The Automobile HVAC system is a habitat for odor-associated fungal communities. We investigated the odorassociated fungal community in an automobile HVAC system using a high-throughput DNA sequencing method. The fungal community structure was evaluated via metagenome analysis. At the phylum level, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were detected, accounting for 43.41% and 56.49% of the fungal community in the HVAC system, respectively. Columnosphaeria (8.31%), Didymella (5.60%), Davidiella (5.50%), Microxyphium (4.24%), unclassified Pleosporales (2.90%), and Cladosporium (2.79%) were abundant at phylum of Ascomycota and Christiansenia (36.72%), Rhodotorula (10.48%), and Sporidiobolus (2.34%) were abundant at phylum of Basidiomycota. A total of 22 genera of fungi were isolated and identified from the evaporators of the HVAC systems which support fungal growth and biofilm formation. Among them, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Alternaria are the most representative odor-associated fungi in HVAC systems. They were reported to form biofilm on the surface of HVAC systems with other bacteria by hypha. In addition, they produce various mVOCs such as 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetic acid, butanoic acid, and methyl isobutyl ketone. Our findings may be useful for extending the understanding of odor-associated fungal communities in automobile HVAC systems.

Background: In cerebral palsy (CP), parents’ quality of life and rearing attitude are considered possible factors that influence patients’ quality of life, function level, and performance in daily activities. Despite these facts, little attention has been given to demonstrate a relation between these factors. Objects: This study aimed to demonstrate the relationship between parents’ quality of life, functional level, and performance in daily activities, the quality of life of school-aged children with spastic CP. Methods: This study included 24 parents of school-aged children with spastic CP. The KIDSCREEN-52 and World Health Organization quality of life (WHOQOL)-BREF questionnaires (including physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains) were used as research tools to assess the quality-of-life profiles of the children with spastic CP and those of their parents, respectively. In addition, the function levels and performance in daily activities of the children with CP were assessed by using the gross motor function measure (GMFM) and modified Barthel index (MBI). Correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed to clarify the determinants of the quality of life of the children with CP. Results: The KIDSCREEN-52 score correlated with the total score (r=.735, p<.01) and all domains of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire (physical: r=.542, p<.01; psychological: r=.690, p<.01; social: r=.568, p<.01; and environmental: r=.783, p<.01). In addition, significant correlation was found between the KIDSCREEN-52 and MBI scores (r=.411, p<.05), and between the MBI and GMFM scores (r=.427, p<.05). After controlling for age, gender, paralytic type, GMFM, and MBI, the WHOQOL-BREF score (R2=.621), particularly in the environmental domain (R2=.699), remained independently related to the quality of life of the children. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the quality of life of school-aged children with spastic CP can be influenced by the quality of life of their parents. This study provides useful information for future studies to investigate the quality of life of children with CP

Mold is one of the important bio-aerosols affecting human health in the indoor environment. To manage mold contamination, it is necessary to use an appropriate method for its detection and enumeration. Recently, the impaction method of ISO 16000-18 has been established as one of methods to detect and enumerate molds in air. To investigate the general use of the impaction method for mold detection in domestic indoor environments, the suitability of the method was assessed using different antibiotics, media and air samplers. All of the three antibiotics tested - ampicillin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin - showed inhibitory effects on bacterial colony formation on MEA and DG-18 media, without inhibiting mold growth. Of these three antibiotics, ampicillin was the most effective. There was no statistical difference between MEA and DG-18 media in the measurement of mold concentration. The formation of discriminative colony morphology was more apparent in DG-18 media. No significant difference in the measurement of mold concentration was found between Andersen samplers and MAS- 100NT samplers, which are two major samplers introduced in Korea.

