2005년 1월 1일 증권관련집단소송법이 시행된 후 17년이 경과하는 동 안 우리나라에서 제기된 증권관련집단소송은 총 9건이다. 이는 지난 17년 동안 현격히 성장한 주식시장에서 주식불공정거래행위가 날로 증가하고 있는 상황에서 증권관련집단소송제도가 입법취지에 맞게 다수의 소액 투 자자의 권리구제를 위한 제도로 원활하게 이용되지 못하고 있는 것을 보 여주는 것이다. 이 글은 증권관련집단소송제도의 개선방안을 도출하기 위하여 제도의 도입시 입법모델이 되었고 증권집단소송이 현재까지 가장 활발히 이용되 고 있는 미국 증권집단소송의 최근 현황 및 주요 사례를 면밀히 검토해 봄으로써 그 시사점을 찾아보고자 한다. 미국의 증권집단소송의 최근 현황은 과거 20여년간의 증권집단소송 제 기 건수, 소송 관련 회사의 시가총액 변동, 증권집단소송의 청구 원인, 전 체 상장회사 수 대비 피소 회사 수의 비율, 각하․화해 등 증권집단소송의 진행 경과, 종결까지의 경과 시간 추이, 소송허가신청 처리 현황 및 소요 시간, 화해 종결 건 수 및 화해액 등을 기준으로 상세히 분석하였다. 또한 미국 증권집단소송의 주요 사례로는 Enron 사건, WorldCom 사 건, Basic Inc. v. Levinson, Dura Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Broudo, Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd. 등 증권집단소송 관련 규정에 대한 중요 해석기준을 제시해 준 사건들을 중심으로 구체적인 사 실관계, 소송의 진행내역, 결과 및 시사점 등을 검토해 보았다.

Purpose: This study explored the reflective experiences of nursing students through online clinical nursing practicum education. Its specific aims were to identify the reflection experiences that these students subjectively perceive as alternative learning for their clinical practicum because of COVID-19 situations and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of these reflective experiences. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted face-to-face or by phone with 18 fourth-year nursing students from June to October 2021. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis. Results: The following five themes were identified: (1) looking back and rethinking, (2) applying memories to prepare for the future practicum, (3) requiring efforts to seek and consider real knowledge, (4) using benefits from emotional relaxation and repetition, and (5) limitations of habitual writing without deep thinking. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest the need for the development of an online practical education that vividly reflects the diverse and practical clinical world, which enables the acquisition of new knowledge and changes while actively receiving support, if possible, in the difficult reflection process experienced by nursing students through a mutual communication method involving faculty and students.

Purpose: This study to provide the basic data necessary for developing support policies and intervention programs through an in-depth and integrated exploration of the experiences in the of recovery and social adaptation through therapeutic community of male homeless alcohol dependents. Methods: Data were collected from two participants through an in-depth interviews and were analyzed the life history research suggested by Mandelbaum (1973). This analysis was conducted the perspectives of the life domain, turning point, and adaptation, which are three structured analysis frameworks, beyond the continuity of chronological life history. Results: The results were the dimensions of life that led to alcoholism, turning point where life changed, and adaptation to live for self-realization with new life values while maintaining sobriety. Its content includes the adaptation process. Conclusion: Follow-up studies and activities for an integrated support policy and intervention program should be conducted by reflecting on the problems and intervention strategies raised above.

Purpose: This study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding by analyzing and exploring the work experience of infection control nurses (ICNs) in response to the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data were collected from 14 ICNs, (two in in-depth interviews and 12 in groups of six) from February 19, 2021, to March 20, 2021, and were analyzed according to the content. Results: In the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic, ICNs took the lead in responding to infectious diseases, where they felt pressure in doing everything. In addition, they were confused by a lack of workforce and undetailed job plans. ICNs have been exhausted by insufficient support and system, such as the lack of support in the hospital, communication with health authorities, and difficulties with patients and visitors. However, ICNs settle with the help and encouragement of those around them. For example, pride in the work that only ICN can do, change in the cooperation of hospitals, and development of ICNs’ unique method of perseverance. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, ICNs experienced structural, physical, and mental difficulties at work. Nevertheless, the study found that a driving force enabled ICNs to endure, and that to efficiently respond to new infectious diseases in the future, it is necessary to secure ICNs and strengthen them.

