The mesophase pith was synthesized based on effects of a high-pressure thermal condensation and feed (PFO/FCC-DO) blending. The reaction conditions were designed by fluidity and reactivity of each feed during the thermal reaction. The high-pressure thermal condensation process disturbs distillation of the volatile compounds in pyrolysis fuel oil (PFO); the fluidity can be controlled. In the blending process, PFO, which has a high thermal condensation reactivity, and fluid catalytic cracking-decant oil (FCC-DO), which maintains fluidity, interacted with a synergistic effect. Thus, mesophase pitch with a large mesophase content was manufactured by the two above processes.

정철과 박목월 시에 등장하는 방랑자는 인간의 마지막 피난처인 자연을 향해 뒤도 돌아보지 않고 가는 사람들이다. 그런데 이들을 긍정적 시각으로 보면 이들은 자연에 매우 잘 순응하는 사람들이다. 동시에 부정적 측면으로 보면 이들은 자신들의 정체와 방랑하는 이유를 드러내지 않을 뿐 아니라 방랑의 원인인 갈등이나 억압에 대해 전혀 저항하지 못하는 극단적 도피자일 수 있다. 그러나 예이츠와 히니 시의 방랑자들은 그들이 누구인지 왜 방랑하고 있는지를 밝히고 저항한다. 예이츠는 앵글로 아이리시 영웅으로의 저항 정신을 그의 방랑 시에서 드러냈다. 이것은 자신을 오신, 쿠훌린및 오이디푸스 같은 영웅과 자신을 동일시 한데서도 증명될 수 있다. 이와 대조적으로 히니는 󰡔순례의 섬󰡕이나 󰡔방황하는 스위니󰡕를 통해서 종교의 권위에 저항해 나락으로 떨어져 방랑해야만 했던 전설의 순례자인 스위니와 자신을 동일시했다. 한편 한국 시와 아일랜드 시에 등장한 방랑자들은 모두 예술혼인 자유를 추구하는 공통점을 갖고 있다.

Research Center for Endangered Species in National Institute of Ecology was recently established in Yeongyang, Gyeongsangbuk-do on October 2018. As a new research center, we are actively developing research projects even though we have lots of hurdles. Among 26 endangered insect species, five species have been focused as restoring insect. Recently, the focus of restoration strategy was changed from species to habitat. To protect the insects from extinction, we will conserve the original habitat and cooperate with the local community. As a starting research center, we are open to all of your opinion to restore endangered insects in Korea.

When treating the 3rd instar larvae of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, with sublethal doses (LC10) of chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb and spinosad via leaf dipping, their tolerance to insecticides was significantly enhanced. By analyzing the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we found a number of genes that respond commonly or specifically to the test insecticides. With the criteria of p value < 0.05 and Log2FC > 1/ < -1, a total of 476, 367 and 410 genes were determined to respond specifically to chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb and spinosad, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the cuticle reorganization is commonly associated in all treatments and the oxidative stress-related process is also shown in all insecticides except spinosad. Finally, the DEGs seemingly related with enhanced tolerance were chosen for further characterization, and reliability of the transcriptome data were confirmed by quantitative PCR. The functional categories of these DEGs included mostly detoxification related genes, cuticle proteins, energy metabolism and transcriptional regulation. While the commonly responding DEGs suggest that they are likely involved in defense against common intoxication process, the DEGs specifically responded to each insecticide suggests the presence of unique tolerance mechanisms to each insecticide depending on their different structure and mode of action. Their possible roles in the tolerance/resistance development were discussed.

강원지역에 발생하는 돌발해충은 미국선녀벌레, 갈색날개매미충, 꽃매미 등이 있다. 이러한 돌발해충의 월동은 동계최저기온에 의해 가장 큰 영향을 받게 된다. 따라서 꽃매미는 2012년부터 갈색날개매미충은 2016년부터 월동난괴 를 채집하여 동계최저기온에 따른 부화율을 측정하여, 동계최저기온과 돌발해충의 부화율 관계에 대한 조사를 실시하였다. 동계최저기온이 –11℃이하인 날이 35일 이상 지속된 2012년과 2017년 겨울은 꽃매미의 부화율이 9.2%, 7.2%로 낮게 나타난 반면, -11℃이하인 날이 16일로 비교적 낮은 경과일수를 보인 2013년 겨울에는 75.5%의 부화율을 보였다. 갈색날개매미충 역시 –11℃이하인 날이 35일 이상이었던 2017년 겨울에 43.1%의 낮은 부화율을 보였지만 20일로 적은 경과일수를 보인 2016년 겨울에는 89.4%로 약 2배정도 높은 부화율을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 일정수준 이상 동계최저기온을 경과한 돌발해충의 월동난은 성공적인 월동을 하지 못한다는 것을 의미한다.

