PURPOSES : This study aimed to provide a method for linking VE/LCC/LCA and BIM and to develop a system for BIM-based VE/LCC/ LCA evaluation. METHODS : Based on literature reviews and case studies, we propose bridge hierarchies for sharing and integrating VE/LCC/LCA and BIM information and standard unit price and equipment workloads for LCC and LCA analysis. We further developed a BIM library to visualize various ideas and alternatives. RESULTS : The results of the proposed system demonstrate that the VE can be systemized and the original draft and alternatives can be visually provided via the BIM library. In addition, the LCC cost can be calculated by the automatic volume calculation of the bridge BIM library and the LCA can be calculated using the materials and equipment (these are BIM attribute information). CONCLUSIONS : The developed method can be more reliable and productive of VE, LCC, and LCA work owing to the partial automation and visualization of the developed system.

PURPOSES : This study is a method for developing a 3D stratum modeling that uses Civil3D, CAD, Revit, and Dynamo, the products of Autodesk and ground survey data to prevent reversal and applying BIM design to underground structures. METHODS : If the ground level difference is severe and the survey data is not sufficiently spaced, a reversal phenomenon occurs such that the stratum is generated above the surface ground. In such cases, the first layer of the stratum can be offset from the ground surface and the remaining layers are created and utilized by the stratum thickness. However, the first layer is just offset from the ground surface, which is not an accurate implementation of geological information. To fix this error, we propose a method to calculate the quantity in 3D based on the algorithm that generates the stratum underneath the original ground surface connected with borehole data. RESULTS : The 3D stratum is designed to be implemented within 30 min with minimum memory resource occupancy. The ground surface is generally based on a digital map and can be linked with a drone and 3D scan data afterwards. The stratum model for each layer can be implemented in both a triangulated irregular network (TIN) and solid for quantity and volume calculations. Each layer will be generated in selected colors, and analysis on altitude, gradients, etc. can be performed with it. CONCLUSIONS : Constructing 3D spatial information using 2D information is expected to lay the foundation for providing required services in construction, real estate, architecture, urban planning, and transportation in the future, to users with integration and convergence into various fields such as BIM, smart city, digital twin, and VR-AR.

Purpose: Compassion is often entangled with similar concepts such as empathy, sympathy and pity. The purpose of this study is to understand and to distinguish compassion from empathy, sympathy and pity as a concept. Methods: We compared three similar concepts such as empathy, sympathy and pity, to compassion theoretically in order to distinguish each of the differences from similarities with literary reviews. Results: We have derived six key features of compassion as follow. First, objects of compassion are the individuals who have experienced suffering. Second, compassion encompasses the relativity of suffering. Third, compassion must be connected with action. Fourth, the main purpose of the compassionate act is to transmit compassionate feeling to others. Fifth, a relatively accurate understanding for others precedes compassionate act. Sixth, compassion is based on other-oriented emotion. Conclusion: Based on the above results, compassion can be a useful concept to reduce employee’s suffering in the organization.

FDM 3D Printer is used in maker space for mass production by the maker. Makers desire to manufacture products in a variety of colors using ABS Filaments. The purpose of this study is to identify the relation between the color of resin and each position on the bed. So, when printed using the 3D Printer, we found out the difference in the colors that it appears depending on the position of the bed. To see the difference in color, basic, blue, yellow, white, and black were selected and the bed plate was divided into three sections. Specimens were measured to obtain delta E values between each sections by the chromatic differential system. Obtained delta values were analyzed by the NBS system. As a result, the delta E value of black was found to correspond to “Appreciable”. In most cases, delta E values between the middle and the outer or the inner and the outer was greater than values between the middle and the inner. Using Infrared Thermal Camera, We found that the color difference relates 3D printing positions and temperatures. As a result, the 3D printing bed positions should be considered when 3D printing mass production.

본 연구에서는 내진성능향상을 목표로 CNT-복합소재로 보강된 콘크리트 구조물의 휨 인장 거동을 다루었다. 다양한 CNT 함유량에 따른 복합소재의 재료적 물성은 수정된 Halpin-Tasi 모델을 적용하여 멀티스케일해석 이론으로부터 도출하였다. 휨인장 시험은 복합소재의 종류, CNT 함유비율, 도포제의 유무, 그리고 보강 방법에 따라서 수행하였다. 변수 실험 결과는 CNT-복합재로 보강된 콘크리트 구조의 향상된 휨인장 거동에 대하여 CNT 함유량과 적절한 도포제의 적용 (부착)의 중요성을 보여주었다.