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the impact of nurses’ psychosocial experiences in COVID-19 on their mental health and the psychosocial adjustment and growth of patients with COVID-19. Methods: This study used qualitative content analysis. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with 10 nurses with COVID-19 from February 24, 2022, to March 17, 2022. Results: Six themes were identified in the qualitative content analysis, including ‘Psychological burden after diagnosis’, ‘Acceptance of confirmed results’, ‘Difficulties caused by change in an unfamiliar environment’, ‘Confusion after returning to daily life’, ‘Mental state after a complete recovery’, ‘Incomplete prevention of infectious disease and control guidelines’. Conclusion: In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the physical and mental health of nurses can have a significant impact on the quality of medical care; therefore, an understanding of their psychosocial adjustment will help support nurses adjust better in future pandemic situations.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the nurses’ experience of the side effects of COVID-19 vaccination and understand its meaning. Methods: This study was a qualitative study using the content analysis method. The data collection period using a focus group was from October 26, 2021 to January 23, 2022. Results: The themes included: “Pressure from mandatory COVID-19 vaccination”, “Feeling relieved because the side effects are mild”, “Severe vaccine side effects cause negative emotions”, “Tolerating side effects and coping personally”, “Confusion and alienation about insufficient coping of side effects”, “Feeling skeptical about the COVID-19 vaccination policy”, “Thinking about how to build trust in the COVID-19 vaccine”. Conclusion: In the future, it is considered important to establish scientific evidence through continuous monitoring and data collection of the side effects of COVID-19 vaccination and to build trust in vaccines through transparent information disclosure.

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the COVID-19 vaccination experience of nursing students and explore its importance. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study and content analysis was conducted. The participants were 14 nursing students who expressed their rejection of COVID-19 vaccination. Data were collected through in-depth interviews from November 24, 2021, to January 30, 2022. Results: The COVID-19 vaccination experience of nursing students included four themes: “nostalgia for everyday life before COVID-19”, “hesitancy to get vaccinated against COVID-19”, “different thoughts about COVID-19 vaccination”, and “future direction of COVID-19 vaccination”. Conclusion: The COVID-19 vaccination experience of nursing students may be due to a lack of trust in COVID-19 vaccination. Therefore, accurate information about COVID-19 vaccination should be provided to lower the vaccination hesitancy of nursing students.

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the experiences of families caring for patients with home mechanical ventilation. The question was, “What is the caregiving experience of a family who has a member with home mechanical ventilation?”. Methods: This study was a qualitative study to explore and describe the implications of experiences of families caring through a phenomenological approach. One-on-one in-depth interviews were conducted with family caregivers who worked as full-time for caring for patients with home mechanical ventilation, and the results were analyzed using Colaizzi’s (1978) phenomenological method. Participants’ relationships to patients were 1 spouse, 1 father, and 6 mother. The ages of the participants were between 33 and 59, with an average of 45.1. Results: In this study, family members’ caregiving experience was emerged. Analysis revealed the following themes: Felt burdened but had to accept it; Seized by fear; The weight I must bear alone; Everything is difficult and unfamiliar; Still, my home; and Sorry for the other family members. It was found that caregivers had decided to discharge their loved ones from the hospital out of a sense of duty. Conclusion: The families took care of the patients with responsibility and love. The study results should help with the understanding of a family with a member with home mechanical ventilation and should be used to develop nursing, mediating, and consulting programs for these caregivers

Corrosion is a natural, inevitable process, and is one of the world's most serious problems. Losses incurred due to corrosion are extremely expensive for society. Several technological strategies have been explored and implemented to address these losses. The use of inhibitors to prevent corrosion is a common and efficient method to reduce corrosion losses. This review covers Al and Al-composite corrosion inhibitors in chloride-containing solutions, because of their popularity in a broad array of industrial applications. A vast number of studies in the literature detail the common tendency of Al and Al-composites with reinforcements to deteriorate. Accordingly, it is worthwhile to employ inhibitors to protect them, as discussed in the present work. The emphasis is on selecting the smartest corrosion inhibitor and evaluating its performance. According to the study, the most commonly used corrosion inhibitors are 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ), 1,5-naphthalene diol, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol (ATAT), ammonium tetrathiotungstate, clotrimazole, amoxicillin, antimicrobial and antifungal drugs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic (PDP), and weight loss were among the most commonly used modern electrochemical technologies to test inhibitors’ efficacy under environmental conditions.