우리는 일상 생활에서 각종 웹사이트를 통해 공개된 수많은 개인정보 처리방침을 접하지만 실제 그 내용을 살펴보고, 이해하는 경우는 많지 않다. 우리법은 개인정보를 처리하는 자로 하여금 이러한 개인정보 처리 방침을 반드시 공개하도록 하고 있으며, 그 안에 일정한 내용을 담도록 명하고 있다. 하지만 정작 이러한 개인정보 처리방침이 법적으로는 어떠 한 성격을 가지는 것인지, 정보주체의 개인정보 보호를 위해서는 어떻게 활용되는 것이 바람직한 것인지, 그리고 개인정보 처리방침을 통제하는 방안이 무엇인지에 대해서는 충분한 논의가 이루어지지 않고 있다. 특히 공정거래위원회는 개인정보 처리방침을 약관으로 보고 이에 대해 약관규제법에 따른 불공정약관심사를 진행하고 있는데, 개인정보 처리방 침이 개인정보를 처리하는 자와 개인정보 주체간에 계약으로서의 성격을 갖는 것인지 생각해 볼 필요가 있다. 계약이 성립하기 위해서는 청약과 승낙이라는 의사표시가 서로 교차해야 하는데, 개인정보 처리방침의 공 개와 관련하여 이러한 청약과 승낙의 의사표시가 존재한다고 보기 어렵 다. 또한 개인정보 처리방침을 계약을 보아 약관통제를 해야 할 실익도 크지 않다고 생각된다. 개인정보 처리방침은 법령이 수범자에게 요구하는 표시 의무의 이행에 따 라 공개되는 정보로서 사법 영역에서 그 성격을 규명하는 것은 부적절하다 고 할 것이다. 오히려 공법의 관점에서 규제의 결과인 이러한 표시를 어떻 게 활용하고, 통제할 것인지에 대한 논의와 고민이 필요하다고 본다. 구체적으로 개인정보 처리방침이 개인정보 보호와 정보주체의 선택권 보장이라는 본래의 취지를 달성하기 위해서는 내용이나 공개 방식에 있 어 어느 정도 자율성을 보장하여 개인정보처리자 간에 경쟁과 혁신을 유 도할 필요가 있다. 다만, 표시된 내용과 달리 개인정보가 처리되는 경우 에 대해서는 전문규제기관이 이를 직접 규제할 수 있는 방안이 마련되는 것이 바람직하다. 개인정보 처리방침 공개 제도는 사회적으로 어느 정도 정착이 되었다고 할 것이다. 이제부터는 개인정보 보호를 위해 이러한 제도를 어떻게 활용해 나갈 것인지 고민해야 할 시점이라고 생각한다.

This study aimed to estimate the odor emission rate from swine nursery facilities (naturally and mechanically ventilated) using probability distribution. Odor occurrence trends in the study facilities were very different; odor concentration and gas flow had a lognormal distribution. Monte Carlo simulation was used to carry out the uncertainty analysis. Odor emission rate was found to range from 18.05 OU/sec (10th percentile) to 621.88 OU/ sec (90th percentile), and odor emission rate per head ranged from 0.02 OU/sec · head (10th percentile) to 0.64 OU/ sec · head (90th percentile).

이 연구에서는 생계부양자로만 여겨졌던 남성의 돌봄 참여가 요구되는 사회적 현실에서 육아 리얼리티 프로그램인 <슈퍼맨이 돌아왔다>에 주목하여 남성의 자녀 돌봄의 재현방식과 그 사회 문화적 함의를 검토하였다. 서사분석 결과 첫째, 돌봄은 여성의 본분이라는 통념에 근거해 인물 관계가 묘사되었고, 남성의 돌봄은 주로 상업화된 체험교육 시설이나 서비스, 외식업체를 이용한 소비활동으로 대체되고 있었다. 둘째, 이야기구조 분석을 통해 새로운 성역할 규범을 모색하기보 다 성별분업에 기초한 정상가족제도를 강화하는 경향을 발견하였다. 마지막으로 인터뷰와 관찰 을 통해 돌봄의 어려움이 가시화되고, 남성의 돌봄 참여가 가져온 긍정적 변화를 보여주었음에도 불구하고 텍스트의 최종의미를 고정하는 내래이션은 기혼여성의 시점에서 남성은 여성보다 돌 봄에 미숙하다는 통념을 강화하고 있었다. 결국 여성의 돌봄 책무를 경감하기보다 오락적이고, 소비주의적인 남성의 돌봄을 규범화하여 부모되기의 책무를 강화하고 있었다.

