Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) blooms formed in natural water resources due to the environmental pollution produce toxic compounds as secondary metabolites, causing health hazards to both humans and other living beings. Microcystin is a well-known toxin produced by cynobacteria. The present study was undertaken to evaluate varying concentrations and exposure times of two different forms of microcystin, viz., -LR (MCLR) and -LA (MCLA), on the motility and seizure-like behavior of planarian (Dugesia japonica). Compared to control, reduced motility was observed in both the MCLR or MCLA treated groups, but did not differ significantly with increasing concentrations of microcystin. However, the number of seizure-like behaviors were increased dose-dependently in planarian exposed to MLCR or MCLA. Exposure time to microcystine also affected the motility and seizure-like behaviors of planarians; 24 hrs incubation with MCLR, and 48 and 96 hrs exposure to MCLA, showed significantly (p<0.05) lower motility, as compared to the control. Assessing regeneration of the planarians revealed the simultaneous completion of eye formation at day 9 in planarians incubated in the absence or presence of MCLR or MCLA, thereby indicating that exposure to microcystin has no effect on the process. In conclusion, we determined that exposure to microcystins resulted in decrease in the number of motility, and induced abnormal behavior pattern in planarians. Further studies are required to identify the toxicity of microcystin that affects aquatic ecosystems.

Colon cancer is known as the third most widespread cancer in the world. The interaction of heme-iron and ascorbic acid (AA) in colon carcinogenesis is not evident. Hemin (ferric chloride heme) is an iron-containing porphyrin with chlorine that can be formed from a heme group. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of AA on the formation of pre-neoplastic lesions induced by azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) plus hemin in mice. Forty-five ICR male mice were divided into three experimental groups; AOM/ DSS treatment (control group), hemin (2 g hemin/kg of b.w.), hemin + AA (1.0% in drinking water). The mice had three s.c. injections (0–2nd weeks of the experiment) of AOM (10 mg/kg b.w.) weekly and 2% DSS as drinking water for the next one week and the animals fed on AIN-76A purified rodent diet for 6 weeks. The numbers of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and aberrant crypts (ACs) in colonic mucosa were counted after methylene blue staining. Lipid peroxidation in feces was measured by the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) assay. The numbers of ACF and ACs per colon significantly increased in Hemin group compared to the control group. However, the numbers of ACF and ACs per colon notably decreased in hemin + AA group compared to the control group or hemin group (p<0.05). In feces, the TBARS value of hemin group was higher than the control group (p<0.01). The TBARS value of hemin + AA group was slightly decreased compared to Hemin group. These results indicate that hemin can promote the experimental colon carcinogenesis in ICR mice. On the other hand, additional supplement of AA via drinking water has a protective effect against the colon carcinogenesis. The related mechanisms need to be illustrated by further studies in future.

Globally, colon cancer is increased gradually and known as one of the major causes of cancer death. Stevia, a substitute of sugar, is known to have many components including alpha-tocopherol and anthocyanin etc, as antioxidants. This study's purpose is to investigate whether stevia plant extract can have a protective effect against colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice. Total 30 male ICR mice were divided into 2 groups; AOM/DSS treatment (control group), AOM/DSS + stevia extract (0.5%, in drinking water). After acclimation for 1 week, five weeks old mice received three intraperitoneal AOM (10 mg/kg b.w.) injections weekly for 3 weeks (0–2nd weeks of the experiment) and 2% DSS as drinking water for the next one week. AIN-76A purified rodent diet and 0.5% stevia extract water were supplied to the animals for 6 weeks. The colons of mice were collected and the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and aberrant crypts (ACs) in colonic mucosa were counted after staining with methylene blue. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in feces were determined. The numbers of ACF and ACs were significantly (p<0.01) decreased in stevia-treated group compared with the control group. The MDA concentration in feces was also significantly (p<0.01) decreased in stevia-treated group compared with the control group. In histopathology of colonic epithelium, hyperplasia of colonic epithelium was less observed in steviatreated group. These results indicate that stevia has a protective effect against colon carcinogenesis induced by AOM/DSS in mice and further study needs to illustrate the protective mechanisms.

