Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential nutrient of most living tissues. We established a strain of Gulo-/- mice with known deficiency, in which vitamin C intake can be controlled by diet, like humans, and investigated the differen- tially expressed proteins following treatments with Helicobacter pylori and diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in the liver of Gulo-/- mice using a proteomic approach. Expression of p53, 14-3-3ε and 14-3-3δ in Gulo-/- mice liver tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. 2-DE maps constructed from Gulo-/- mice liver and differentially expressed proteins in liver tissue were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/MS). In Gulo- /- mice after H. Pylori infection, followed by treatment with DENA, no differences in p53, 14-3-3ε and 14-3-3δ were observed by immunohistochemistry. Proteome analyses us- ing MALDI-TOF/MS resulted in successful identification of 12 proteins (nine proteins were up-regulated and three were down-regulated). Specifically, peroxiredoxin-6 and Alpha-1-antitrypsin 1-4 were up-regulated in liver after H. Pylori infection followed by treatment with DENA. These results indicated that oral supplementation with vitamin C led to rescue of Gulo-/- mice from vitamin deficiency, and protected the liver from H.pylori infection and/or DENA ef- fect, and vitamin C also protected the liver against oxidative stress.

Canine parvovirus (CPV2) is one of the most virulent virus causing acute hemorrhagic enteritis and myocarditis in dogs. Infection mainly caused by the ingestion of virus through the mucosal route. Therefore, induction of mucosal immunity is essential in prevention of Canine Parvovirus (CPV2) infection. For safe and effective delivery of viral antigens to the mucosal immune system, a novel surface antigen display system for lactic acid bacteria using the poly-γ-glutamic acid synthetase A protein (pgsA) of Bacillus subtilis as an anchoring matrix was applied in order to display CPV2 antigen on the surface of the recombinant L. casei. Recombinant fusion proteins comprised of pgsA and the capsid protein (VP2-S1) showed stable expression in Lactobacillus casei. Surface localization of the fusion protein was verified by cellular fractionation analyses. Oral and nasal inoculations of recombinant L. casei into mice resulted in high levels of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgA, as demonstrated by ELISA using recombinant VP2-S1 proteins. Mice receiving intranasal immunization mounted higher antibody response than those receiving oral immunization. These results indicate that mucosal immunization with recombinant L. casei expressing CPV2 VP2-S1 protein on its surface provides an effective means for elicitation of strong antibody responses against CPV 2 VP2-S1.

불교가 인도 문화권을 넘어서 다른 문화권으로 전파됨에 따라서 불교설화도 각국의 자연환경과 사회문화적 풍습과 접목되는 방식으로 다양하게 변용되어 각 문화권에 스며들었다. 중국, 한국, 일본으로 불교가 전래된 이후에 많은 불교설화가 만들어졌다. 그리고 한국과 일본은 중국에서 개작되고 윤색하여 새로 만들어진 불교설화집들이 유입되면서 또 조금씩 다른 이야기들이 첨가되는 형태로 변용된 것이 많다.한국<우목낭상>형 계모설화가 인도의 구랑나태자설화를 재편하는 과정에서는 “우목낭상”의 의미에 꼭 맞도록 도려내어진 눈은 바늘질통에 보관되고 그 눈으로 광명을 되찾는 것으로 변화시켰다. 이리하여 우목낭상의 고사로 양식화되었고, 양식화된 설화들은 또다시 역사적인 인물을 가미시킨 새로운 이야기를 파생시키며 오늘날과 같은 유형이 된 것이다.중국의 서천문불형 계모설화와 인도의 가마니찬다본생설화를 비교해 보면 불교설화로서의 특수한 형식성의 탈피는 물론, 화소와 내용면에서도 상당한 차이를 보여주고 있다.한국과 중국계모설화에서는 불전설화가 인용되어 주제의 일관성과 줄거리의 통일성에 별 도움이 안 되는 단락과 화소가 생략되어 명료한 주제, 긴밀한 구성을 실현하고 있음으로써 더욱 일반화된 구전설화로의 전환을 이루었다.