Background: The Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) was developed to assess of balance ability in children with balance problem. The PBS was translated into Korean and its reliability had been studied. However, it had need to be verified using psychometric characteristics including item fit and rating scale. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the item fit, item difficulty, and rating scale of the Korean version of PBS using Rasch analysis. Methods: In total, 40 children with cerebral palsy (CP) (boy=17, girl=23) who were diagnosed with level 1 or 2 according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System participated in this study. The PBS was performed, and was verified regarding the item fit, item difficulty, rating scale, and separation index and reliability using Rasch analysis. Results: In this study, the ‘transfer’, and ‘turning to look behind left and right shoulders while standing still’ item showed misfit statistics. in total 40 children with CP. Also, ‘transfer’, ‘standing unsupported with feet together’ and ‘standing with one foot in front’ items showed misfit statistics in diplegia CP group. Regardless of the classification of CP, the most difficult item was ‘standing on one foot’, whereas the easiest item was ‘sitting with back unsupported and feet supported on the floor’. The 4 rating scale categories of PBS were acceptable with all criteria. Both item and person separation indices and reliability showed acceptable values. Conclusion: The PBS has been proven reliable, valid and is an appropriate tool, but it needs to modify the items of PBS according to CP classification.

This study investigated the odor-associated bacterial community in automobile HVAC systems. Through a metagenome analysis, it was found that; Massilia (42.426%), Sphingomonas (28.200%), (10.780%), and Methylobacterium (5.756%) were abundant in the HVAC systems. Massilia can cause the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) producing odor in automobiles. Sphingomonas produces volatile halogenated compounds or degrades organic pollutants. Rhodococcus is reported to produce sulfur compounds which give off an odor similar to rotting eggs and cabbages. Methylobacterium is one of the most representative bacteria that causes odor in automobile HVAC systems. The evaporator is considered as the appropriate habitat for microorganisms in automobiles because of its high humidity and organic adsorption. Massilia, Sphingomonas, Rhodococcus, Methylobacterium, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Arthrobacter, Micrococcus, and Pseudomonas, listed in order from most to least present, were isolated as abundant bacteria in the evaporator of the HVAC systems.

Background: Many studies have reported positive results of the various mirror training and virtual reality games in improving dynamic standing balance and posture adjustment in chronic stroke patients. However, no systematic study has been conducted to compare the effects of virtual reality games and the mirror balance training. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Wii balance games and Mirror Self- Balancing Exercises in improving proprioception of knee joint and standing balance of people with chronic stroke. Methods: Twenty patients with chronic stroke volunteered for this study. The subjects were randomly divided into a Wii balance games group and a Mirror Self-Balancing Exercises group with 10 patients in each group. Each training was performed for 30 mins a day for 4 days. In addition to the balance training, 30 mins neuro-developmental-treatment based routine physical therapy was given to both groups. Proprioception was measured using two continuous passive motion devices, and static balance was measured using a Wii balance board. Dynamic balance assessment tools included the Berg Balance Scale, Dynamic Gait Index, and Timed Up-and-Go test. Results: All measured variables before and after the experimental results showed a significant improvement in both groups (p<.05). Only the improvement of the affected knee proprioception appeared to be significantly greater in the Wii balance game group (p<.05). However, other variables did not differ between the groups (p>.05). Conclusion: The findings suggest that both Wii balance games and Mirror Self-Balancing Exercises may be helpful for improving the proprioception of knee joint and the balance of patients with chronic stroke.

Programmed cell death (PCD) is decisive in eliminating affected cells in human cancers, whereas there are increasing cases of cancer-related death due to side effects of modern treatment methods. There is an urge for new methods of growth inhibition and elimination of cancer cells with a lower cytotoxicity to normal cells. Irregularity along PCD pathways plays a crucial role in cancer cell carcinogenesis. Apoptosis is a distinct cell death mechanism occurring in multicellular organisms and also called type one programmed cell death. Autophagy and paraptosis are non-apoptotic PCD occurring in multicellular organisms. Natural compounds are the fundament of pharmacological treatments, and flavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds which are unique due to their diverse chemical structures and various biological active mechanisms like anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and much more. This gives an increasing number of studies indicating that some flavonoids from medicinal plants could be promising candidates for new natural anticancer drugs, which attract high interests of academic researchers and advanced users. An understanding of the underlying mechanism of PCD induced by flavonoids in cancer cells is important as it plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. This systematic review is to report flavonoids and their derivatives as new anticancer candidates to stimulate PCD with a different mechanism based on the pharmacological evidence.