결구상추는 국내에서 17년 기준 825㏊가 재배되고 강원도 재배면적은 168㏊로 전국 2위이다. 하지만 발생 병해충 및 방제방법에 대한 자료는 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 강원도 신소득 작물인 결구상추(학명 : Lactuca sativa var. capitata)에 발생하여 문제가 되는 주요 병해충의 종류 및 재배 작기 별 발생양상과 피해증상에 대해 영농현장에 알리고자 2017년~2018년 4월부터 9월까지 홍천 등 3개 지역 결구상추 주산지에서 조사를 수행하였다. 조사결과 주요 병해충으로는 무름병, 균핵병, 파밤나방, 담배거세미나방 등이 발생하였다. 봄 재배에서는 무름병과 균핵병이 6월 상~중순에, 가을 재배에서는 무름병이 9월 중순과 10월 상순에 발생하였다. 피해증상으로는 무름병은 결구포기전체가 물러 썩으면서 심한 악취가 났으며, 균핵병은 땅과 닿는 부분에 수침상의 병반이 생기면서 균핵이 발생하였다. 파밤나방과 담배거세미나방은 가을재배 시 발생이 많았다. 특히 9월 상~중순에는 발생한 파밤나방 유충에 의해 결구상추의 상품가치가 떨어져 농가피해가 심하게 나타난 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study was carried out to confirm the predatory and developmental features of N. stenoferus. We determine the host range of N. stenoferus. As a result, it was confirmed that Aphis gssypii, Myzus persicae, Planococcus citri, and Frankliniella occidentalis. N. stenoferus is thought to be able to feed on other micro pests. The test for a developmental period of N. stenoferus at 25℃ showed that the egg period was about 10 days. The nymphal period was about 18 days. Each nymphal period from 1st instar to 3rd instar nymphs was about 3 days. And the nymphal period of 4th and 5th were about 3.5 and 6 days, respectively. The female adult laid eggs in stem tissue or on leaves, and sometimes on the soaked cotton for water supply.

The Ryanodine Receptor in wild type Drosophila melanogaster has an amino acid substitution which is known to cause Chlorantraniliprole resistance in Pluteall xylostella. Even though we have reported that two Chlorantraniliprole resistant Drosophila strains have elevated total esterase activities, our report does not fully explain the significantly increased resistant ratios in two Chlorantraniliprole resistant Drosophila strains. Thus, we further analyzed alteration of reactive oxygen species and mitochondria activities in two Chlorantraniliprole resistant Drosophila strains. Our result suggested that Chlorantraniliprole resistance development in Drosophila requires alteration of various signal transduction pathways.

Monochamus saltuarius Gebler are the insect vector of the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) mostly in the mid-northern areas of South Korea. In 2017, we installed sentinel logs to lure efficient parasitic wasps of the vector and to evaluate ecological characteristics of parasitoids in prior to the development of biological control strategy for the PWN transmitting insect vector. As a result of the survey, we found Spathius verustus Chao (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a predominant parasitoid with the highest parasitism rate among six species of larval parasitoids. The parasitism rate was higher along the edge (0m of the forest depth) of the survey sites than the inner sides (20m and 40m of the forest depth). Also, the parasitoid showed highest parasitism rate in late-May at one of Gapyeong_sites, where was supposed to be the oldest infected areas. Lastly, the parasitism rate along the trap heights was higher at height of 0m than the 1.8m above the ground.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia is native in North America and an invasive alien species in East Asia and Europe. This plant causes economic losses such as reducing agricultural production and producing severe allergenic pollen. Recently, there was an effort to control this alien plant chemically and mechanically in South Korea, but they are neither sustainable nor environmentally-friendly control strategies. Epiblema sugii Kawabe 1976 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is known as a potential biological control agent of A. artemisiifolia. In order to control this species using a biological control method, we investigated overwintering structures and spatial distributions of E. sugii in A. artemisiifolia colony as an initial step.

Cinara (Cinara) cedri cedri Mimeur, 1936 is extensively distributed in Europe (France, Italy, Spain, and UK), North Africa (Morocco and Algeria), North America (California and New York), South America (Argentina), Middle East (Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey), and Asia (China). Recently, this species was also invaded into China. In 2018, C. (Cinara) cedri cedri was firstly discovered on one plant, Cedrus deodara, in Korea. In this study, we provide full redescription in detail.

