Background : Boron (B) is an essential element required for the growth of plant. It has a narrow range of optimal concentration from minimum to maximum thresholds than other micro-elements. The study was carried out to investigate to the influence of B excess concentrations on physiological disorder of leaf, growth and mineral concentration of ginseng to obtain basic information for physiological disorder diagnose. Methods and Results : The ginseng cultivar ‘Gumpoong’ was cultivated by hydroponic system for 2 months. The toxicity symptoms which ginseng leaves were curved downwardly and induced to chlorosis after beginning to dry the edge appeared on leaves more than 30 ppm compared to the control(3 ppm). The growth of ginseng was more decreased with higher B concentration. Mn uptake was also decreased as B concentration increased. It was found that B excess hindered the growth of ginseng and was reversely related to Mn uptake. Conclusions : More than B 30 ppm can negatively affect growth and mineral uptake. Consequently, B excess can occur physiological disorder of ginseng.

Background : The ginseng cool-season and semi-shade plant undergoes photosynthesis smoothly at low temperature in the morning but its efficiency falls at high temperature in the afternoon. Therefore, if it is possible to control light transmission rates (LTR) every day, it will be able to draw an ideal result in the ginseng growth by attracting a lot of lights before 11am and attracting few lights after 11am which is the affect point of the photosynthetic efficiency. Methods and Results : While installing the sun shading facility that could control the light environment based on 11am and surveying the ginseng's growth and photosynthetic characteristics. The photosynthetic efficiency increased 2.81 times compared to conventional practices without the change of the chlorophyll content although LTR was high because of the low temperature in the morning. The aboveground part growth of the ginseng which adapted to the light environment increased to influence the root weight, when the ginseng was 4 years old, the fresh root weight was averagely 33.3g per plant which increased by 81% than 18.4g of conventional practices. Conclusion : If the light environment management according with the photosynthetic nature of the ginseng is conducted based on 11am, it will be possible to produce a large capacity and excellent-quality ginseng.

Background : Ginseng is a semi-shade plant which prefers cool temperature and mild lighting, and artificially installed shading facility is required from preventing photo-oxidation occurrence when ginseng is exposed to direct sunlight. High temperature damages are commonly noticed due to recent global warming although more farmers are using aluminum foil and blue light-proof screen instead of 4-layered polyethylene shade net (blue 3 + black 1) to prevent the rise in temperature and influx of rainwater, there are insufficient research conducted. Methods and Results : In mid-March, 2015, we have installed steel A type shading facility after transplanting 2-year-old domestic variety ginseng in 7 lines, 10 rows per 3.3㎡. We have prevented the excessive influx of direct light by fixing 4-layered shade net, aluminum foil and blue light-proof screen as shading materials on facilities and adding 2-layered black polyethylene shade net. During July and August with high temperature, light transmission rates have shown varying according to shading materials used: blue light-proof screen (8.4%) > aluminum foil (5.9%) > 4-layered shade net (3.3%). In case of the highest temperature reached, the order followed blue light-proof screen (42.3℃) > 4-layered shade net (40.8℃) > aluminum foil (38.3℃), and in case of average temperature it followed blue light-proof screen (48.7%) > 4-layered shade net (37.6%) > aluminum foil (33.2%). Although there were no difference about leaf area among the shading materials, ginseng leaf grown in aluminum foil has lower chlorophyll content than the other two treatment plot because of photooxidation by light damage. The 3-yr-old ginseng root weight harvested in end of October increased as follows light-proof screen (14.4g) > 4-layered shade net (11.9g) > aluminum foil (9.8g). Conclusion : Aluminum foil showed greater influx of light but lower temperature than 4-layered shade net due to its materialistic character. However the front side of foil can reflect light and cause photo-oxidation of rear-planted ginseng leaves, so it is a need for improvement. In case of blue light-proof screen, although it had higher inside temperature, the root weight of ginseng was the heaviest because of less influx of light and destruction of chlorophyll.