In this study, we analyzed the concentration of cadmium and mercury in urine and lead in blood from 668 residents in the exposed and compared areas in Gwangyang-si and Yeosu-si, from July 2013 to December 2015. According to the lifestyle (past smoking, current smoking, passive smoking, drinking and exercise), the concentration of cadmium in urine was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Gwangyang. However, the concentration of cadmium in urine according to the lifestyle except drinking was higher in the exposed areas than in the compared areas in Yeosu. According to the past smoking and current smoking, the concentration of mercury in urine was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Gwangyang, but the passive smoking, drinking and exercise showed similar concentration levels both in the exposed and compared areas in Gwangyang. The concentration of mercury in urine according to the past smoking and current smoking was higher in the exposed areas than in the compared areas in Yeosu, but the concentration of mercury in urine according to the drinking and exercise was lower in the exposed areas than in the compared areas in Yeosu. According to the past smoking, the concentration of lead in blood showed similar concentration levels in the exposed and compared areas in Gwangyang, but regarding current and passive smoking, it was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Gwangyang. Especially, the concentration of lead in blood according to the drinking in Gwangyang showed statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The concentration of lead in blood according to the lifestyle was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Yeosu.

The pharmacokinetics of 11-Hydroxyaclacinomycin X (HAMX), a novel anthracycline, were investigated after intravenous bolus administration in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs. Based on animal data, we predicted the following human pharmacokinetic parameters using allometric scaling: 24.1 and 6.99 mL/min/kg for total body clearance (CLt) using simple and maximum life-span potential (MLP)-corrected allometry, respectively; 5.72 L/kg for steady-state volume of distribution (Vdss ). The corresponding allometric equation were CLt = 45.896W0.8452, CLt × MLP = 31.175W1.1405 and Vdss = 10140x0.8653. These allometric equations were extrapolated to predict CLt and Vdss in human based on 70 kg body weight. We also predicted human parameters using species-invariant time transformations (equivalent time, kallynochrons, apolysichrons and dienetichrons). The values of Vdss (15.4-19.4 L/kg) obtained using invariant time transformations were larger than those obtained using simple allometry. However, the lowest CLt (17.0 mL/min/kg) derived usi ngdienetichrons was comparable to that obtained using simple allometry. The results of this study also indicated that the predicted human CLt generated using MLP-corrected allometry can be used for the selection of a safe dose for studies in healthy adult human volunteers. These results suggest that such approaches may be useful in designing pharmacokinetic studies for novel anthracyclines. The preliminary parameter values may be useful in designing early pharmacokinetic studies of HAMX in humans. The results could also be used to determine the safe dose for the therapeutics in various animals.

The characteristics of PM10 generation by subway operation such as acceleration, constant velocity, deceleration or stoppage were measured in real time to study its causes. For measurement positions, the lower center point on the front side of the Tc1-car was selected to observe the re- suspension caused by train draft, and behind the M2-car wheel and the T1-car wheel were selected observe the abrasion loss from friction generation during cabin operation. The measurement results showed that the PM10 generation is increased by train draft was 5.6% in the constant velocity section and 1.45% in the acceleration/deceleration sections. The increase by adhesiveness for cabin acceleration/deceleration was 9.6%, while the increase caused by friction from motor operation and steering was 5.1%. On the other hand, the amount of PM10 flowing into the station when a cabin was stopped at a station was 136% of normal condition and this might be the key reason of PM10 pollution in a subway tunnels since most pollution is accumulated there.

