 87K (liquid Ar). This simple calculation, however, results in a high degree of uncertainty due to the small temperature range. Therefore, the original Sievert type setup is upgraded using a heating and cooling device to regulate the wide sample temperature. This upgraded setup allows a wide temperature range for isotherms (77K ~ 117K) providing a minimized uncertainty (error) of measurement for adsorption enthalpy calculation and yielding reliable results. To this end, we measure the isosteric heats of hydrogen adsorption of two prototypical samples: activated carbon and metal-organic frameworks (e.g. MIL-53), and compared the small temperature range (77~87K) to the wide one (77K ~ 117K).

현행 헌법 제64조 제1항에서는 “국회는 ‘법률에 저촉되지 아니하는 범 위 안’에서 의사와 내부규율에 관한 ‘규칙’을 제정할 수 있다.”고 규정하 고 있고, 국회법 제1조에서는 “국회의 조직과 의사 기타 필요한 사항을 규정”한다고 하여, 국회법에서 국회의 조직과 의사에 관한 내부규율을 규 정하고 있으며, 국회법 및 국회규칙관련법에 근거하여 국회규칙을 제· 개정하고 있다. 그런데 국회의 조직과 의사에 관한 내부규율을 법률의 형식으로 규정하는 경우에는 대통령의 법률안거부권으로 국회의 권한을 사실상 행사하지 못하게 할 수 있어 권력분립의 원칙을 위반할 수 있다. 대통령의 법률안거부권 행사시 국회는 재의결이 가능하지만 재적의원 과 반수 출석과 출석의원 2/3이상의 찬성이라는 그 엄격성으로 인하여 여야 합의로 통과한 국회법개정안이 법률확정되지 못하고 사실상 폐기할 수 있어서이다. 이러한 점에서 국회의 조직과 의사에 관한 내용은 관련 국 회규칙으로 이양하여 그 자율성을 부여하고, 외부적 영향을 미치는 규정 만을 국회법에서 국회규칙으로 위임하는 형식이 아닌 법률형식으로 직접 규정하여 대통령의 견제기능에 놓이게 하는 것이 필요하다는 문제의식이 제기된다. 국회내부에만 영향을 미치는 국회의 조직과 의사에 관한 내용 적 문제점에 대한 규칙심사권은 대법원이 사후적으로 최종적 판단이 가 능하여서이다. 입법권자는 국회이고 그동안 대통령도 국회의 조직 및 의 사에 관한 내부규율에 대해서는 국회의 자율권을 존중하여 대통령이 관 여를 거의 하지 않았다는 점에서 볼 때에도, 국회의 조직 및 의사에 관 한 내부규율에 해당하는 사안을 국회법이라는 법률형식에 둘 필요는 없 어 보인다. 현행 헌법기준에서는 국회법과 국회규칙을 구분하는 것으로 하되, 외부적 영향을 미칠 수 있는 규정은 국회법에서 직접 법률의 형식 으로, 내부적 국회의 조직과 의사에 관한 사안의 규정은 국회규칙에서 규칙의 형식으로 규정하여 국회의 자율권을 최대한 확보하는 방안으로 개선하는 것이 입법권자인 국회의 자율권을 최대한 보호하는 방안이 아 닐까한다.

Background: South Korea is one of fastest aging countries in the world. Poor balance and falls of the elderly are main health issues. Objects: The goal of this study was to understand the association between the socioeconomical factors and the standing balance of elderly living in the rural and urban area. Methods: One hundred sixty-six elderly participants who were older than 65 and were able to walk without an assistive device were recruited in the city of Gwangju and in the rural area of Jeonnam, South Korea. All participants performed the static and dynamic standing balance tests. Static standing balance was measured with chronometer in seconds while standing on one leg. Dynamic balance was tested with the timed up and go test (TUG), measured in seconds while getting up from a chair and walking 3 meters and back to sit. The static and dynamic standing balance was analyzed using analysis of variance and the Fisher’s Least Significant Difference post hoc test. Results: Male participants from both areas had no difference in one leg standing and TUG. The female elderly living in rural area took shorter in TUG than females living in urban area. Age decreased the one leg standing time in both areas while did not affect the TUG significantly. As the monthly income increased, both of one leg standing and TUG increased in urban area, while the medium monthly income showed best performance (it was not statistically significant) in both of one leg standing and TUG in rural area. Conclusion: Socioeconomical factors affects differently the standing balance of the elderly living in rural and urban South Korea. Female living alone in urban area with low monthly income demonstrated worst standing balance in this study.