In this study, N/S co-doped carbon felt (N/S-CF) was prepared and characterized as an electrode material for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). A commercial carbon felt (CF) was immersed in an aqueous solution of thiourea and then thermally treated at 800 oC under an inert atmosphere. The prepared N/S-CF showed a large specific surface area with hierarchical pore structures. The electrochemical performance of the N/S-CF-based electrode was evaluated using both 3- electrode and 2-electrode systems. In the 3-electrode system, the N/S-CF-based electrode showed a good specific capacitance of 177 F/g at 1 A/g and a good rate capability of 41% at 20 A/g. In the 2-electrode system (symmetric capacitor), the freestanding N/S-CF-based electrode showed a specific capacitance of 275 mF/cm2 at 2 mA/cm2, a rate capability of 62.5 % at 100 mA/cm2, a specific power density of ~ 25,000 mW/cm2 at an energy density of 23.9 mWh/cm2, and a cycling stability of ~ 100 % at 100 mA/cm2 after 20,000 cycles. These results indicate the N/S co-doped carbon felts can be a promising candidate as a new electrode material in a symmetric capacitor.

Ti3C2Tx MXene, which is a representative of the two-dimensional MXene family, is attracting considerable attention due to its remarkable physicochemical and mechanical properties. Despite its strengths, however, it is known to be vulnerable to oxidation. Many researchers have investigated the oxidation behaviors of the material, but most researches were conducted at high temperatures above 500 oC in an oxidation-retarding environment. In this research, we studied changes in the structural and electrical properties of Ti3C2Tx MXene induced by low-temperature heat treatments in ambient conditions. It was found that a number of TiO2 particles were formed on the MXene surface when it was mildly heated to 200 oC. Heating the material to higher temperatures, up to 400 oC, the phase transformation of Ti3C2Tx MXene to TiO2 was accelerated, resulting in a TiO2/ Ti3C2Tx hybrid. Consequently, the metallic nature of pure Ti3C2Tx MXene was transformed to semiconductive behavior upon heat-treating at ≥ 200 oC. The results of this research clearly demonstrate that Ti3C2Tx MXene may be easily oxidized even at low temperatures once it is exposed to air.

Porous ceramics have the advantages of low density, low thermal conductivity, and excellent mechanical properties. Among porous ceramic manufacturing methods, the replica template method allows the easy manufacturing of porous filters with the highest porosity and pores of the desired size, but it also has the disadvantage that the resulting filters have low mechanical strength. To overcome this shortcoming, mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) whiskers, which have excellent thermal stability and high mechanical strength, were introduced in porous ceramic structure. The mullite whiskers were synthesized using a composition of Al2O3, flyash and MoO3. The morphologies and crystal structures of the mullite whiskers with MoO3 contents were investigated in detail. When the porous ceramic with mullite whiskers was fabricated using 20 wt% MoO3 catalyst the most uniform microstructure was obtained, and the mullite whiskers showed the highest aspect ratio of 47.03. The porosity and compressive strength of the fabricated porous ceramic were 82.12% and 0.83 MPa, respectively.

Transparent thin films of pure and nickel-doped ZrO2 are grown successfully by sol-gel dip-coating technique. The structural and optical properties according to the different annealing temperatures (300 oC, 400 oC and 500 oC) are investigated. Analysis of crystallographic properties through X-ray diffraction pattern reveals an increase in crystallite size due to increase in crystallinity with temperature. All fabricated thin films are highly-oriented along (101) planes, which enhances the increase in nickel doping. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy are employed to confirm the homogeneity in surface morphology as well as the doping configuration of films. The extinction coefficient is found to be on the order of 102, showing the surface smoothness of deposited thin films. UV-visible spectroscopy reveals a decrease in the optical band gap with the increase in annealing temperature due to the increase in crystallite size. The variation in Urbach energy and defect density with doping and the change in annealing temperature are also studied.