Even though offensive odor control law was enforced in 2005, the civil appeal of odor doesn’t decrease all parts of the country. On Effluent Quality Standard site, the reason why the civil appeal is filed could be the restriction which is regulated by odor concentration(dilution threshold) without considering odor emission. When regulating odor concentration only, the different scenarios were considered and analyzed for diffuse form through odor concentration, stack height and flow rate using AERSCREEN. Oder compounds from the analyzed scenarios were fluctuated by not only odor concentration but flow rate. Therefore, flow rate regulation introduction is necessary because odor concentration regulation of Effluent Quality Standard doesn’t make the civil appeal reduce. Now, Odor Effluent Quality Standard is managed by Effluent Quality Standard like air pollutants in Korea. It means, the concept conversion of Receptor-centric is need for preventing civil appeal and complaint of odor. For the odor management of receptor-centric, workplace emission is regulated in accordance with odor concentration at receptor. but it’s hard to regulate all of workplace respectively because all workplace condition is different each other In Japan, odor diffusion modeling for calculating the causal relationship between receptor and emission is used for the method to figure out the problem. By expanding odor automatic monitoring network that some of local governments have, odor emission management and continues receptor current status analysis are needed to combine and operate for resolving odor problem.

The aim of the current study was to analyze the active ingredients and to screen the pharmacological properties of freshwater laver, Prasiola japonica, the only species grown in Korea. According to results of gas chromatography- mass spectrometry assay, components from P. japonica were more diverse than those from sea laver. Of particular interest, our results indicated that ethanol extract of P. japonica (PJE) contained loliolide, sorbitol, mannitol, and alverine, which were known to have an anti-oxidant, anti-oral microbial, osmotic diuresis, and smooth muscle relaxant, respectively. In addition, five solvent fractions of PJE (water, butanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hexane) significantly inhibited the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and a higher amount (>100 μg/mL) of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hexane fraction were considered to play a specific role in cancer cell death. PJE and its solvent fractions found to be effective scavengers of free radicals, particularly, hydroxyl radicals. Glucose uptake in L6 myoblast cell line that stably expresses the glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) proteins was also remarkably enhanced upon treatment with solvent fractions, remarkably chloroform fraction. Taken together, we concluded that P. japonica may have potent pharmacological properties and thus contribute to development of novel natural candidates for various disease targets.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) contains high levels of dietary fibers and antioxidants, including vitamin C, D, and folates. Onion is also known as a quercetin-rich vegetable with high flavonoid content. Onion peel contains over 20 times more quercetin than onion flesh. The aim of this study was to examine the question of whether onion peel extract supplementation has an effect on maximal exercise performance in rat. Onion peel extracts were extracted with hot water. Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats were maintained on a pellet diet for one week, and then randomly divided into five groups: Normal control, Positive control (quercetin 20 mg/kg), Onion peel 4 mg/kg, Onion peel 20 mg/kg, and Onion peel 100 mg/kg. Oral administration was performed daily. The experimental period was four weeks. Thereafter, animals were then forced to swim in water and the maximal exercise performance period from the swimming start time to the exhausted time, in which they failed to rise to the surface of the water to breathe within a 7 second period, was measured. After necropsy, weights of gastrocnemius muscles were measured. Lactate dehydrogenase concentration in serum was measured using an enzymatic method, using a commercial kit. The maximal exercise performance period was significantly longer in the onion peel extracts fed groups, compared with the control group. The lactate dehydrogenase concentration of the onion peel extracts fed groups was significantly lower, compared with the control group. Based on these results, we suggest that onion peel water extract supplementation can enhance exercise capacity caused by the mechanism of decreasing lactate dehydrogenase concentration.