In this study, a system was developed that can evaluate the radon gas removal efficiency of air cleaner filters. The system has three acrylic chambers connected in series;: the 1st chamber, the filter chamber and the 2nd chamber. In the 1st chamber, a radon source and an air pump were installed to create an environment with a constant radon concentration. Radon concentration in the two chambers was continuously monitored by ionization chamber detectors(RD-200, FRD1600, FTLab, Korea) and, in the 2nd chamber, the radon concentration increase of air filtrated by each filter was inter-compared. HEPA filters and two honeycomb type filters were evaluated. Results of HEPA filter, GAC 1 and GAC 2 were 1142 Bq, 7016 Bq and 12053 Bq, respectively. HEPA filter showed a significantly lower capacity for radon removal than the GAC filters. Also, the GAC 2 filter showed a more than 70 % better result compared to GAC 1 due to the difference in filter materials. Therefore, this system can be used to evaluate the radon removal ability of air cleaner filters, by filter type and filter material.

Background: Scapular dyskinesis is characterized by altered scapular position and motion. Specifically, excess activation of the Upper trapezius (UT) combined with decreased Lower trapezius (LT) and Serratus anterior (SA) have been observed. The Standard push-up plus exercise (SPP) is considered as a therapeutic exercise for increasing SA activity and maintaining the scapular kinematics. In addition, Using the Sling surface can lead to higher muscle activity. However, the advantage of an unstable surface has been uncertatin. Objects: To compare the activation of the UT, LT, and lower serratus anterior (LSA) muscles during various push-up plus exercises with and without sling in subjects with scapular dyskinesis. Methods: Total 18 male subjects with scapular dyskinesis were recruited. The UT, LT, and LSA electromyographic activities and the UT/LSA and UT/LT EMG activity ratios were measured during three push-up plus exercises with and without sling. Two-way repeated of analysis of variance was used to determine the statistical significance. Results: The UT activity was significantly lower in all postures without sling than that with sling. In addition, the LSA activity was significantly greater without than with sling, and significantly large in SPP, Low back supported push-up plus (LSPP), and Quadruped push-up plus. Additionally, the UT/LSA and UT/LT activity ratios were lower in SPP and LSPP without sling than with the other four push-up plus exercises. Conclusion: The push-up plus without sling were considered to decrease UT and increase LSA activity compared with exercises with sling. Furthermore, SPP without sling seems to be a more effective exercise for increasing LSA activity and lowering the UT/LSA and UT/LT activity ratios in scapular dyskinesis subjects.

미국 민사소송절차에서 적법절차 논의는 법정지에 거주하지 않거나 법정지 와 실질적 관련이 없는 피고에 대해 “적법절차 요건(due process requireme nts)”을 충족하는 판단기준에 관한 것이다. 적법절차는 민사 소송을 당하는 비 거주자인 피고(non-resident defendant)가 다른 주의 법원, 정부권력으로부 터 부당하게 권리를 침해받지 않도록 피고를 보호하는데 우선을 둔다고 볼 수 있다. 이에 미국 연방법원은 타주(foreign state)의 법원이 비거주자 피고에 대해 재판관할을 행사하기 위해서는 해당 “피고,” 법정지(forum, 즉 타주의 법원), 분쟁사안과의 “minimum contact”이 있는 지를 검토한다. 법정지의 성문법상 법정지 법원의 재판관할권이 인정되는 경우에도 법정지 의 재판관할, 특히 인적재판관할(personal jurisdiction)에 대해서는 최종적으 로 미국연방헌법에서 보장하는 적법절차 요건에 부합한지에 대한 검토가 필요 하다. 미국 민사소송의 피고에 대한 적법절차요건은 재판관할관련 판례의 기 본원칙으로, 법정지의 재판관할 유무를 결정함에 있어 원고의 편의도 고려되 어야 한다는 반대의견에도 불구하고, 1945년의 International Shoe 판례 이 후 지금까지 변함없이 지속되고 있다. 2014년도의 미국 연방대법원의 재판관할에 대한 판례는 피고를 위한 적법 절차 요건을 재확인시켜주었다. 이에 논문은 미국 연방헌법에서 보장된 적법 절차가 법정지의 재판관할을 부인하는 비거주자 피고에게 어떻게 적용되는지 를 검토한다. 또한 우리 법원이 국제사법 상 “당사자(원고와 피고)”와 법정지 인 한국 법원과 실질적 관련성이 있을 경우 국제재판관할을 인정하는 점은 미 국이 피고를 기준으로, 피고와 법정지와의 실질적 관련성을 검토하여 재판관 할을 결정하는 점과 법적으로 약간의 차이가 있음을 지적해 본다.