There have been debates on adoption of corporate laws regarding electing independent audit committee members separately and double derivative suit, as well as mandatory cumulative voting to improve corporate governance in Korea. This article examines whether mandatory or market based approaches are desirable to improve corporate governance in Korea. It will explore the ways to strengthen the independence of the board of directors and audit committees. Firstly, this article studies the independence of outside directors in the U.S. and Korea. The independence of the board of directors has been weak in Korea due to controlling shareholders and circular share-holding ownership structure among big business groups, even though there have been attempts to improve this situation. Secondly, this article examines the current role of outside directors, audit committees, and cumulative voting in the U.S and in Korea to find out positive changes in corporate governance Korea. Lastly, his article will discuss the appropriate direction between mandatory and market based soft law approaches on corporate governance in Korea. It will argue that Korea needs to strengthen the monitoring function of the board of directors, independence of outside directors and audit committee.

Dopamine (DA) receptor (D1 and D2-like receptors) agonists are known to affect expression levels of DA receptors. Rotigotine, a DA D2-like receptor agonist, has been developed for treating Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, its role in PD by acting through DA D2-like receptors has not been fully understood yet. The purpose of this study was to investigate neuroprotective effects of rotigotine through DA D2 and D3 receptors in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced mouse model of PD. Expression level of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was examined using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Results revealed that unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the midbrain caused significant loss of TH positive cells in the substantia nigra, whereas rotigotine inhibited such loss of TH cells in 6-OHDA-induced mouse model of PD. In vitro experiments demonstrated that rotigotine increased expression levels of TH against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity. The expression level of TH after treatment with L’741,626, a D2 receptor antagonist was decreased more than that after treatment with GR 103691, a D3 receptor antagonist. These results suggest that rotigotine can protect DA neurons against 6-OHDA induced toxicity and that the protective effect of rotigotine for DAergic neurons through a DA D2 receptor is stronger than that through a DA D3 receptor.

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR) is a rapid and precise method of analysis to quantify the level of gene expression and is widely used in the diagnosis of diseases and quantitative analysis of genes. In RT-qPCR analysis, a reference gene (or housekeeping gene) is used for normalization of experimental results. Since this method of analysis detects a small quantity of the product, it is highly sensitive and it is important for the accuracy and reproducibility of the experiment to select a reference gene suitable for gene expression studies. As the expression levels of the reference gene are affected under different conditions, in order to determine the suitability of the housekeeping gene used as the reference gene, it is necessary to verify the expression stability. In the current study, the stability of the expression of 11 housekeeping genes (B2M, SDHA, GAPDH, RPL13, VIM, EEF1A1, HPRT1, GUSB, RPL19, ACTB, and ABL1) was investigated in the tissues of long-tailed chickens (heart, thigh, and breast). Expression stability evaluation was analyzed with four software: BestKeeper, NormFinder, geNorm, and RefFinder. In our study, GAPDH in heart tissue, HPRT1 in thigh tissue, and RPL13 in breast tissue were selected as the most stable reference genes. Evaluation of the expression stability of housekeeping genes can provide important data in gene expression studies by selecting an appropriate reference gene according to various conditions.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is progressive neurological disease that results in the death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to a decrease in skeletal muscle size and muscle weakness, wasting, or paralysis. Most research on ALS has focused on motor neuron death, and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. This study examined the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle degeneration. We compared the protein and cytokine profiles of gastrocnemius muscle in ALS model hSOD1G93A mice at pre-symptomatic and symptomatic stages by western blotting. Pro-inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and cluster of differentiation 11b were upregulated in the muscle of symptomatic as compared to pre-symptomatic mice. Additionally, the levels of oxidative stress-related proteins, heme oxygenase-1 and ferritin, were increased in muscle from symptomatic as compared to pre-symptomatic mice. We also observed increased autophagy dysfunction and metabolic dysregulation in the muscles of symptomatic hSOD1G93A as compared to non-Tg and pre-symptomatic hSOD1G93A mice, which was accompanied by upregulation of thrombospondin- 1, Prospero-related homeobox 1, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and DNA-damage-inducible 45α. Increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy contribute to motor neuron death and muscle atrophy in ALS, and the factors involved in these processes are potential therapeutic targets for treatment of this disease.

