The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of temperature and humidity on the measured Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations recorded by PMS5003T, a low-cost light scattering type measuring tool. A regression analysis was performed on the ratio of PM concentrations measured by the light scattering method and the beta-ray absorption method according to temperature and humidity in an outdoor environment. As the temperature decreased, the PM concentration ratio increased, and this tendency intensified below 0oC. As the humidity increased, the PM concentration ratio increased, but the effect was less than the temperature effect. The coefficients of determination for temperature and humidity were R2 = 0.325 and 0.003, respectively, and the effects of temperature and humidity on the measured values w ere formulated and compensated for. As a result of the compensation, R2, relative precision, accuracy and RMSE improved from 0.927 to 0.958, from 91.183% to 96.651%, from 31.383% to 74.058%, and from 13.517 μg/m³ to 6.690 μg/m³, respectively. Finally, results from this study indicate that the reliability of the low-cost light scattering type PM sensor can be improved by applying the temperature and humidity compensation method.

The purpose of this study was to introduce strategies and projects through which local government can play a role in mitigating damage to health when addressing the health challenge posed by radon (222Rn). We first compared and analyzed naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) in the soil of relatively high (Geumsan) and low (Boryeong) concentration areas of indoor radon (222Rn) to understand the factors influencing concentrations. Mortality rates linked to lung cancer in the areas were also compared and analyzed in the study (T-test). We selected two key priority research studies and four key strategies based on status analysis and a review of domestic and international policy trends in relation to radon (222Rn). As a result of comparing the radium and thorium in the soil with indoor radon concentrations, Geumsan had a higher mean concentration of indoor radon (222Rn = 182.8 Bq/m3) and recorded a higher concentration of radium (226Ra = 48.4 Bq/kg) than Boryeong (226Ra = 43.9 Bq/kg). These findings show that Geumsan, which had a high concentration of radium (226Ra), revealed a high concentration of radon (222Rn), a radioactive decay material of radium (226Ra), demonstrating that the concentration of indoor radon (222Rn) can vary according to geological and soil characteristics. The age standardized mortality from lung cancer per 100,000 people was 31.6 in Geumsan and 27.3 in Boryeong (p < 0.05). These findings show that there is likely an association between the concentration of indoor radon (222Rn) and mortality from lung cancer. Two key priority research studies include a survey on factors influencing exposure to radon (222Rn) in local environments and preparation of a potential map of radon (222Rn). Four key strategies include “management of exposure factors regarding radon (222Rn),” “environmental health services provided to protect radon (222Rn) exposure,” “management of technical support measures for radon (222Rn),” and “disclosure regarding the risk of radon (222Rn) exposure (risk communication).”

An odor is referred to or described as an unpleasant smell that creates a disagreeable atmosphere and may impinge on the quality of life of people. Most of the odors that stimulate the human sense of smell and engender feelings of discomfort and disgust are odors mixed with various chemicals substances. Among designated odor substances, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde, and iso-valeraldehyde may cause an irritating and sour sensation and give rise to headache, dizziness, vomiting, and unconsciousness. These aldehyde substances are mainly discharged in high concentrations from food chemicals, petrochemicals, and printing industry sources. The odor control technologies applied to prevent odors from aldehydes are absorption, adsorption, as well as biological methods and combustion methods. The threshold concentrations of aldehydes are low so that odors can be easily experienced even at very low concentrations. It is not easy to control aldehydes due to their particular physicochemical properties and because aging and poor management of the odor prevention technology is usually only available. In this study, trends with regard to research efforts on the development of technology that is effective in treating aldehydes were summarized.

A 5-year-old female fennec fox weighing 1 kg presented to the Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University with swelling of the mammary glands and hematuria. There were no significant complete blood count (CBC) or serum chemistry findings. The uterus obtained by ovariohysterectomy was filled with blood-clot-like material. The uterine fluid contained erythrocytes, a few leukocytes, and bilirubin crystals without bacteria. The progesterone concentration in the blood serum the day before ovariohysterectomy was 7.3 ng/ mL, which is higher than anestrus and lower than a true pregnant condition in a fennec fox. Despite the low blood progesterone concentration and absence of a fetus in the uterus, the histopathological zonary placental findings indicated that the fennec fox had been pregnant. This is the first case report of hematometra associated with fetal death in a captive fennec fox.