경범죄처벌법은 형사실체법의 일종으로서 범죄와 그에 대한 형벌을 규정하고 있다. 즉 경범죄처벌법은 경범죄로 취급되는 일련의 행위를 규정하고, 그에 대한 형벌로서 본래 ‘10만원 이하의 벌금, 구류 또는 과료’ 등의 형벌을 부과할 수 있도록 규정하고 있다(경범죄처벌법 제3조). 경범죄처벌법이 경범죄행위에 대해 통고처분에 의한 범칙금 납부로 사안을 종결할 수 있도록 규정한 것은 행위의 불법성과 책임이 상대적으로 가볍다는 점과 국민편의를 도모하는 차원이 반영된 것으로 보인다. 그렇다면 ‘통고처분에 대한 범칙금’ 납부는 -비록 명칭과 부과절차 등이 통상적인 공판절차가 아니라고 하더라도- 해당 처분의 근원은 형벌에 대한 규정이며, 통고처분의 대상이 된 행위 역시 경미‘범죄’이다. 시민의 소박한 관점에서 본다면 통고처분에 의해 범칙금을 납부한 자는 자신의 범칙행위에 대한 문제가 마무리된 것으로 신뢰하였을 것이다. 법치국가원리는 신뢰보호를 한 내용으로 하고, 일사부재리는 신뢰보호의 일종이다. 경범죄처벌법도 헌법상 일사부재리의 원칙을 동법 제8조 제3항 등에서 명시하여 재차 확인하고 있다. 경범죄처벌법은 통고처분에 의한 범칙금으로 규율해서는 안 되는 경우의 하나로 ‘피해자가 있는 행위’를 한 경우를 명시하고 있다. 그런데 피해자가 있음에도 불구하고 수사기관의 초동수사 미진 등으로 통고처분에 의해 사건을 마무리한 경우의 처리가 실제로 대법원판례에서 보는 것처럼 문제되고 있다. 생각건대 초동수사를 담당하는 경찰관은 개별 사건의 사실관계를 애초에 면밀하게 조사하였어야 하고 경범죄처벌법 등 관련 법률을 적용함에 있어서 신중하게 접근하여야 한다. 수사를 담당하는 국가기관이 애초에 법률을 정확히 해석하여 적용하지 못한 경우에 그에 대한 책임을 시민에서 전가하는 것은 국가기관의 책무와 위상에 어울리지 않는 것이라고 여겨진다. 그렇다면 통고처분에 의해 범칙금을 납부한 자에 대해서는 면소판결을 내리는 것이 일사부재리의 원칙과 법치국가원리에 부합하는 결론이 아닐까 한다.

Bladder cancer is a common cancer in smoking men and may correlate with mechanosensitive potassium channels because the urinary bladder is a stretch sensing organ. Two-pore K+ channels (K2P), such as TASK3 and TREK1, have recently been shown to play a critical role in both cell apoptosis and tumorigenesis. Of the channels, TREK1 can be activated by many physiological stimuli, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, and intracellular pH, hypoxia, and neurotransmitters. Here we attempted to determine whether TREK1 is functionally expressed in bladder cancer 253J cells. K2P channels, including TREK1, TREK2, TASK1, TASK3, and TWIK1, were quantified in cultured human bladder cancer 253J cells using real time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Among them, TREK1-like channel was recorded at a single channel level using the patch-clamp technique. The TREKl-like channel, with single-channel conductance of ~90 pS at −80 mV, was recorded in symmetrical 150 mM KCl using an excised inside-out patch configuration. The current- voltage relationships were linear and were insensitive to tetraethylammonium. The channel was activated by membrane stretch, free fatty acids, and intracellular acidosis. These results with electrophysiological properties resemble to those of K2P channel, for instance, TREK1. Therefore, we conclude that TREK1 channel is functionally present in bladder cancer 253J cells.

The correlations among odor intensity, offensive substance concentration, and dilution factor were reviewed for the 12 designated offensive odor substances in this study. It is to propose new regulatory odor standards based on relationships between odor intensity and offensive substance concentration, as well as odor intensity and dilution factor at the site boundary which were obtained from the comprehensive reviews of the adequacy of current regulation standards. Changes in intensity were found to be necessary to reflect exponential changes in concentrations and dilution factors. The change of substance concentrations with respect to the dilution factor was found to be a relatively linear relationship. The thorough evaluations pf relationships among odor intensity, offensive substance concentration, and dilution factor led to the conclusion that the current regulatory standards were inadequate and the modification was necessary to reflect the new understandings. The new regulatory substance standards based on correlations with odor intensity for the 12 compounds were proposed. The proposed ammonia concentrations for the regulatory standard in the semi-industrial and industrial area were 15 ppm and 28 ppm, respectively. These are approximately 15 times higher than those of the current standards. For dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and isovaleraldehyde, the higher concentrations than those of current standards were also pro posed. The proposed regulatory standards of dilution factor in semi-industrial and industrial area were 25 and 50, respectively. It is found that proposed quantitative relationships among the odor intensity, the offensive substance concentration, and the dilution factor in this study turned out to be more adequate to Korean than the current ones.