The beet armywom, Spodoptera exigua Hübner, originated from Southeast Asia is one of important agricultural pests worldwide. The moth having no diapause mechanism has highly migratory capacity which contributes to population outbreaks and geographic expansion. Although the moth was first reported in 1926 from Korea, it has been important since the late 1980s. In July 2018, the species outbreaked in Gimje, Jeonbuk Province causing serious damage to soybean in several paddy fields. In this study, we investigate the genetic diversity of the outbreaking populations using a partial sequence of mitochondrial DNA COI gene. 37 COI sequences obtained from specimens collected at the fields of Gimje, Korea were compared with 249 COI sequences from GenBank. In total, 25 haplotypes were detected from 18 countries. Three haplotypes (H1, H2, and H5) found in Korea were all shared with those in China. Haplotypes H1 and H2 were prominent in Korea as well as in invasive regions worldwide. This suggest that outbreaking populations in Korea were invaded from China. The migration source was estimated using backward trajectory analysis, and found to be Zhejiang Province, China.

In Korea, two species, Anoplophora chinensis and Anoplophora glabripennis, have been recorded until now. Recently, outbreaks of Anoplophora spp. were reported locally in Seoul, Ulsan, Incheon, Gimhae, and Jeonju from 2015 to 2017. In this study, Anoplophora spp. were collected in the four regions, Ulsan, Incheon, Gimhae, and Jeonju, and their morphological and molecular characteristics were compared with those of Anoplophora spp. collected from several local regions. Twelve COI sequences of the Incheon/Gimhae/Ulsan/Jeonju populations in A. glabripennis were identical to KY357648, KY357652, and KY357651, and two COI sequences of Ulsan populations in A. chinensis were identical to AB439163. These sequences were generated from Chinese and Japanese Anoplophora samples by foreign researchers, suggesting the possibility of the invasion of Chinese and Japanese populations of Anoplophora spp. into Korea.

A residual contact vial plus water (RCVpW) bioassay method was established to monitor insectiside resistance in field populations of the melon thrips, Thrips palmi. Resistance level against six major insecticides were evalutated in five regions to test applicability of RCVpW as an on-site resistance monitoring tool. Reduced mortality in response to six test insecticides were exhibited compared to the RDA susceptable strain showing 100 % mortality, indicating different degree of resistance. An apparently reduced mortality to emamectin benzoate and chlofenapyr was observed in some field populations, suggesting uneven distribution of resistance to these insecticides in field populations. In addition, spinosad resistance was high and widely distributed in the test regions. Synergistic bioassay revealed that cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic factor is involved in spinosad resistance in the Korean population.

1983년 대학 2학년 때 ‘식물분류학 및 실험’ 과목을 수강하면서 우리나라 곤충상을 제대로 밝혀 보겠다는 포부를 가지고 곤충분류연구실에 문을 두드렸던 기억이 여전히 생생합니다. 그를 계기로 다듬이벌레목 및 딱정벌레목의 바구미상과를 연구대상으로 곤충분류학에 입문하였습니다. 그 결과물로 한국산 바구미류에 대하여 2000년에는 373종, 2001년에는 150종에 대한 ‘원색도감’을 발간하게 되었으며, 2011～2014년에는 대한민국생물지 ‘한국의 곤충 - 바구미류 Ⅰ～Ⅴ권’을 발간함으로써 한반도 바구미상과 곤충상에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓힐 수 있었습니다. 1990년부터 농업해충 연구를 시작, 가옥해충 관리 분야에 관심을 가지게 되면서 1996년에 ‘저장곡물해충의 유충검색 및 생태’ 책자 및 2017년에 ‘저장곡물해충 및 위생해충(파리류) 도감’을 발간하였으며, 이 저장곡물해충으로부터 식품에서 문제를 일으킬 곰팡이독소 생성 병원균을 분리․동정(2018)하여 저장식품 관리의 기초를 제공하는 한편, 2008년에는 ‘박물관과 유해생물 관리’ 책자를 발간하여 문화재 관리에서 해충의 중요성을 일깨웠습니다. 1999년부터는 식물검역업무와 인연을 맺게 되면서 검역현장에서 필요로 하는 검역해충의 동정기술을 개발하여 식물검역관 교육에 힘쓰는 한편, 세계적으로 이슈화 되고 있는 침입외래해충에 대한 생물안보 분야 연구에 집중하게 되었습니다. 그 결과로 ‘외래해충의 검출 및 유입현황 분석(2012～2019)’과 ‘주요 침입해충종의 유입경로 파악(잔디왕 바구미(2009), 미국선녀벌레(2015, 2016), 꽃매미(2013), 블루베리혹파리(2015), 유럽좁쌀바구미(2018))’을 통해 생물안 보 업무에 되먹임(feedback) 및 과학적인 도구로 활용될 수 있도록 하였습니다. 2013년부터는 대학에서 친환경 해충관리 분야 연구를 집중하고 있습니다. 그 결과로 ‘노린재류 및 씨살이좀벌, 알락하늘소류 해충에 대한 효과적인 천적 탐색(2015～2018)’ 및 ‘인공알을 이용한 천적의 대량증식 기술(2018)’을 개발하여 종합적 해충관리의 학문적 발전을 유도하고 있습니다. 또한 산림청으로부터 수목진단센터를 유치하여 운영하는 한편, 나무의사제도의 안정적인 정착을 위해 생활권 수목에서 문제시 되는 해충을 올바르게 진단하고 효과적으로 관리할 수 있도록 산림해충 연구에 집중하고 있으며, 2019년 3월에는 ‘수목해충학’ 책자를 교재로 발간하였습니다. 오늘 송정곤충학상을 수상하게 됨을 계기로 제 자신을 뒤돌아보면서 농림해충관리 및 생물안보 분야에 있어서 농민 및 관계자 분들에게 조금이나마 유용한 정보 및 기술을 제공할 수 있도록 알찬 연구 및 후학양성에 더욱 매진할 것을 다짐해 봅니다. 우리나라 응용곤충학 분야의 권위 있는 송정곤충학상을 수상하게 되어 개인적으로 큰 기쁨이고 영광이라 생각하면서 한편으론 송구스럽기도 합니다. 저 자신의 노력보다는 연구방향을 지도편달해주신 많은 선생님 및 선배님, 같이 연구해온 많은 동료 및 후배님들 덕분에 이러한 영광을 누릴 수 있음을 밝히면서 한국응용곤충학회 모든 회원님들께 깊이 감사를 드립니다.