Testicular germ cell tumors (GCT) arise from embryonic or extraembryonic differentiated totipotential germ cells. The tumor cells can differentiate into germ cells as well as, other lineages including yolk sac tumors, choriocarcinomas, and teratomas. Mixed GCT is composed of more than one GCT component including one or more nonseminomatous elements in a tumor, accounting for one-third of GCT. Herein we report the case of a collision tumor with two distinct and separated GCTs in the testis, adjacent to each other. A 48-year-old, previously healthy man showed the hard swelling and heterogeneous enhancing mass in the right scrotum, and right orchiectomy was performed. Grossly, the lesion was two distinct and well-circumscribed masses in the testis. Microscopically, a larger tumor was immature teratoma (prepubertal type) and another smaller tumor was seminoma. These two tumors can be from a common precursor, germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS); however, they are two distinct pathological entities. Given that teratomas can evolve from seminomas by additional genetic alterations, seminomas are also a precursor for postpubertal-type teratomas. Two distinct GCNISs may occur at different times. Because GCNIS is patchy distributed, a close gross examination must be performed in GCNIS or GCT to miss other GCTs with poor prognosis and to prevent under-treatment.

Leiomyosarcoma is malignant mesenchymal tumor of smooth muscle and commonly encountered in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs. However, primary canine leiomyosarcoma in oral cavity is rare due to lack of smooth muscle in the oral tissue. A 13-year-old, neutered male Poodle presented a hard and immobile mass on the left maxilla. Imprinting cytology from the mass as well as fine-needle aspirated cytology from the left scapular lymph node revealed predominant spindle cells met malignancy criteria of the tumors, including coarse chromatin, high N/C ratio, nuclear molding, macro/multi-nucleoli with cigar-shaped nucleus. Radiography of the skull showed lysis of the nasopalatine bone, and mineral radiopacity in the mass. Computed tomography showed soft tissue attenuating mass from the left incisor teeth to the left retrobulbar space with loss of nasopalatine bone and medial wall of orbit. The histopathological examination showed irregularly arranged malignant spindle-shaped cells with oval or elongated nuclei. The nucleolus is distinct and moderate cellular polymorphism is observed. Mitotic figures are occasionally observed. The tumor cells are positive to vimentin, desmin, α-smooth muscle actin when immunohistochemistry was performed, and in Masson’s trichrome stain, tumor cells are stained as red. Overall, histopathologic exam and immunohistochemistry confirmed canine oral leiomyosarcoma. Because of the poor prognosis, the owner did not consent further treatment.

Colorectal cancer causes the most cancer-associated death worldwide, having a high cancer incidence. Pectin is a complex polysaccharide present in various fruits, emerging as an anti-carcinogenic candidate. Although pectin has a suppressive capacity for colon carcinogenesis, the effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and colonic aberrant foci formation in the colon carcinogenesis mouse model remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigates the regulatory effect of pectin supplementation on colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice. In an animal experiment, thirty male institute for cancer research (ICR) mice were divided into two experimental groups; AOM/DSS (control group) and AOM/DSS + pectin (5% in drinking water). Furthermore, the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and aberrant crypt (AC) on colonic mucosa were counted, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assay was performed to estimate lipid peroxidation in feces. Pectin treatment significantly decreased the number of ACF and AC per colon compared with the control. Additionally, fecal TBARS level in the pectin group was significantly lower than those in the control group. Conclusively, these findings indicate that pectin-inhibited hyperplastic alteration and oxidative stress suppress colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis.

We conducted diagnostic investigations to analyze the causes of abortions (46 cases, 65.7%), deaths (22 cases, 31.4%) and muscular lesions (2 cases, 2.9%) occurred after foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccination in livestock farms in Korea. Bacterial culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to detect the causative agents of abortion in bovine and caprine. The diagnostic results showed that 36 (51.4%) cases, referring as “Identified”, were occurred by influence of underlying disease including bovine viral diarrhea (12 cases, 17.1%), neosporosis (7 cases, 10.0%), septicemic colibacillosis (5 cases, 7.1%), Q fever (4 cases, 5.7%) and other abnormal conditions (8 cases, 11.4%) not by vaccination. Other 2 (3.0%) cases were suspected to be vaccine-associated adverse reaction on the basis of pathological findings (shock lung, oil-component-induced granuloma) and clinical symptoms (dyspnea with pulmonary edema). The other 32 (45.7%) cases were determined “Unknown” because any pathogens and pathological changes were not identified. However, many of the “Unknown” cases were presumptive to be the vaccine-related adverse reaction based on epidemiological investigation, especially, the cases which showed the clinical signs within 2 days after the vaccination. It is important to conduct pathological, microbilogical and epidemiological investigation to diagnose whether the cases are from vaccine-associated adverse reaction or not.