중국에서도 민법전시대가 정식으로 도래하였다. 중국의 민법전이 2020년 5월 28일 제13기 전국인민대표대회 제3차회의에서 통과되어 2021년 1월 1일부터 제정, 시행된다. 이 민법전은 1949년 이후 분산되 어 기존의 민사관련법을 체계적으로 통합, 보완하여 만든 것으로서, 중국 에서 처음으로‘법전’이라고 명명한 법률이다. 민법전의 시행과 동시에 현 행 중국의 혼인법, 상속법, 민법통칙, 민법총칙, 입양법, 담보법, 계약법, 물권법, 권리침해책임법 등은 폐지된다. 이 민법전은 제1편 총칙, 제2편 물권, 제3편 계약, 제4편 인격권, 제5편 혼인가정, 제6편 상속, 제7편 권 리침해책임(불법행위) 등 7개 편과 1260개의 조문 및 부칙으로 구성되 어 있다. 중국 민법전은 독일식 판덱텐 체계를 따랐으나 독일식 5편제가 아닌 7 편제를 취하고 있다. 채권편을 계약편과 불법행위책임편으로 나누고 인 격권편을 추가한 것이 특색이라고 할 수 있다. 여기에서 인격권편의 내 용은 기존 독일법계 민법을 가진 국가들이 인격적 이익을 불법행위편에 의하여 사후적 보호를 강조하였다면 중국 민법전은 사전적 보호를 포함 한 체계적이고 총체적인 보호를 규정하고 있다. 민법전 시행에 이어 후 속적 조치로 그의 구체적인 적용을 위한 관련 사법해석이 만들어질 것으 로 보이며, 인격권 신설 등 시대적 요구와 중국 특색들을 반영한 것은 중국 민법의 현대화와 중국화의 요구를 적절하게 반영한 것이라고 할 것 이다.

「성매매특별법」이 제정된 이후에도 ‘성인이 합의하여 사적으로 행한 성매매’를 범죄로 둘지에 관하여 논란이 뜨겁다. 학계에서는 도덕적 보수 주의에 기초하여 성판매와 성구매를 금지하여야 한다는 주장, 자유주의 나 성노동권론에 기초하여 성매매를 비범죄화해야 한다는 주장, 급진 여 성주의에 따라서 성구매만 금지하여야 한다는 주장이 대치하고 있고, 이 런 대립은 헌법재판소의 결정에서도 나타났다. 이 연구는 이렇게 상충하는 견해들 사이에서 타협할 수 있는 지점을 찾아서 논란을 완화하고 문제상황을 타개하여 보고자 하는 관심에서 출 발한다. 그리고 그런 타협의 지점을 도덕적 보수주의에 기반한 법도덕주 의와 자유주의 사이에서 찾아보고자 하트-데블린 논쟁을 폭넓게 분석한 다. 그 논쟁은 법과 도덕의 규범적 관계에 관하여 현대의 고전으로 자리 잡고 있다. 데블린은 사회를 유지하기 위하여 사회의 관행도덕을 법으로 강제할 수 있다고 주장하였다. 반면에 하트는 어떤 행위가 관행도덕에 어긋나더라도 해악이나 불쾌를 유발하지 않는다면 법으로 금지할 수 없 다고 주장하였다. 두 사람의 견해는 구체적인 문제영역에서는 수렴할 수 있다. 그리고 한국에서 성을 판매하거나 구매하는 행위를 비범죄화할지에 대하여 두 사람은 견해를 같이 할 것으로 보인다. 하트는 그 행위로 인한 해악이나 피해자가 없고, 개인의 자유와 도덕적 자율성이 보장되어야 하며, 범죄화 의 실효성이 없고, 관행적인 성도덕의 변화는 사회의 발전을 가져올 수 도 있으며, 서로 다르지만 관용적인 도덕이 있을 수 있고, 민주사회에서 도 삶의 방식에 대한 다수의 신념을 소수에게 강요할 수는 없다는 등의 이유로 성매매 비범죄화를 지지할 것이다. 데블린도 한국에서 성매매 비 범죄화에 동의할 것으로 보인다. 관련법이 신중하게 제정되지 않았고, 성 매매의 부도덕성과 범죄화 필요성에 관하여 높은 수준의 의견 일치가 없 고, 그것을 부도덕하게 보는 사람들이라도 관용할 가능성 및 필요가 인 정되고, 그것을 형법으로 금지하는 것은 사생활을 지나치게 침해하고 실 효성이 없기 때문이다.