The health benefits associated with consumption of fresh produce have been clearly demonstrated and encouraged by international nutrition and health authorities. However, since fresh produce is usually minimally processed, increased consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables has also led to a simultaneous escalation of foodborne illness cases. According to the report by the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 10 people suffer from foodborne diseases and 420,000 die every year globally. In comparison to other processed foods, fresh produce can be easily contaminated by various routes at different points in the supply chain from farm to fork. This review is focused on the identification and characterization of possible sources of foodborne illnesses from chemical, biological, and physical hazards and the applicable methodologies to detect potential contaminants. Agro-chemicals (pesticides, fungicides and herbicides), natural toxins (mycotoxins and plant toxins), and heavy metals (mercury and cadmium) are the main sources of chemical hazards, which can be detected by several methods including chromatography and nano-techniques based on nanostructured materials such as noble metal nanoparticles (NMPs), quantum dots (QDs) and magnetic nanoparticles or nanotube. However, the diversity of chemical structures complicates the establishment of one standard method to differentiate the variety of chemical compounds. In addition, fresh fruits and vegetables contain high nutrient contents and moisture, which promote the growth of unwanted microorganisms including bacterial pathogens (Salmonella, E. coli O157: H7, Shigella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus) and non-bacterial pathogens (norovirus and parasites). In order to detect specific pathogens in fresh produce, methods based on molecular biology such as PCR and immunology are commonly used. Finally, physical hazards including contamination by glass, metal, and gravel in food can cause serious injuries to customers. In order to decrease physical hazards, vision systems such as X-ray inspection have been adopted to detect physical contaminants in food, while exceptional handling skills by food production employees are required to prevent additional contamination.

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the comparison of balance and muscle strength between dominant and non-dominant legs in adults. Thirty adults in their 20s participated in this study. The dominant and non-dominant legs were selected based on the dominant hands of the target. The subject's muscle strength of legs was measured with Nicholas MMT, and the balance was measured with BIO-Rescue. We compared the dominant and non-dominant legs based on the results. The result, indicated no statistical difference on balance and muscle strength between dominant and non-dominant legs(p>.05). The results of this study will be helpful in setting the effective treatment direction and treatment level, and in controlling posture, balance and motor function.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sling exercise on muscle activity and balance on football players with chronic ankle instability. Eight subjects performed Biodex and sling exercises for four weeks and compared the muscle activity and balance ability of the uninjured and injured feet. Stable and unstable foot % MVIC did not change significantly after treatment in all muscles. The total balance ability was not significantly different between the two groups, however, increased only in the unstable side. The anterior/posterior balance ability also represented no significant difference between the groups and was significantly improved only in the unstable side. The medial/lateral balance ability was not significantly different between the groups and was significantly improved only in the unstable side. This study suggests that sling exercise contributes to improving % MVIC, total balance ability, anterior/ posterior balance ability, and medial/lateral balance ability of the unstable side.