This study demonstrates a different approach method to fabricate antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) thin-films for the solar cell applications. As-deposited Sb2Se3 thin-films are fabricated via electrodeposition route and, subsequently, annealed in the temperature range of 230 ~ 310oC. Cyclic voltammetry is performed to investigate the electrochemical behavior of the Sb and Se ions. The deposition potential of the Sb2Se3 thin films is determined to be -0.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl (in 1 M KCl), where the stoichiometric composition of Sb2Se3 appeared. It is found that the crystal orientations of Sb2Se3 thin-films are largely dependent on the annealing temperature. At an annealing temperature of 250 oC, the Sb2Se3 thin-film grew most along the c-axis [(211) and/or (221)] direction, which resulted in the smooth movement of carriers, thereby increasing the carrier collection probability. Therefore, the solar cell using Sb2Se3 thin-film annealed at 250 oC exhibited significant enhancement in JSC of 10.03 mA/cm2 and a highest conversion efficiency of 0.821 % because of the preferred orientation of the Sb2Se3 thin film.

Designing and producing a low-cost, high-current-density electrode with good electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is still a major challenge for the industrial hydrogen energy economy. In this study, nanostructured Fe-doped CuCo(OH)2 was discovered to be a precedent electrocatalyst for OER with low overpotential, low Tafel slope, good durability, and high electrochemically active surface sites at reduced mass loadings. Fe-doped CuCo(OH)2 nanosheets are made using a hydrothermal synthesis process. These nanosheets are clumped together to form a highly open hierarchical structure. When used as an electrocatalyst, the Fe-doped CuCo(OH)2 nanosheets required an overpotential of 260 mV to reach a current density of 50 mA cm−2. Also, it showed a small Tafel slope of 72.9 mV dec−1, and superior stability while catalyzing the generation of O2 continuously for 20 hours. The Fe-doped CuCo(OH)2 was found to have a large number of active sites which provide hierarchical and stable transfer routes for both electrolyte ions and electrons, resulting in exceptional OER performance.

Background: The serratus anterior (SA) muscle prevents scapular winging (SW) by stabilizing the medial border of the scapula during arm movement. The upper trapezius (UT) and lower trapezius (LT) muscles may compensate for the weak SA muscle in individuals with SW during shoulder flexion. However, there is no study to examine whether compensation by UT and LT occurs in individuals with SW. Objects: This study compared the muscle activities of UT, LT, and SA as well as the SA/UT activity ratio between individuals with and without SW during shoulder flexion with load. Methods: This study recruited 27 participants with SW (n = 14) and without SW (n = 13). Electromyography data of the SA, UT, and LT muscles and SA/UT activity ratio were recorded and analyzed during shoulder flexion with 25% load of the maximal shoulder flexion force. Independent t-test was used to compare the UT, LT, and SA muscle activities and SA/UT ratio between the groups with and without SW; statistical significance was set at α of 0.05. Results: SA activity was significantly lesser in the group with SW than in the group without SW. However, there were no significant differences in the UT and LT activities and SA/UT activity ratio between the two groups. Conclusion: The SA activity was lesser in the group with SW than in the group without SW with 25% load of the maximal shoulder flexion force, but there was no compensatory muscle activity of the UT and LT observed. Therefore, further studies are warranted to clarify the compensatory strategy of scapular stabilization in individuals with SW during shoulder flexion under other heavy load conditions.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a representative disease, and LBP is characterized by muscle dysfunction that provides stability to the lumbar spine. This causes physical functional problems such as decreased posture control ability by reducing the muscular endurance and balance of the lumbar spine. Pelvic compression using instruments, which has been used during recent stabilization exercises, focuses on the anterior superior iliac spine of the pelvis and puts pressure on the sacroiliac joint during exercise, making the pelvis more symmetrical and stable. Currently, research has been actively conducted on the use of pelvic compression belts and non-elastic pelvic belts; however, few studies have conducted research on the application effect of pelvic compression using instruments. Objects: This study aimed to investigate whether there is a difference in trunk muscular endurance and dynamic and static balance ability levels by applying pelvic stabilization through a pelvic compression device between the LBP group and the non-LBP group. Methods: Thirty-nine subjects currently enrolled in Daejeon University were divided into 20 subjects with LBP group and 19 subjects without LBP (NLBP group), and the groups were compared with and without pelvic compression. The trunk muscular endurance test was performed with 4 movements, the dynamic balance test was performed using a Y-balance test, and the static balance test was performed using a Wii balance board. Results: There was a significant difference the LBP group and the NLBP group after pelvic compression was applied to all tests (p < 0.05). In the static and dynamic balance ability test after pelvic compression was applied, there was a significant difference in the LBP group than in the NLBP group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: These results show that pelvic compression using instruments has a positive effect on both those with and without LBP and that it has a greater impact on balance ability when applied to those with LBP.