2020년 6월 25일 조영남 그림 대작(代作)사건에 대한 대법원 판결이 있었다. 이 사건은 사기죄로 기소되어 대법원에서 무죄를 선고받았지만, 그 사안을 들여다보면 저작권 귀속과 저작권 침해의 문제임을 알 수 있 다. 이에 본 연구에서는 이 사건의 사실관계를 기초로 하여 저작권법상의 쟁점이 되는 저작권 귀속과 저작권 침해의 문제에 대해서 논의를 하였다. 피고인은 자신이 저작자이고 공소외인은 조수라는 주장에 대해서 저작 권법상 저작권 귀속에 관한 법리를 중심으로 하여 피고인의 주장에 대해 검토하여 보았다. 저작권법은 아이디어를 제공한 자가 아니라 이를 표현 한 자에게 저작권이 귀속되도록 하고 있는데 이 사건의 사실관계를 살펴 보면 피고인은 아이디어를 제공하였을 뿐이고 실질적으로 표현을 한 자 는 공소외인 이므로 저작자는 공소외인이 된다는 결론을 도출하였다. 피고인은 자신의 그림은 개념미술 그리고 팝아트에 해당하기 때문에 개념을 제시한 자신에게 저작권이 있고 공소외인에게는 저작권이 없다는 취지의 주장에 대해서 개념미술의 개념과 팝아트의 개념을 살피고 2인 이상의 사람이 팝아트나 개념미술의 창작에 관여하는 경우 저작권은 누 구에게 귀속하게 되는지에 대해서 살펴보았다. 개념미술이나 팝아트라고 하더라도 저작권법이 표현을 보호하고자 하는 취지를 벗어날 수는 없기 때문에 피고인이 아무리 팝아트적인 요소인 화투를 가지고 꽃으로 표현 하라는 것을 지시하였다고 하더라도 결국 캔버스에 어떻게 그릴 것인지 구상하고 이러한 구상을 토대로 실질적으로 그림을 그려낸 사람은 공소 외인에 해당하므로 공소외인이 저작권자가 된다는 결론을 도출하였다. 피고인과 공소외인의 거래 관계를 일반적으로 대작계약이라고 칭하고 있는 점에 대해서 대작계약의 정의와 대작계약의 경우 누구에게 저작권 이 귀속되는지에 대해서 살펴보았다. 대작계약은 양도불가능한 저작권의 양도를 목적으로 하고 있기 때문에 대작계약은 무효이고, 저작권은 미술 품을 창작한 자에게 원시적으로 귀속되므로 이 사안에서 저작권은 공소 외인에게 귀속된다고 할 수 있다. 저작권이 공소외인에게 귀속되는 경우 피고인이 미술품에 직접적으로 덧칠을 한 행위는 저작권법상 동일성 유지권을 침해한 행위가 되므로 이 를 근거로 공소외인은 피고인에게 저작권법에 따라 민ᆞ형사상의 구제를 청구할 수 있을 것이다.

이 연구는 2016년 브렉시트의 배경에서 시작하여 2019년 조기 총선 으로 브렉시트가 사실상 확정된 과정을 시간순으로 설명하고, 그 과정에 서 제기되었던 헌법적 쟁점을 살펴본다. 이를 통해 브렉시트의 전개 과 정에서 제기된 헌법적 쟁점을 민주적 헌법 질서를 가진 모든 국가에 보 편적으로 적용할 수 있다는 점을 보여 주고자 한다. 영국 브렉시트는 유 럽연합이 가지고 있었던 근본적인 문제에서 시작하였다. 유럽 통합방향 은 초기의 이념을 잃어버리고 시장주의와 국가주의에 경도되었다. 또한, 주권 국가의 정체성이 급격하게 해체되는 과정에서 새로운 유럽연합의 국가 정체성이 그 공백을 신속하게 대체하지 못하였다. 그 과정에서 유 럽과 개별 국가 수준에서 대의제 민주주의 흠결과 영국의 포퓰리즘은 재 정 문제나 난민 문제를 해결하기보다는 오히려 증폭하였다. 유럽연합에 대한 국민의 불만과 반감은 유럽연합에 주권적 권한을 이양한 자국 의회 와 제도 정치권을 향했다. 하지만, 제도권 정치는 국민의 의사를 수렴하 여 집단적으로 구속력 있는 결정을 내리지 못하였다. 오히려 정치체계는 극단적인 견해로 대립하여 갈등하고 있는 사회의 부정적 커뮤니케이션에 기생하였다. 대외 정책은 국가 간의 갈등을 평화적으로 해결하는 본연의 기능을 상실하고 대내적 정치 동원의 수단이 되었다. 제도 정치 전반에 대한 혐오를 반의회주의로 귀결시키고 그 속에서 정치적 입지를 다지는 인물과 정당이 급부상하였다. 이렇게 보면 브렉시트는 비단 영국의 문제 가 아니라 이미 보편화한 세계적 문제이며, 유럽 통합과 영국이라는 특 수성을 제거하면 영국 브렉시트는 우리의 현실이자 미래이다.