Uncovering enzyme (UCE), encoded by the human NAGPA, is a trans-Golgi enzyme that adds the mannose-6- phosphate recognition tag on lysosomal enzymes destined for the lysosome. Mutations in NAGPA are known to cause stuttering, a common speech disorder with unknown etiology. The human NAGPA gene is transcribed into two different forms, probably due to alternative splicing. One of them, known as a brain isoform, is lacking exon 8 (102-bp). We performed quantitative real-time PCR for the NAGPA brain and non-brain isoforms in a cDNA panel originating from 16 human tissues and 24 sub-brain regions. According to our findings, the relative quantity of the NAGPA brain isoform in the brain was 4.7 times more than that in the control cDNA, a pooled mixture of equal amounts of cDNAs from the 16 different tissues. Further analysis using the cDNA panel originating from 24 different sub-brain regions revealed that the cerebral cortex contained the largest amount of NAGPA brain isoform. Relative quantity in the cerebral cortex was 8.6 times more than that in the control cDNA (P=0.00004). The lowest quantity of this isoform was detected in cDNA from the pituitary gland. In conclusion, findings of the current study suggest that the cerebral cortex, expressing the highest quantity of the NAGPA brain isoform, might be the region associated with speech function.

본고는 기타무라 도코쿠에 관한 가쓰모토 세이이치로우의 병리학적 논의에 대해 실제로 도코쿠의 작품을 분석함으로써 그 논의의 진위를 밝힌 것이다. 도코쿠의 소설에는 모두 처녀영혼이 나타나 주인공이 환각을 보는 듯 하는 언동이 묘사되어 있다. 그러나 일본에는 원래 ‘다마아이(魂合)’라는 고대사상이 있으며 사랑하는 남녀의 영혼이 각각 몸을 벗어나 하나가 됨으로써 사랑이 성취하는 것을 의미한다. 이는 무속사상과 심령과학과도 일치한다. 도코쿠가 기이한 소설을 쓰면서도 동시에 평론에서 일관해서 그의 사상체계를 구축하고 있는 사실로 볼 때 도코쿠의 소설에 나타난 정신현상은 문학작품으로 의도적으로 쓰인 것으로 보인다.

Neuronal differentiation is a complex biological process accompanying cytoskeletal reorganization, including neurite outgrowth and growth cone formation. Therefore, neuronal differentiation is critically regulated by actin-related signaling proteins, such as small Rho GTPases, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), and myosins. This study will demonstrate the change in activity of three small Rho GTPases, Rac, Cdc42, and Rho A, by treatment with blebbistatin (BBS), a specific inhibitor for myosin, during bFGF-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Treatment with BBS induced morphological changes in growth cones and neurites during differentiation. A marked increase in protrusion and filopodia structures in growth cones, the shaft of neuritis, and cell membranes was observed in the cells treated with BBS. Activity of Rho GTPases showed the alterations in response to BBS. Activities of both Rac and Rho A were inhibited by BBS in a time-dependent manner. By contrast, Cdc42 activity was not changed by BBS. These results suggest that inactivation of myosin II by BBS induced morphological changes in neurites and growth cones and distinct regulation of three Rho GTPases during differentiation of PC12 cells.

This study was carried out to provide the stable and homogeneous sample for the proficiency test which was applied for the olfactory dilution method of the offensive odor. For this purpose, the relationship between VOCs concentration and air dilution test results were analysed. As the results, the mixture of 7.1 ppm of toluene and m-xylene were suitable as a low level of PTM(proficiency test material) for air dilution olfactory method. In addition, time stability and homogeneity between samples were investigated through the time of 6 hr ~ 48 hr. As the results, the stability of sample concentration with GC analysis was shown as 5.1% RSD for toluene and 6.8 %RSD for xylene, respectively. The stability of sample was 5.4 %RSD in terms of air dilution olfactory method.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is one of the causative bacteria that can induce chronic enzootic pneumonia, resulting in low production in the swine industry. Potentiation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-induced pneumonia by M. hyopneumoniae has also been recognized. Although some available vaccines have been developed for prevention of M. hyopneumoniae infection, protective immunity is still poor. In this study, in order to provide valuable information on vaccine antigen, we investigated the immunogenicity of M. hyopneumoniae on mouse spleen cells. Concanavalin A (ConA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used for generation of activated T and B lymphocytes. M. hyopneumoniae made clusters of spleen cells and also affected the cellular activity and viability of spleen cells by alone or with mitogens. Of particular interest, it induced a significant increase in production of TNF-alpha in ConA- treated spleen cells, meaning T helper 1 response. In addition, cell size and mitochondrial membrane potential of M. hyopneumoniae–treated spleen cells were measured by flow cytometric analysis. M. hyopneumoniae did not affect the cell size by alone, whereas ConA or LPS profoundly increased the cell size. Taken together, M. hyopneumoniae significantly affect the cellular activity and cytokine production of spleen cells by alone or in a combination of ConA. This study provides valuable information for production of the vaccine against M. hyopneumoniae.