Several water tanks installed in the building were damaged during the Gyeongju earthquake (2016) and the Pohang earthquake (2017). Since a water tank for fire protection is very important component, seismic safety should be ensured. In this study, an interaction between a water tank and a building was studied by the dynamic analysis of the RC building with the water tank. In case the water tank was installed on the roof of the RC building, it was confirmed that it did not significantly affect the response of the building. Based on the result, dynamic response characteristics of the water tank in the building were studied using two SDOF models represented dynamic behavior of the water tanks under earthquake. An earthquake time-history analysis was carried out with variables of aspect ratio of the tank, story of the building, and installed location in the building using three kinds of earthquakes.

Purpose: Compassionate act is important factors for staff-nurse to be able for them to work within friendly organizational culture at a hospital setting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of the collective compassion process for human resources management in hospital. Collective compassion process was consisted of collectively noticing, collectively feeling, and collectively responding. Collective compassion process can decrease personal suffering at work settings. Compassion process have 3 dimensions-personal, organizational culture, and institutional. Methods: 22 staff nurses and 5 nurse managers were participated in the study. Data were collected with in-depth personal interviews. Collected data were analyzed with content analysis. Results: Staff nurse felt absence of compassion processes of 3 dimensions (personal, organizational culture, and institutional) when they were in suffering. However nurse managers asserted that hospital organization has the compassion processes of 3 dimensions for staff nurses. Absence of compassionate act in the nursing field was one of reasons that they quit their job. Conclusion: The result of this study provided one of the empirical evidences of the importance of compassion process in nursing organizations. Thus we recommend developing an intervention program to increase compassionate act for reducing nurse's suffering.

본 연구는 시·청각 피드백을 통해 아동의 운동 효과를 증진시킬 수 있는 의류형 웨어러블 동작 센싱 및 피드백 시스템을 개발하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구에서는 직물 센서 제조 및 이를 적용한 스포츠웨어 디자인, 직물 기반 동작 센싱 모듈 설계, 아동의 운동 흥미 유발을 위한 시·청각 피드백 시스템 개발 등의 일련의 연구를 수행하였다. SWCNT 기반의 동작 센싱용 신축성 직물 센서를 개발하고, 이를 의복의 사지 관절 부위에 부착한 스포츠웨어를 디자인하였으며, 센싱 모듈을 설계하여 아동을 대상으로 한 관절 동작 실험을 통해 센싱 성능을 검증하였다. 또한 악세서리 형태로 개발된 피드백 제품을 통해 본 연구에서 개발된 스포츠웨어를 착용한 아동의 동작에 따라 빛과 소리로 반응하도록 구현하였다. 본 연구의 결과로, 아동의 운동 흥미를 유발할 수 있는 아동용 스포츠웨어 및 악세서리 제품의 디자인 프로토타입을 제안하였다.

This study experimentally and analytically examines the seismic vulnerability of steel rack storage frames subjected to Korea earthquakes (2016 Gyeongju earthquake and 2017 Pohang earthquake). To achieve this aim, this study selects a three-story, one-bay steel rack frame with a typical configuration of rack frame in Korea. Firstly, the local behavior for frame components is examined by performing monotonic and/or cyclic load tests and the global response and dynamic characteristics of the subject rack frame are investigated by conducting a shaking table test. The analytical model of the rack frame is then created based on the experimental results and is used to perform nonlinear time history analyses with recorded Korea earthquakes. The seismic demand of the rack frame is considerably affected by the spectral acceleration response, instead of peak ground accelerations (peak floor accelerations). Moreover, the collapse fragility curve of the rack frame is developed using incremental dynamic analyses for the Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes. Fragility results indicate that the ground motion characteristics of these earthquakes do not significantly affect the frame vulnerability at the collapse state.

Liquid storage tank is one of the major infrastructures and generally used to store gases, drinking and utilizing water, dangerous fluids, fire water and so on. According to the recent reports and experiences, the tank structures are damaged in many earthquakes due to their low energy dissipating capacity. Therefore, many researchers have been tried to know the dynamic properties of the tanks including liquids. However, vary limited experimental studies are carried out using relatively small tank models. In this study, a series of shaking table tests are performed with maximum 2 m cubic rectangular liquid storage tanks made of steel to measure the natural frequency and estimate damping coefficient of impulsive and convective mode of the tanks. Especially, the damping values under different shapes and excitation methods are estimated by logarithmic decrement method and half power band-pass method and compared with current design code and standards such as ASCE 7, Eurocode 8 and NZS. Test results show that the impulsive mode damping is around 2% which is proposed by general standards and codes but the impulsive mode damping is 0.13% average that is slightly lower than the code recommendation.