Background: Patients after rotator cuff (RC) surgery experienced pain, weakness and limited of motion of the shoulder. Physical therapists have used heat therapy, electrotherapy, range of motion (ROM) exercise and other methods to treat patients after RC surgery. In addition, functional taping is also used to support joint movement and to increase shoulder joint stability. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the initial effects of functional taping using non-elastic tape on pain, strength and ROM of the shoulder following RC surgery. Methods: Forty-eight patients with who underwent RC surgery volunteered for this study. The subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG, n1=25) and a control group (CG, n2=23). First, non-allergic tape was applied to the shoulder to prevent skin irritation. The EG applied functional taping using non-elastic tape and the CG applied sham taping using elastic tape. Assessment tools included the shoulder pain and disability index for functional activity score, visual analog scale for level of pain, shoulder muscle strength, hand grip strength and ROM testing. Results: Pain score in the both group significantly decreased (p<.05), and change in pain score of in the EG increased significantly than in the CG (p<.05). Shoulder strength and ROM in the both group significantly increased (p<.05). Especially external rotation and extension of the shoulder ROM in the EG increased significantly more than in the CG (p<.05), but the rate of change in the two groups showed no significant difference. Conclusion: These results suggest that functional taping using non-elastic tape was initially effective in decreasing pain score level in patients with RC surgery.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a major pathogen that may be one of the main reasons for economic losses in the livestock industry. BVDV is a well-characterized member of Flaviviridae family with plus-stranded RNA viruses. Non-structural NS5B protein is RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is responsible for viral RNA synthesis and genome replication of BVDV. Therefore, the NS5B polymerase is a key target for the discovery of anti-BVDV drugs. A number of small-molecule inhibitors against the NS5B polymerase have been reported in literature of which we collected series molecules having various scaffold with their biological data determined by evident experimental conditions, methods and procedures. Then, we constructed database of 655 small-molecule NS5B inhibitors having definitive activity values, structural parameters, and physicochemical properties (such as molecular hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, polarity, Hbond donors and H-bond acceptors) associated with their absorption and permeability through a cheminformatics approach. The database was opened to provide insight for allosteric NS5B inhibitors of BVDV with an accessible platform on the web (http://nabic.rda.go.kr/chemical genomic database/BVDV RNA dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors). This molecular information in the database would be useful in attempting to identify features and decision factors that enhance anti-BVDV activity or increase selectivity of the allosteric inhibitor. These anti-BVDV molecules could also be screening for the purpose of exploiting potent NS5B inhibitors in the same family (e.g., HCV, CSFV, YFV, WNV, and DENV).

A biofilter filled with sintered glass media and wood bark media were developed and tested. Acetic acid and ammonia added in brewery wastewater were used as an artificial odor source. The Reynolds’ number (NRe) was below 130 in the loading range of 3~5 m3/m2-min, while the pressure drop was less than 6 mmH2O. The average removal efficiency of acetic acid was 87.6% and 71.5% at surface loading rate of 3.1 m3/m2-min and 4.4 m3/m2- min, respectively. The acetic removal capacities were 8.1~14.3 g/m3-min with the mass loading rates of 11.7~22.4 g/m3-min, indicating very high performance. However, the acetic removal capacity was sharply decreased at the mass loading rate of 20 g/m3-min. The average removal rate of ammonia was 38% and 25% at the surface loading rates of 3.1 m3/m2-min and 4.4 m3/m2-min, respectively. The ammonia removal capacity was 0.47~0.88 g/m3-min in the range of 11.7~22.4 g/m3-min mass loading rates. The intensity of complex odor was also decreased based on the findings in the measurement using the direct olfactory method and the GC analysis.