In this study, we analyzed the factors affecting the concentration of airborne asbestos fiber in the indoor and outdoor environment of a slate roofing house, and performed a health risk assessment of residents living in houses with slate roofs. Sampling was conducted at ten houses with slate roofs on 3 different days under different weather conditions. A high flow rate pump was used for sampling. The specimen was assessed using a phase-contrast microscope. The degree of risk of exposure to asbestos was assessed using EPA’s carcinogen risk assessment method. Asbestos fiber concentrations for slate roofing houses were 2.43 fiber/L inside and 2.46 fiber/L outside, respectively. The correlation between the indoor and outdoor asbestos fiber concentration was 0.486. But on both sides, the asbestos fiber concentrations did not exceed the standard (10 fiber/L) for ambient air in Korea. The factors affecting the concentration of asbestos fiber were year of construction (p<0.05), total roof area (p<0.05) and average wind velocity (p<0.01). According to EPA’s ELCR (Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk) on air pollution substances, a level of 1.0E-04~1.0E-06 should be maintained. However, the ELCR level of 6 out of 10 houses was over 1.0E-04. Therefore, a risk management plan for residents of slate roofing houses must be prepared immediately.

Background: The wall squat is considered an effective exercise because it can reduce the knee load and prevent excessive lumbar movement. However, the relationship between wall squat performance and strength of knee extensors and hip extensors remained unclear. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the strengths of the knee extensors and hip extensors between groups with low and high wall squat performance. Method: Nineteen males (low performance group: 9 subjects, high performance group: 10 subjects) participated in this study and performed wall squats. The subjects who were performing less than 30% of the average wall squat count were classified into the low wall squat performance group (less than or equal to 4 times) and the subjects who performed more than 30% of the average wall squat count were classified into the high wall squat performance group (greater than or equal to 8 times). Knee extensor and hip extensor strength were measured with a strength measurement system. An independent t-test was used to compare the strengths of the knee extensors and hip extensors between the groups with low and high wall squat performance. Results: The ratios of knee extensor and hip extensor strength to bodyweight were greater in the high wall squat performance group than in the low wall squat performance group (knee extensors: p<.001; hip extensors: p=.03). In the high- and low-performance groups, the ratios of knee extensor strength to bodyweight were 42.74±5.72 and 30.76±8.54, respectively, and the ratios of hip extensor strength to bodyweight were 31.95±10.61 and 20.66±11.25, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that knee extensor and hip extensor strength are needed for high wall squat performance. Thus, exercise to increase the knee and hip extensors strength can be recommended to improve squat performance.

In this study, UV irradiation reactors were used to eliminate 4 types of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in various experimental conditions. The 4 types of VOCs used include acetone (AC), chlorobenzene (CB), dichloromethane (DCM) and methylbenzene (MB). An ozone producing low-pressure mercury lamp that emits UV irradiance at 254 nm and 185 nm was used. The tested operating conditions included UV light intensity, inlet VOCs concentrations, empty bed retention time (EBRT), background gas and relative humidity (RH) of the gas. Firstly, higher UV light intensity is confirmed to have higher VOCs removal efficiency (RE). Higher inlet VOCs concentration will result in lower VOCs RE, and the decreasing trends of different VOCs are not identical. At the same inlet VOCs concentrations, increasing the EBRT will result in a rise in VOCs RE, but a further increase in EBRT will bring about less enhancement in RE. Moreover, UV irradiation in oxygen has the highest VOCs RE compared with that in air and nitrogen gas (N2), indicating that photolysis and photooxidation are both important. Finally, there was no increase the VOCs RE at the increase in RH. All the experimental results indicate that an identical set of operating conditions should be applied when the removal capacities of different VOCs according to the UV irradiation amount are compared.