Patient-controlled sedation systems, in which the patient has control of sedative administration, have been shown to be effective and safe for patients undergoing minor procedures. Safety depends on the adequacy of the step-wise increase in dose of the sedative, the lockout time and patient’s ability to adjust the effective activation of the handset. While there is no patient-controlled sedation (PCS) system available domestically, we have developed a new purpose-built PCS pump, and determined its degree of precision using a microweight measuring scale. The PCS system was designed to be applied to most intravenous sedatives and work through a newly developed operating software algorithm that titrates the doses and lockout times. Our system titrates the doses through software modification, and for experimental purposes, the number of steps for handset activation by the patient was set to four, and the lockout time was set to 30 s. The degree of precision of the PCS system was tested using an electronic weighing scale. The comparison of the amount infused via the PCS system with weight on the scale showed nearly same patterns at the four infusion stages, and the difference was minimal (3% on average at each infusion step). We designed and manufactured a pilot button-type PCS pump capable of use by the patient for optimal sedation, and confirmed the precise working mechanism of the pump, thereby reducing the margin of error for infusion accuracy to 3% or less on average

Declined salivary gland function is commonly observed in patients with diabetes. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes-induces hypofunction of the salivary glands. Polydatin (resveratrol-3-O-β-mono-D-glucoside) is a polyphenol that can be easily accessed from peanut, grape, and red wines. Although polydatin is known to have anti-glycation, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation effects, its effect in the salivary gland is not known. In the present study, we evaluated the AGEs burden in the salivary gland in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and the protective effect of polydatin on diabetes-related salivary hypofunction. Polydatin (50 and 100 mg/kg/day) was orally administered in the STZ-induced diabetic rats for 4 weeks. The results showed that the salivary flow rate of the STZ-induced diabetic rats was reduced compared with that in the normoglycemic control rats. The circulating AGEs in serum and secreted AGEs in saliva increased in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. The reactive oxygen specises (ROS) were highly generated in the salivary gland in these diabetic rats. The salivary gland from the diabetic rats showed increased acinar cell apoptosis compared to normoglycemic control mice. However, polydatin suppressed all of these diabetes-related salivary changes. Overall, polydatin could provide a beneficial option for diabetes-related salivary hypofunction.

The natural relics excavated from the archeological site reveal the life, hunting, fishing, and gathering of mankind at the time, and the animal bones excavated from the remains become valuable data for the study of geography and bone diseases at the time. This study investigated the morphological structure, size, and osteometry of Sus scrofa bones excavated from the well area of the Gasan-Ri archaeological site in Jinju, presumed to be a relic of the Three Kingdoms period. The total weight of identified animal bones was 975.30 g and the number of bone fragments was 447. Among these 447 animal bones identified, the bone weight of Sus scrofa was 468.00 g (47.99%) and the number of bone fragments was 204 (45.64%). These 204 bone fragments of Sus scrofa consisted of 35 skulls (17.16%), 94 vertebrate axial skeletons (46.08%), 28 forelimb bones (13.73%), and 47 hindlimb bones (23.04%). The bones of Sus scrofa have been identified as those of two animals. The estimated age of these bones of Sus scrofa was 5-7 weeks. There was a fracture presumably caused by an artificial blow to the parietal bone located near the bregma in the skull.

본 연구는 이상근 작품을 연구대상으로 삼는 텍스트 분석의 관점에서 벗어나 이상근의 창작과 그의 음악 활동에 영향을 준 사회문화적 배경 연구에 집중하였다. 이상근은 창작뿐 아니라 교육 과 저술, 비평, 평론, 음악 해설 등 다양한 영역에서 활동을 펼쳤다. 그가 거점으로 삼았던 진주, 마산 그리고 부산의 지역문화와 음악 교사와 교수로서의 사회적 위치와 활동, 지역을 기반으로 한 인적 네트워크는 그의 작곡과 연주 활동뿐 아니라 음악교육과 교과서 저술, 향신회 같은 음악 단 체 결성과 후원으로 이어졌다. 무엇보다 예술가들과의 교류와 사회문화적 배경은 그의 음악창작 과 밀접하게 연결되어 있음을 알 수 있었다.