<헤드윅>은 한국 최고의 흥행 라이선스 뮤지컬 중 하나이다. 1998년 뉴욕 오프브로드웨이 초 연 이래 지금까지 전 세계 수십 개 국에서 공연되어오고 있는 <헤드윅>(원제: Hedwig and the Angry Inch)은 주인공 ‘헤드윅’ 역의 배우 한 명과 한 명의 코러스 ‘이츠학’, 그리고 펑크 록 밴드 ‘디앵그리인치’가 극 전체를 이끌어 가는 ‘원 맨 스탠드 업’ 형식의 콘서트 뮤지컬이다. 2014년 개막한 브로드웨이 프로덕션은 토니상 4개 부문 수상 등 주요 뮤지컬 상을 석권하며 브로드웨이 에서도 위용을 과시했다. <헤드윅>의 한국어 공연은 2005년 서울 초연 이래 2016년까지 총 11년 간 열 번의 시즌을 거치며 매 공연 대중과 평단의 찬사를 받아왔다. 특히 원작자인 존 카메론 미첼은 미국의 유력 주간지 엘에이 위클리와의 인터뷰에서 “서울에서의 엄청난 성공을 목도한 뒤 브로드웨이 프로덕션의 꿈을 꾸기 시작했다”고 밝힌 바 있다. 이는 한국의 <헤드윅>이 원작자 에게 마저 영감을 주었을 만큼 흥행성과 작품성의 측면에서 모두 의미 있는 성과를 이루었다는 것을 방증한다. 전 세계를 통틀어 <헤드윅>의 무대에서는 화려한 세트 전환이나 대규모 출연진의 역동적인 장면을 찾기 힘들다. 하지만 <헤드윅>은 단조롭거나 지루하지 않다. 그것은 들려주기(Diegesis)와 극적 재현 방식(Mimesis)을 넘나드는 헤드윅 특유의 재담과 연기가 시종일관 관객을 흡인하며, 이 두 방식이 교차될 때마다 그 한 켜 아래에서 극 공간 역시 다양하면서도 입체적으로 신속하게 변화하기 때문이다. 위베르스펠드에 의하면 무대 공간은 기본적으로 모태의 자격을 지닌 텍스트 공간을 전제로 한다. 텍스트 공간이란 “무대에서 형체로 나타났건 그렇지 않건 간에, 텍스트에 의해 환기되고 텍스트를 통해서 구축된 모든 상상적 공간을 지칭한다.” 이에 본고는 <헤드윅>의 흥행성과 작품성이 무엇보다 원작 텍스트의 힘에 기대고 있으며, 작품의 가장 큰 특성이 극텍스 트 공간의 심미성과 다의성이라고 보고 위베르스펠드의 기호학과 융의 분석심리학 이론을 바탕 으로 그 대표적인 양태를 ‘신화적 공간의 극적 알레고리’, ‘이원적 공간의 서사 충동’, ‘심리적 공간의 자기실현 과정’의 세 유형으로 나누어 보았다. 첫째, <헤드윅>의 극텍스트는 신화적 공간 을 구축하여 관객의 상상과 무의식의 지평을 넓혀주어 ‘불신의 자발적 중단’을 추동하는 한편, 신화적 공간은 그 자체로 극 공간에 대한 알레고리로서 기능한다. 이 공간에서 ‘헤드윅의 잃어버 린 반쪽을 찾는 여정’이라는 극의 목적이 처음 구축되기 때문이다. 둘째, <헤드윅>의 극텍스트 공간은 현동적 공간과 잠재적 공간으로 이원화하고, 현동적 공간은 다시 ‘결핍 공간’과 ‘특권 공간’으로, 잠재적 공간은 다시 ‘특권 공간’과 ‘초월적 공간’으로 이원화된다. 이 공간들은 그 의미 영역들 사이의 대립과 갈등 그리고 해소라는 변증법적 상호작용을 통해 끊임없이 서사를 충동한 다. 셋째, <헤드윅>의 극텍스트는 주인공 ‘헤드윅’의 마음 구조 그 자체이며 작품의 서사는 헤드 윅이라는 ‘자아’가 무의식으로의 여행을 통해 무의식원형인 ‘자기’를 발견하는 이야기이다. 텍스 트의 인물들은 마음의 구조의 각 요소에 상응하는 한편, 텍스트의 각 공간을 점유하는 의식⋅무 의식 층위의 콤플렉스들은 문자적⋅비문자적 기호를 통해 텍스트 공간에 종합적으로 도상화되 어 수신자들의 내면에 보다 다층적인 공간 심상을 불러일으킨다. <헤드윅>의 극텍스트가 생성하는 공간들의 다의성과 심미성은 작품의 의미를 더욱 풍성하게 하고, 자칫 단조로운 느낌을 줄 수 있는 단일 세트 무대의 단점을 보완할 뿐 아니라, 오히려 그것 을 장점으로 승화하며 독특한 미학적 효과를 창출한다. 본 연구는 <헤드윅>의 현재적 가치는 물 론 향후 한국에서 창작될 뮤지컬에서의 텍스트 공간 미학에 대한 가능성을 환기하였다는 데에 그 나름의 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다.