오늘날 형사사법시스템은 소년기의 특수성과 중요성을 인식하여 다이 버전과 같은 제도를 운영함으로써 성인사범과 차이를 두고 개별적인 정 책들을 시행하고 있다. 이는 청소년이라는 상태가 생물학적·정신적으로 미성숙한 상태이므로 장래에 일반시민으로서 재사회화가 될 가능성이 높 기 때문에 실효성이 높은 접근법이라 할 수 있다. 실제로 미국과 영국 등의 해외사례를 통해 분석해본 결과 해외 선진국들은 소년사법과 성인 사법을 엄격히 분리하여 소년들의 특수성에 적합한 형사정책을 제공하고 자 하고 있었다. 이러한 해외사례 분석결과는 현재 법무부 소속 범죄예 방정책국에서 성인과 청소년에 대한 사회 내 처우 모두를 혼재하여 운영 하고 있는 국내실정에 대한 정책적 시사점을 제공한다. 이러한 논의에 따라 현행 6과 1팀의 범죄예방정책국 체제를 ‘정책단’을 중심으로 소년사 법과 성인사법 분리 재개편하여 담당을 분과하는 것이 바람직하다고 할 수 있다. 정책단의 분류는 곧 범죄예방정책국 전체 업무를 어떠한 특성 에 따라 구분 짓느냐의 문제와 동일하므로 그 구분은 범죄예방정책국의 업무를 관통하는 기준에 의해 실행되어야 하며, 이 연구는 해당 기준이 바로 사회 내 처우 대상자의 특성에 따른 구분, 즉 소년사법과 성인사법 의 구분이라고 제언한다.

Due to the serious air pollution problem, interest in eco-friendly vehicles is increasing. Solving the problem of pollution will necessitate the securing of high energy storage technology for batteries, the driving force of eco-friendly vehicles. The reason for the continuing interest in the transition metal oxide LiMO2 as a cathode material with a layered structure is that lithium ions reveal high mobility in two-dimensional space. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effective intercalation and deintercalation pathways of Li+, which affect battery capacity, to understand the internal structure of the cathode particle and its effect on the electrochemical performance. In this study, for the cathode material, high nickel Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2 precursor is synthesized by controlling the ammonia concentration. Thereafter, the shape of the primary particles of the precursor is investigated through SEM analysis; X-ray diffraction analysis is also performed. The electrochemical properties of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 are evaluated after heat treatment.

3D printing technology is a processing technology in which 3D structures are formed by fabricating multiple 2D layers of materials based on 3D designed digital data and stacking them layer by layer. Although layers are stacked using inkjet printing to release various materials, it is still rare for research to successfully form a product as an additive manufacture of multi-materials. In this study, dispersion conditions are optimized by adding a dispersant to an acrylic monomer suitable for inkjet printing using Co3O4 and Al2O3. 3D structures having continuous composition composed of a different ceramic material are manufactured by printing using two UV curable ceramic inks whose optimization is advanced. After the heat treatment, the produced structure is checked for the formation and color of the desired crystals by comparing the crystalline analysis according to the characteristics of each part of the structure with ceramic pigments made by solid phase synthesis method.

This study is aimed at preparing and evaluating the plasma resistance of YAS (Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2) coating layer with crystalline YAG phase contents. For this purpose, YAS frits with controlled phase contents are prepared and melt-coated on sintered Al2O3 ceramics. Then, the results of phase analysis of crystalline YAS coating layer are compared to that of YAS frits, and discussed with regard to the plasma resistance of the YAS coating layer. The phase contents of the YAS frit change in a manner different from that of the prepared YAS coating layer, presumably owing to the composition change of YAS frit during the melt-coating process. The plasma resistance of the YAS coating layer is shown to increase with the YAG phase contents in the coating layer. Comparing the weight loss of YAS coating layer with those of commercial Y2O3, Al2O3, and quartz ceramics, the plasma resistance of the prepared YAS coating layer is 8 times higher than that of quartz and 3 times higher than that of Al2O3; this layer shows 70 % of the resistance of Y2O3.