인간은 문장이나 담화에서 이동, 운율적 강조 등의 방법으로 진리 조건적인 의미를 바꾸지 않으면서도 청자에게 효과적으로 전달하기 위해 정보를 구조화한다. 교사가 표현하는 한자의 ‘형음의’의 담화 구조도 신・구 정보적 특징을 지닌 분절된 정보가 될 수 있다. 실제로 이 ‘X는 Y이다’라는 판단구는 교수자, 학습자의 낭독 과정 속에서 충분히 발생한다. 이에 본고는 한자의 형음의를 제시하는 구조를 3 가지로 분류했다. 각각 ①식(예 : 靑 청 푸르다), ②식(예 : 靑 푸르다 청), ③식(예 : 靑 푸를 청)으로 개괄하고 이 3가지 구조 방식에 의사소통역량과 파도 모형이론을 적용하여 정보량 차이의 존재 여부를 살피고 각 식의 기능적 측면에서 접근했다. ①식(예 : 靑 청 푸르다)은 뜻에 중점을 둔 구조로 특히 오른쪽에 열린 공간을 통해서 의미를 더 자세히 제시할 수 있는 구조로 한문의 독해에 유용한 구조이고, ②식 (靑 :푸르다 청)은 언어 생활에서의 활용을 강조하되, 문장 독해 학습에도 중점을 둔 구조로 주로 교수자들이 선호한 구조이다. ③식은 수식어‧중심어의 단순한 통사구조를 통해 학생들이 뜻을 쉽게 이해하고, 口誦을 쉽게 할 수 있는 구조로 언어생활에서 사용되는 음이 강조된 구조이 고 한자서의 音義의 설명에 유용한 구조이다. 이를 통해 한자의 형음의를 표현한 순서와 방법의 차이에 따라 전달하는 의미에 차이가 있을 수 있어 이에 해당하는 적당한 방법을 모색하는 것이 필요하고 한문 교육과 관련된 한자의 형음의를 표시하는 데에는 구습을 답습하지 않고 목표와 성격에 따라 합당한 구조의 모색을 강조했다.

본 논문은 베베른의 ≪3개의 가곡≫ op. 25, no. 1, ‘얼마나 행복한가!’(Wie bin ich froh!) 작 품을 스트라우스(Joseph Straus)의 총체적 성부진행(Total Voice Leading)을 통해 음향 사이 내재 된 모든 성부진행의 가능성들을 조명하고, 음향 간 성부진행의 관계를 다각적 관점에서 분석한 연 구이다. ‘음향 간 성부진행’ 분석을 통해, 베베른의 가곡 작품에 내재되어 있는 음향 간 총체적 성 부진행 구조와 시의 구조, 음악의 형식적 구조의 연관성을 밝히는 것이 본 논문의 목적이다. 이를 위해, 필자는 먼저 본 작품과 관련된 무조음악 이론가들의 선행연구들을 비판적으로 고찰하였으 며, 이를 토대로, 보다 감상자 중심의, 음악 중심의 음향 간 성부진행 분석을 통해 베베른의 작품 에 내재된 음향적 구조를 면밀히 밝히고자 한다. 무조음악의 깊은 층위에서 유기적 진행의 중추 적 역할을 하는 음향 간 성부진행의 구조가 작품 내 시의 의미적 구조와 어떻게 연결되어 ‘의미 화’ 될 수 있는지 필자의 분석을 통해 구체적으로 접근한다.

본고의 목적은 홍콩 교육국이 발행한 비화교 학생들의 중국어 학습에 관한 문서를 소개한 후 성공적인 몰입교육에 대한 원칙이 있는지 조사하기 위함이다. 선행 연구 고찰에서 중국어를 제2외국어로 가르치는 원리 유도, 기원 및 교원 제공. 비계 이론, 포괄적인 입력 가설 및 출력 가설뿐만 아니라 몰입 교습의 4단계 및 관련 교수 전략을 논하였다. 또한 아동을 대상으로 한 제2외국어 학습의 적절한 교육 전략을 해석하고. 몰입 교육의 실행 과정에서 교사들은 우선 진행되고 있는 몰입 수업의 오류를 인식한 후, 몰입수업의 개념과 실천을 확정하고, 수업의 각종 효과적인 수업전략을 생각하며, 간략한 "PRAISE" 등 4가지 소통전략 등을 견지해야 한다. 몰입교육을 추진할 때, 교사의 수업 목표가 명확해야 하며, 교수전략은 적절하고 효과적이어야 하며, 계획내용은 전반적 고려를 필요로 하며, 행정 방면에서 학교측의 지원과 협조가 필요하다. 이런 것들은 모두 몰입교육 성공의 요소이다.