Background: Muscle weakness and impaired trunk muscle control are common in stroke patients. The bridging exercise (BE) is generally used for trunk stabilization and improving the overall function of stroke patients. The effectiveness of the BE with hip adductor contraction (BEHA) in facilitating trunk muscle activation has been well studied in healthy adults. However, the impact of BEHA in sub-acute stroke patients has not yet been investigated. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of BEHA on the electromyography (EMG) activities and the asymmetry of the rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO) and internal oblique (IO) abdominal muscles. Methods: Twenty participants with sub-acute stroke (11 males and 9 females) were recruited. Each participant was asked to perform bridging exercises for five seconds under three different conditions: BE in a neutral position (BEN), BEHA with a large ball (BEHAL) and BEHA with a small ball (BEHAS). The EMG amplitudes of the bilateral RA, EO and IO and the asymmetry of the EMG activity between the sound and affected sides were compared among the conditions. The significance level was set at α=.05. Results: The EMG activities of RA, EO and IO were significantly greater during BEHAL and BEHAS than during BEN (p<.05); the asymmetry of the RA, EO and IO decreased significantly during BEHAL and BEHAS compared to BEN (p<.05). However, no measured variables showed any significant differences between BEHAL and BEHAS (p>.05). Conclusion: This study compared the EMG activities of the RA, EO and IO on both sides and the asymmetry of the RA, EO and IO during BEN, BEHAL and BEHAS. Our findings suggest that BEHA was more effective for individuals with hemiplegic stroke at facilitating and normalizing abdominal muscle control than BEN.

The gas sensor sensitivity value of three methods (simple application method, vaporization method, and chamber method) were compared in order to establish a method for the measurement of liquid odor substances. In order to select the representative sensors from among the 16 sensors constituting the gas sensor array, cluster analysis, regression analysis, and correlation analysis were performed. Sensors with excellent correlation in terms of reactivity were selected as representative sensors of each measurement method. As a result, it was shown that the reactivity and the correlation increased in the order of simple application method < vaporization method < chamber method. Through a variance analysis using the sensitivity values of selected representative sensors, it was shown that the simple application method had statistical significance at the level of 99.9% (p<0.001) in three of the representative sensors in four clustering groups. The vaporization method and the chamber method showed statistical significance at a level of 99.9% (p<0.001) for all representative sensors in each clustering group. If the reactivity were improved by controlling the sensitivity of the sensor, the simple application method and vaporization method could also be used as a method of measuring the liquid material with gas sensor array.

Background: Scapular winging is a prominence of the entire scapular medial border, mainly caused by insufficient activity of the serratus anterior (SA) and imbalance of scapulothoracic muscles. Push-up plus (PUP) exercise has been commonly used to increase SA muscle activity. The facilitation of abdominal muscle may affect scapular muscle activity by myofascial connections. Thus, the sequential activation of the turnk muscles is suggested to facilitate the transition of proper force from upper limb and restore force couple of scapular muscles. The abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) has been effective in improving activation of the deep trunk muscles during movement. Objects: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ADIM on the activity of the upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), and SA during PUP exercises in subjects with scapular winging. Methods: Fourteen men with scapular winging (determined as a of distance between the scapular medial border and thoracic wall over 3 ㎝) volunteered for our study. The subjects performed the PUP exercise with and without ADIM. Surface electromyography was used to collect the electromyography data of the UT, LT, and SA. A scapulometer was used to measure the amount of scapular winging. Results: SA activity was significantly greater and scapular winging significantly lower during the PUP exercise with ADIM than during those without ADIM. Conclusion: PUP exercise with ADIM can be used as an beneficial method to improve SA activation and to reduce the amount of scapular winging in subjects with scapular winging.