Background: Short foot exercise (SFex) is often prescribed and performed in the sport and rehabilitation fields to strengthen intrinsic foot muscles. However, SFex is difficult to perform because of lack of feedback methods. Objects: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of SFex with and without electromyography (EMG) biofeedback on the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of healthy individuals who maintained a static standing position. Methods: All participants (14 males and 12 females) were randomly divided into two groups (biofeedback and non-biofeedback groups). The EMG activity of the abductor hallucis (AbdH) and tibialis anterior (TA) and the MLA angle on the dominant leg side were measured with the participant in the standing position in the pre- and post-intervention conditions. The intervention session consisted of 15 minutes of SFex with (biofeedback group) or without (non-biofeedback group) EMG biofeedback. The groups were compared using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The post-intervention activities of the AbdH muscle (p<.05) and the AbdH/TA ratio (p<.05) were significantly greater in the biofeedback group than in the non-biofeedback group. The activity of the TA (p<.05) and the MLA angle (p<.05) in the biofeedback group were significantly lower in the post-intervention condition than in the pre-intervention condition. Conclusion: The present findings demonstrate that the combination of SFex and EMG biofeedback can effectively facilitate the muscle activity of the AbdH and strengthen the medial longitudinal arch.

Although stem cells are used as important cell therapies in regenerative medicine, the electrophysiological problems that arise in the expansion of cells have not been known much. This study was conducted to investigate the functional expression of inward rectifying K+ current (IKir) using a patch-clamp technique, and the change in the resting membrane potential and the membrane capacitance were investigated in mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical vein (hUC-MSC). The IKir plays an important role in regulating the resting membrane potential in many cells and is known to contribute to the maintenance of intracellular K+ concentration. In this study, electrophysiologically recorded current exhibited typical IKir characteristics. The current shifted along the K+ equilibrium potential (Ek) with the extracellular K+ concentration change. In addition, IKir was blocked by the divalent Ba2+ in a dose-dependent manner. The frequency of functional expression of IKir changed with number of passages (P2: 5.3% vs P8: 77.8% vs P12: 34.5%). There was no significant change in the resting membrane potential of hUC-MSC (P2: -21.0 mV, P8: -20.1 mV and P12: -21.9 mV). However, the capacitance of the cell membrane was significantly changed after P9 (P2: 8.9 pF vs P9: 16.9 pF) compared to P2. All the results suggest that changes in electrophysiological distribution of IKir as the passages increase may cause changes in K+ permeability even in cell proliferation and differentiation, suggesting a possible physiological role in maintaining cell homeostasis and resting membrane potential (RMP).

독점규제법상 지주회사 규제는 경제력집중 억제를 위한 규제의 하나로 1986년 동법의 개정 시에 도입되었다. 특히 1999년 동법 개정에 의하 여 지주회사 규제는 원칙적 설립 금지에서 설립 허용과 일정한 제한을 가하는 방식으로 변경되었다. 이와 같은 제도 변화에는 경제력집중의 수 단이 될 수 있는 등의 지주회사가 갖는 부정적 측면이 완화되었고, 반면 효율적인 조직 운영과 같은 긍정적 측면이 활용될 필요가 있다는 인식이 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 이유로 지주회사의 설립‧전환을 원칙적으로 허용 하면서 대신 일정한 제한을 부과하는 방식으로 법 개정이 이루어졌다. 이후 공정거래위원회는 재벌로 대표되는 대규모기업집단의 집단 구조가 계열사의 순환출자 방식에 기반함으로써 매우 복잡하고 불투명한 구조를 취하고 있고, 이를 개선하는 방안으로 지주회사 체제를 적극적으로 권장 하는 정책을 추진하여 왔다. 이 과정에서 1999년 법 개정에 의하여 도 입된 지주회사에 대한 여러 제한은 처음 입법 당시에 비하여 상당히 완 화된 내용을 갖게 되었다. 이러한 정책의 추진에 의하여 지주회사의 수 는 증가하였지만, 반면 지주회사의 부정적 측면을 최소화하기 위하여 도 입된 규제의 의의를 퇴색시키는 결과를 낳았다. 이러한 상황에서 지주회 사 규제의 의의를 다시 확인하고, 현재의 규제 내용이 이에 상응하는 것 인지를 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 또한 금산분리 원칙의 완화를 의도하는 공 정거래위원회의 개정안도 이러한 맥락에서 검토되어야 할 것이다.