이 글은 바흐의 ≪부활절 오라토리오≫(Oster-Oratorium)를 논의의 중심에 두고 있다. 이 작품 은 1725년 2월, 세속칸타타로 작곡된 이후 일련의 수정과정을 거치면서 1737년경 오라토리오로 재탄생한다. 이 글은 1730년을 전후한 바흐의 행적, 그리고 그가 남긴 원전자료들을 면밀하게 검 토하면서, 작곡가는 어떤 방식으로 오라토리오라는 장르를 이해하고 있는지 추적해나간다. 당대 의 오라토리오 정의, 보편적인 정의들에 기대어 바흐의 오라토리오는 어떤 음악적, 가사적 특징을 보이는지 분석하는 작업이다. 이를 통해 이 글은 ≪부활절 오라토리오≫가 ‘극적인 어떤 것’과 ‘신학적인 명상과 성찰을 요구하는 어떤 것’ 사이에 어떤 방식으로 놓여 있는지 고민하면서, 과연 작곡가가 상상하는 전례음악의 범위는 어디까지인지 질문하고 있다.

본 논문은 베트남 중국어 학습자의 중국어 학습 코퍼스를 이용하여, 베트남 학습자의 복합추 향보어 인신의의 습득 현황을 파악하고자 하였다. 연구를 통해 베트남 학습자들의 모델은 “U형 태의 행위모델”임을 알 수 있었다. 습득과정에서의 오류 유형은 다양한 형태로 분석되었으나, 복합추향보어 “冗余”의 인신의의 경우 모든 학습 단계에서 주요한 오류로 파악되었다. 이는 모어의 전이과정과 몾적어의 규칙의 변화로 인한 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 중국어를 모국어로 사용하는 화자들과 비교해 볼 때 베트남 중국어 학습자의 복합추향보어인신의를 더 적게 사용하 려는 경향이 있었다. 이러한 분석을 토대로 본고에서 보충적 학습 방법을 제안하였다.

《佩觽》는 오대 송초 郭忠恕가 저술한 자서로, 위진시대 이후 자형을 판별한 자서들의 종합 판이다. 이 책의 구성과 배열은 매우 독특한 형식적 특성을 지니고 있다. 구성은 “三科”와 “十 段”으로 나뉜다. “三科”는 이론 영역으로 “造字之旨”, “四声之作”, “传写之差”으로 설명되고 있다. “十段”은 구체적인 내용으로 표제자를 음가에 따라 열 가지로 배열하는 형식으로 구성되 어 있다. 결론적으로 이 책의 구성과 배열의 특성은 다른 자서에서 보기 어려운 특성을 지니고 있기 때문에 이 구성과 배열의 특성과 작용을 분석하는 것은 의미있는 연구 영역이다. 특히 지금의 문자학이 자전학 연구에서 중요한 가치와 의의를 지닌다.

본 논문은 정치성이 짙은 세속칸타타 ≪그대의 행운을 찬미하라, 축복받은 작센이여≫(Preise dein Glücke, gesegnetes Sachsen) BWV 215를 당시의 정치적 맥락 안에서 읽는다. BWV 215는 전쟁을 치르며 힘겹게 얻은, 그러나 여전히 불안정한 왕좌에 앉아 있는 아우구스트 3세의 폴란드 왕 즉위 기념행사를 위해 생산된 것이다. 이 칸타타에는 왕을 향한 칭송들 외에도 정치적, 전시적 상황 묘사를 비롯해 종용, 설득, 경고, 약속 등의 다양한 정치적 수사들이 담겨 있다. 바흐는 그러 한 칸타타를 화려한 정치행사용 음악으로 만들어냈다. 칸타타의 곳곳이 패러디이지만 옛 것과 새 것을 ‘하나’의 몸체로 녹아내고, 거대한 이중합창과 악기편성, 레치타티보 세코와 레치타티보 아 콤파냐토, 아리오소의 중창, 기교적 아리아 등을 골고루 동원했다. 그 내부에서는 악기들의 독특 하며 상징적인 사용, 폴리포니와 호모포니의 혼합, 섬세한 조성과 화성의 운용, 바로크 음악의 필 수적인 콘티누오를 대체하는 바셋헨(Bassetchen) 등 다채롭고 획기적인 수단들을 꾀하고 썼다. 그 렇게 산출된 칸타타 ≪그대의 행운을 찬미하라, 축복받은 작센이여≫에서 바흐의 오페라가 느껴 지는 듯하다.