Background: Although various conventional approaches have been employed to reduce spasticity in neurological rehabilitation, only a few studies have shown scientific evidence for its effectiveness. Thus, we introduced a different concept (Ueda method) of rehabilitation therapy that can complement the limitations of conventional therapy. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of the application of the Ueda method on patients with spasticity after stroke via an electrophysiological study. Methods: We conducted a randomized double-blind pilot study in two rehabilitation hospitals involving 30 stroke patients who were randomly allocated to the Ueda (n = 15) and convention (n = 15) groups. Electromyographic data of six examined muscles in both upper extremities of all patients were recorded. The A-ApA index and activation ratios of upper extremity muscles were evaluated and compared between the groups to confirm post-intervention changes in upper-extremity flexor spasticity and flexion synergies. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted to confirm the therapeutic effect (2 × 2) as a function of group (Ueda vs. convention) and time (pre-/post-intervention) on all outcome measures (p < 0.05). Results: In the Ueda group, the mean A-ApA index values differed significantly before and after the intervention (p = 0.041), indicating a weak evidence level; however, the effect size was medium (d = –0.503). The interaction effects of the A-ApA index between the Ueda and convention groups and between pre-intervention and post-intervention stages were significant (p = 0.012). The effect size was large (np 2 = 0.220). In the Ueda group, the activation ratios of the anterior deltoid fiber significantly decreased after the intervention in all reaching tasks. Conclusion: The Ueda method reduces upper-extremity flexor spasticity and changes its synergy in stroke patients and should be considered a rehabilitation therapy for spastic stroke patients.

Background: The superimposed technique (ST) involves the application of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) during voluntary muscle action. The physiological effects attributed to each stimulus may be accumulated by the ST. Although various EMS devices for the quadriceps muscle are being marketed to the general public, there is still a lack of research on whether ST training can provide significant advantages for improving quadriceps muscle strength or thickness compared with EMS alone. Objective: To compare the effects of eight weeks of ST and EMS on the thicknesses of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus intermedius (VI) muscles and knee extension strength. Methods: Thirty healthy subjects were recruited and randomly assigned to either the ST or EMS groups. The participants underwent ST or EMS training for eight weeks. In all participants, the thicknesses of the RF and VI muscles were measured before and after the 8-week intervention by ultrasonography, and quadriceps muscle strength was measured using the Smart KEMA tension sensor (KOREATECH Co., Ltd.). Results: There were significant differences in the pre- and post-intervention thicknesses of the RF and VI muscles as well as the quadriceps muscle strength in both groups (p < 0.05). RF thickness was significantly greater in the ST group (F = 4.294, p = 0.048), but there was no significant difference in VI thickness (F = 0.234, p = 0.632) or knee extension strength (F = 0.775, p = 0.386). Conclusion: EMS can be used to improve quadriceps muscle strength and RF and VI muscle thickness, and ST can be used to improve RF thickness in the context of athletic training and fitness.

Background: Shoulder impingement syndrome, a major cause of shoulder pain, involves weakness of the scapular retractor muscles. The major scapular retractor muscles are the middle trapezius and rhomboid major muscles; however, the latter is excluded in most studies. Objects: We aimed to measure the thickness of the middle trapezius and rhomboid major muscles using an ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system while performing four different shoulder retraction exercises and comparing the thicknesses and ratio of the thicknesses of these muscles. Methods: The thickness of the middle trapezius and rhomboid major muscles was measured in 24 healthy adults using ultrasound. Muscle thickness was measured three times in the Reference posture and four times while performing four different exercises that involved scapular retraction. The averages and standard deviations of the measured muscle thicknesses were obtained and compared. The ratio of muscle thickness and rate of changes in muscle thickness between the reference posture and the four exercises were compared. Results: For both, male (n = 10) and female (n = 14), there was a significant difference in the thickness of the middle trapezius muscle between the reference posture and the four exercises (p < 0.05) and in the thickness of the middle trapezius and rhomboid major muscles between male and female (p < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference in the ratio of the thicknesses of these muscles. Although a significant difference in the rate of change in muscle thickness during the four exercises was noted, there was no significant difference in the ratio of change in muscle thickness. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the ratio of the thicknesses of the middle trapezius and rhomboid major muscles and the rate of change in their thickness during exercises involving scapular retraction in healthy people in their 20s–30s.