Oxide semiconductor, represented by a-IGZO, has been commercialized in the market as active layer of TFTs of display backplanes due to its various advantages over a-Si. a-IGZO can be deposited at room temperature by RF magnetron sputtering process; however, additional thermal annealing above 300oC is required to obtain good semiconducting properties and stability. These temperature are too high for common flexible substrates like PET, PEN, and PI. In this work, effects of microwave annealing time on IGZO thin film and associated thin-film transistors are demonstrated. As the microwave annealing time increases, the electrical properties of a-IGZO TFT improve to a degree similar to that during thermal annealing. Optimal microwave annealed IGZO TFT exhibits mobility, SS, Vth, and VH of 6.45 cm2/Vs, 0.17 V/dec, 1.53 V, and 0.47 V, respectively. PBS and NBS stability tests confirm that microwave annealing can effectively improve the interface between the dielectric and the active layer.

3 mol% yttria-doped stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) is synthesized by a solvothermal process, and its characteristics are investigated using various methods. Also, the dispersibility of synthesized 3YSZ nanoparticles is observed with the species of surface modifier. The 3YSZ nano sol prepared with an optimum condition is employed in prism coating and its properties are evaluated. The synthesized 3YSZ nanoparticles show a globular shape with about 10 to 20 nm crystallite size. The mixed phases with the nano sol show a high specific surface of 178 m2/g. The prism sheet coated with the 3YSZ nano sol present an excellent refractive index, transmittance, and luminance; refractive index is 1.603, transmittance is 90.2 %, and luminance of coating film is improved by 5.9 % compared to that of the film without 3YSZ nano sol. It is verified that the surface modified 3YSZ is suitable as the prism sheet for optical displays.

In this work, Ag3PO4/In2S3 nanocomposites with low loading of In2S3 (5-15 wt %) are fabricated by two step chemical precipitation approach. The microstructure, composition and improved photoelectrochemical properties of the asprepared composites are studied by X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photocurrent density, EIS and amperometric i-t curve analysis. It is found that most of In2S3 nanoparticles are deposited on the surfaces of Ag3PO4. The as-prepared Ag3PO4/ In2S3 composite (10 wt%) is selected and investigated by SEM and TEM, which exhibits special morphology consisting of lager size substrate (Ag3PO4), particles and some nanosheets (In2S3). The introduction of In2S3 is effective at improving the charge separation and transfer efficiency of Ag3PO4/In2S3, resulting in an enhancement of photoelectric behavior. The origin of the enhanced photoelectrochemical activity of the In2S3-modified Ag3PO4 may be due to the improved charge separation, photocurrent stability and oriented electrons transport pathways in environment and energy applications.

The photovoltaic properties of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a carbon electrode fabricated using different annealing processes are investigated. Perovskite formation (50 oC, 60 min) using a hot-plate and an oven is carried out on cells with a glass/fluorine doped TiO2/TiO2/ZrO2/carbon structure, and the photovoltaic properties of the PSCs are analyzed using a solar simulator. The microstructures of the PSCs are characterized using an optical microscope, a field emission scanning electron microscope, and an electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA). Photovoltaic analysis shows that the energy conversion efficiency of the samples fabricated using the hot-plate and the oven processes are 2.08% and 6.90%, respectively. Based on the microstructure of the samples and the results of the EPMA, perovskite is formed locally on the carbon electrode surface as the γ-butyrolactone (GBL) solvent evaporates and moves to the top of the carbon electrode due to heat from the bottom of the sample during the hot plate process. When the oven process is used, perovskite forms evenly inside the carbon electrode, as the GBL solvent evaporates extremely slowly because heat is supplied from all directions. The importance of the even formation of perovskite inside the carbon electrode is emphasized, and the feasibility of oven annealing is confirmed for PSCs with carbon electrodes.

Many electronic applications require magnetic materials with high permeability and frequency properties. We improve the magnetic permeability of soft magnetic powder by controlling the shape magnetic anisotropy of the powders and through the preparation of amorphous nanoparticles. For this purpose, the effect of the shape magnetic anisotropy of amorphous Fe-B-P nanoparticles is observed through a magnetic field and the frequency characteristics and permeability of these amorphous nanoparticles are observed. These characteristics are investigated by analyzing the composition of particles, crystal structure, microstructure, magnetic properties, and permeability of particles. The composition, crystal structure, and microstructure of the particles are analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam analysis. The saturation magnetization and permeability are measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer and an LCR meter, respectively. It is confirmed that the shape magnetic anisotropy of the particles influences the permeability. Finally, the permeability and frequency characteristics of the amorphous Fe-B-P nanoparticles are improved.