The experiment was performed for establishing the best condition of experiment and defining the issue of GC/FID methods based on HS-SPME-capillary column when TMA is measured in the air. Also the experiments are performed based on odor process test method alternately. At first, The result that KOH and NaOH were compared for eluting the TMA among the preprocessing processes, showed that NaOH is 2.2 times higher figure of area, 0.9972 of curve linearity(R2), and 1.96% of relative standard deviation. As a result using the ultrasonic cleaner and 30℃ constant temperature water bath, constant temperature water bath showed stabilized curve linearity (R2 0.9972) and relative standard deviation (RSD 2%). In advance of experiment conditions, the result performed acid filter paper method and acidic solution absorption among TMA sampling methods, is that acidic solution absorption detected 5 times better sensitivity than Acid filter paper method. Acidic solution absorption showed to provide excellent analysis sensitivity in this experiment restrictively. Therefore, in case of experiment by GC/FID method based on HS-SPME-capillary column, selection of sampling method expects that acidic solution absorption better effect and in case of disassemble reagent, NaOH and 30℃ constant temperature water bath is better effect in the experiment conditions.

In this study we investigated the air pollutants dispersion around depressed road using commercial FLUENT CFD code. In order to find optimal turbulence model which simulates air pollution dispersion around. depressed road, we used the realizable k-ε model, the RNG k-ε model, and the Shear-Stress Transport k-⍵turbulence model in FLUENT CFD code. The results were compared with the wind tunnel experiments. Realizable k-ε turbulence model provided the best prediction for the surface concentrations and concentration profiles of selected downwind positions of the depressed road. It was found that a noise barrier, which positioned around the depressed road, decrease the horizontal impact distance lower 0.46~0.81 times and change the vertical air pollution impact distance larger 0.95~1.47 times than those of no barrier case. It was also found that two or three noise barriers increase 1.33-1.42 times the vertical air pollution impact distance. It contributes the decrease of horizontal air pollution impact distance 0.44~0.60 times compare with no barrier case.

보이스피싱범죄는 국내에서는 지난 2006년 처음 발생한 것으로 알려져 있는데, 이후 매우 짧은 기간 내에 상당한 규모의 피해를 발생시키며 사회적 이슈로 부상하였다. 보이스피싱범죄는 초기의 비교적 단순한 수법에서 진화를 거듭하며 새로운 형태의 수법이 계속하여 등장하고 있는데, 동 범죄는 경제적인 측면에서의 피해만을 가져오는데 그치는 것이 아니라 그 피해의 회복이 어려운 점으로 인하여 매우 심각한 수준의 사회적 문제라고 할 수 있다.보이스피싱의 범죄 성립과 관련하여, 보이스피싱범죄조직을 구성하는 자들은 각각 행위의 태양이 다르므로 각 행위에 따라 범죄 성립의 가능성 및 관련문제에 대하여 검토할 필요가 있고, 보이스피싱범죄에 필연적으로 수반된다고 할 수 있는 차명계좌의 양도 및 양수, 이를 알선하는 행위 등도 행위에 따라 그 가벌성에 대하여 검토할 필요가 있다고 할 것이다.그리고 보이스피싱범죄의 예방 및 근절을 위한 법률적 대응방안으로서는 첫째, 전기통신금융사기 피해금 환급에 관한 특별법의 범위 확대, 둘째, 정보통신망 이용촉진 및 정보보호 등에 관한 법률의 개정 필요성, 셋째, 전기통신사업법의 개정 등이 필요하다고 할 수 있고, 그와 더불어 보이스피싱범죄의 예방 및 근절을 위한 제도적 대응방안으로서 첫째, 지속적인 보이스피싱범죄 대응체제의 구축, 둘째, 불법정보 유통사이트에 대한 모니터링 강화, 셋째, 국가간 신속한 공조수사체제의 확립, 넷째, 지속적인 보이스피싱범죄 예방 홍보 및 교육 등이 필요하다고 할 수 있다.