Background : Most ginseng seedlings are cultivated in conventional shading facility. However, due to recent climate changes and soil-related bacterial issues, the production of healthy ginseng seedling with its rhizome weigh more than 0.8g has greatly dwindled. Hence, growing seedling system that raises ginseng on nursery soil in greenhouse is being more highlighted. Nevertheless, there are no sufficient researches conducted to study the growth stability after transplantation of ginseng seedling grown at nursery (GSGN). Methods and Results : After categorizing GSGN produced in 2014 according to individual weight (0.5-0.6g, 0.6-0.7g, 0.7-0.8g, 0.8-0.9g), those GSGN with 0.8-0.9g conventional ginseng seedling (CGS) have been transplanted on preparation field in 17, March of the following year. It has turned out that there were no significant differences about seedling emergence rate and weights between GSGN and CGS both same seedling weight of 0.8-0.9g in 25, June after 100 days transplantation. The 2-year-old ginseng growth of transplanted GSGN according to weight has shown strongly positive correlation between the weight of ginseng seedling and their growth. Especially the leaf area and weight have shown significant correlations represented as Y=212.15-567.32X+499.5X2(R2=0.9988) and Y=4.9-12.9X+11.17X2(R2=0.9788), respectively. Meanwhile, there was no significant correlation noticed treatment plot in relationship between seedling emergence rate and chlorophyll content. Conclusion : With the same root weight of GSGN and CGS, it can be judged that the growth of the 2-year-old GSGN is stable.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of enhanced light transmission on plant growth, photosynthetic ability, and disease tolerance to leaf blight, anthracnose in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Araliacease family) during the early growth stage (April to June). The photosynthetic ratio, stomatal conductance, and stem diameter of plants grown under a shade net with 15% light transmission rate showed an increasing trend compared to the control plants (5% light transmission rate) although the growth of the aerial parts were not influenced significantly. Plant height, stem length, and leaf length of treated plants were not significantly different from those of the control plants. Root parameters, such as root length, diameter, and weight of treated plants increased significantly compared to the control. Yield performance (187.4 ㎏• 10 a−1) of treated plants was 55.5% higher than that of the control (150.4 ㎏• 10 a−1). Additionally, disease severity scores of treated plants were lower than those of the control plants, revealing higher survival rates. To retain high yield potential and enhance the level of disease tolerance in ginseng, we suggest the increase of light transmission rate during the early growth stage.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sowing density, number of seeds sown per hole, andthinning treatment on growth characteristics and disease occurrence in Panax ginseng under direct sowing cultivation in ablue plastic greenhouse. Seedling were grown from 2 or 3 seeds sown, and the healthiest was only retained, while the restwere thinned out at the foliation stage. NO3-N, P2O5, and organic matter content differed significantly between growthconditions in the plastic greenhouse and in conventional shade in the soil. Disease also tended to be higher in the conven-tional shade than in the plastic greenhouse. Plant height and stem length showed an increasing trend with increasing sowingdensity and number of seeds sown per hole. However, these measures noticeably decreased when thinning treatment wasconducted. Growth of the subterranean part of ginseng was not markedly influenced by sowing density, the number of seedssown per hole, or thinning treatment. Root weight, which is an important factor in yield, was significantly affected by thenumber of seeds sown and thinning treatment. Interestingly, root weight tended to be higher in the thinning treatment plotthan the untreated control plot. Damping-off and root rot increased noticeably as the number of seeds sown increased. Dis-ease also tended to be substantially higher in the thinning treatment plot than the untreated control. However, physiologicaldisorder of the plants did not vary with sowing density, the number of seeds sown, or thinning treatment.

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of the content of soil chemical components and growthcharacteristics in six years old ginseng affected by application of decomposing plant residues in paddy-converted field. Theresults show that aerial parts of ginseng are no difference between press cake (PC) 200㎏/10a and control but subterraneanparts of ginseng PC 200㎏/10a, especially quantity related root fresh weight and tap root diameter, are statically about 1.6times heavier and about 1.2 times thicker than the ginseng control. Furthermore, the survival rate of PC 200㎏/10a is67.1% rise significantly compare with the control 50.7%. But compared with the PC 200㎏/10a and the PC 400㎏/10a,ginseng root growth and survival rate of PC 400㎏/10a get worse and that increase physiological disorder occurrence ratethan PC 200㎏/10a. Even though there are no significant differences between the ginseng of decomposing plant residuesexcept press cake treatment and the ginseng of control in growth characteristics, it does tend to increase the survival rateand decrease the physiological disorder occurrence rate in most fertilizer treatment except for RSC 2ton/10a, RSC 4ton/10a and RH 4kL/10a. Noted that EC is highly increased and exceeded 1.7ds/m in RSC 2ton/10a, RSC 4ton/10a and RH4kL/10a. It would be caused physiological disorder in many ways and affected ginseng growth characteristics, survival rate.