한국이나 중국에서는 궁중비사(宮中秘事)를 제재로 만든 사극 드라마나 소설들이 사람들의 관심을 받아 흥행하고 있다. 이런 현상이 형성된 가장 중요한 원인은 이 작품들 궁중이라는 특별한 공간을 배경으로 하고 또한 등장인물들도 모두 실존했던 역사 인물들을 재창작해서 만들어냈기 때문이다.본고에서는 이렇게 주목을 받아온 궁중인물 중의 대표자인 선덕여왕과 무측천의 이미지가 문학 작품에서 어떻게 투영되어 있는지를 밝히고자 한다. 선덕여왕은 신라 최초의 여왕이고 당나라 때의 무측천은 중국 유일한 여황제이다. 이들의 파란만장한 삶이 다양한 장르의 문학 작품에 묘사된 바가 있다.지기삼사(知幾三事) 설화와 지귀 설화는 선덕여왕의 이야기를 담은 대표적인 설화이다. 이 설화들에는 선덕여왕의 긍정적인 이미지가 잘 묘사되어 있다. 선덕여왕은 비록 몸은 여자이지만 나라를 다스리는 데 남자 못지않은 능력과 기개가 있다. 뿐만 아니가 그의 덕목과 아름다움, 현명함, 신성성, 그리고 여자로서의 인간미까지 이 설화들을 통해 확연히 드러나고 있다. 선덕여왕에 대한 혹평은 주로 김부식의 ��삼국사기(三國史記)��와 김시습의 시 <善德王陵(선덕왕릉)>에서 찾을 수 있다.무측천은 한 나라의 최고 통치자이자 조예 깊은 문학가였다. 그의 <여의낭(如意娘)>에서는 부드러운 여심(女心)을 표출하였다. 그리고 <종가행사림사(從駕幸少林寺)>는 무측천의 한 인간으로서의 인간미와 부모의 자식으로서의 지극한 효심을 보여주었다. <납일선조행상원(臘日宣詔幸上苑)>은 무측천이 한 나라의 최고 권력을 가지고 있는 여황제로서 세상만물을 본인의 뜻에 복종시키려는 결단적인 기개를 묘사하였다. 측천의 인재에 대한 인애와 베풂의 마음은 당나라 우숙(牛肅)이 쓴 소설 <소무명(蘇無名)>에서도 잘 드러내었다. 무측천에 대한 부정적인 평가는 주로 명․ 청대 창작된 <여의군전(如意君傳)>, <재화선(載花船)>, <무측천외사(武則天外史)>, <당궁춘무측천(唐宮春武則天)>, <농정쾌사(濃情快史)> 등 소설을 통해 알 수 있다. 이들 작품에서는 무측천은 음탕한 여자로 등장하였다. <경화연(鏡花緣)>은 명․청대 창작된 무측천을 호의적으로 묘사하는 소수 작품 중의 하나이다.

구비문학에는 많은 인물과 주제와 소재가 존재한다. 또한 이것들은 이야기를 구성하는 데 중요한 역할을 하며, 이러한 요소를 활용하여 그들의 의식을 표현할 수 있다. 그 중에서 인물은 이야기의 구성상 가장 핵심적이고 중요한 역할을 한다. 따라서 본고에서는 서울과 경기지역에 나타난 통치자를 중심으로 살펴본 결과 각 지역마다 통치자의 인물형상이 보편화되어 드러나는 것이 아니라 지역적 특색에 맞게 통치자의 형상이 나타나고 있었다. 즉, 서울권은 보다 사실적인 묘사를 통해 평민의식을 실현했으며, 여주, 용인, 남양주 등과 같은 지역은 풍수와 관련된 설화가 많은데 이는 왕릉이 주로 분포된 곳이기 때문에 이러한 풍수사상이 평민에게 스며들었고, 수원․화성의 통치자는 대부분 정조가 등장하는데 이는 역사적으로 정조가 아버지인 장헌세자를 그리워 자주 찾았다는 점에서 그 이유를 찾을 수 있다. 이와 같이 통치자의 형상이 각 지역의 역사적, 사회적 특징에 맞게 구비문학으로 전승되고 있음을 알 수 있다.