This study was carried out to investigate characteristic pattern of fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum and their antioxidant activity. Mycelia of all strains were firstly inoculated into potato dextrose agar(PDA) and then transfered to a media of saw dust which contained 20% rice bran. These mycelia of saw dust were then inoculated into oak tree in polyethylene bags which has been sterilized for 8h at 120℃. The polyethylene bags were sent to a growth room for growth of fruit bodies. Antioxidant activities of each fruiting body were investigated by DPPH method.

The p-dioxanone can be used to make a variety of commercially useful products particularly where biodegradability is desired, such as fibers, sutures, molded articles, containers, medical devices and surgical clips, film and compostable trash bags. The mole fraction solubility of p-dioxanone in various solvents such as acetone, ethylacetate, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol and 1-pentanol were measured over the temperature range from 263.05 K to 288.45 K. The solubility of p-dioxanone increases with increasing polarity of the solvents.

With the recent increase in the volume of liquid cargo transportation, there is a need for STS( Ship To Ship) globally. In the case of the STS mooring, the safety assessment should be conducted according to other criteria because mooring is different from the general mooring at the quay, but there is no separate standard in Korea. Thus in this study, STS mooring simulation and sensitivity analysis using OPTIMOOR program, the numerical analysis program, was conducted to identify the characteristics of the STS mooring. The target sea modeled the Yeosu port anchorage in Korea and the target ship was selected as the case of VLCC (Very Large Crude Oil Carrier)-VLCC. Through the numerical simulation and sensitivity analysis, the characteristics of STS mooring were identified. Also based on these results, we focused on establishing the standard for STS mooring safety assessment. Numerical simulation results show that the STS mooring safety can be changed according to a ship's cargo loading condition, pre-tension of mooring line, sea depth, encounter angle with the weather, and the weather condition. Additionally, the risk matrix is prepared to establish the safe external force range in the corresponding sea area. This result can be used to understand the mooring characteristics of STS and contribute to the revision of mooring safety assessment criteria.

선박의 접안과정 중 발생하는 접안에너지는 접안속도와 밀접한 관계가 있다. 접안속도가 과다할 경우 선박 및 부두에 손상이 발생 하는 접안사고로 이어질 수 있으므로 적절한 접안속도를 설계하는 것이 중요하다. 선박접안속도의 경우, 일반적으로 대수정규분포를 따른다 고 가정하고 있으나 국내에서는 이에 대한 검증이나 연구가 없어 해외의 사례를 바탕으로 설계접안속도를 설정하고 있는 상황이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 부두의 선박접안속도 분석을 통계학적으로 접근하여 실측데이터와 확률분포를 비교하여 가장 적합한 확률분포를 찾고자 하였다. 적합도 검정으로는 K-S(Kolmogorov-Smirnov) 검정, A-D(Anderson-Darling) 검정, Q-Q(Quantile-Quantile) 플롯 등을 이용하여 접안속도 실측치 분포에 적합한 확률분포를 확인하였다. 분석 결과, 접안속도의 빈도분포는 선박의 재화상태에 따라 만재 시, 대수정규분포, 경하 시에 는 와이블분포와 적합함을 확인하였다. 또한 적합도 검정 결과를 이용하여 초과확률에 해당하는 접안속도 예측치를 산출하였다. 이 예측값과 해당 부두의 설계접안속도와 비교 해본 결과, 예측값이 설계값을 크게 초과함을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 설계 시의 접안속도가 현실과 맞지 않게 다소 낮게 설정되어 있음을 알 수 있으며, 이 결과를 바탕으로 적정 설계접안속도 산정법 개선에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The analytical method for 16 organophosphorus pesticides was developed in this study. The 16 organophosphorus pesticides were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using on-line solid phase extraction (on-line SPE) with PLRP- S cartridge. Analysis of all analytes in the MS/MS was processed in the electrospray ioni-zation (ESI) positive mode. They are Azinphos ethyl, Chlorfenvinphos, Ethion, Famphur, Phosmet, Phosphamidon, Terbufos, Aspon, Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Crotoxyphos, Dichlofenthi-on, Dicrotophos, Fonofos, Thionazin, Dimethoate and Iprobenfos. Limits of detection (LODs) and Limits of quantification(LOQs) were obtained as 0.8~2.0 ng/L and 2.6~6.4 ng/L, respectively. All compounds were not detected at the 8 sampling points of the raw water and clean water.

This study was investigated twenty two hazardous chemicals compounds for effluents of nine sewage treatment plants (STPs) and one waste water treatment plant (WWTP) in the Nakdong Ri-ver Basin. They are eleven phthalates(DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, BEEP, DNPP, DHP, DCP, DEHP, DNOP, Dinonyl phthalate, seven aliphatic hydrocarbons(n-Tridecane, n-Tetradecane, n-Pentadecan-e, n-Hexadecane, n-Heptadecane, n-Octadecane, n-Nonadecane, Isoquinoline, 2-Chloropyridine, 2-N-itrophenol, and Benzophenone. The twenty two compounds were analyzed by gas chromatograp-hy mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Twenteen of twenty two subs-tances were detected. They were DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, DEHP, n-Tetradecane, n-Pentadecane, n-Heptadecane, n-Octadecane, n-Nonadecane, Isoquinoline and Benzophenone. Among these, DEHP, DEP and Benzophenone were most frequently observed. They were obtained as ND~36.881 ㎍/L, ND~0.950 ㎍/L, ND~2.019 ㎍/L, respectively. When the substances were calculated the average concentration at 10 points, the maximum average detection concentration was investigated at the Dalseocheon STP.

Two-component regulatory system (TCS) is the dominant mechanism that controls almost physiological processes of bacteria, such as nutrition assimilation, cell motility, chemotaxis, biofilm formation, quorum sensing and virulence. The intracellular informing process by a typical TCS accompany transfer of a phosphoryl group from His of a histidine kinase (HK) to Asp of a response regulator (RR). In Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) genome, the TCS genes comprise approximately 3% of the nucleotide sequences with 58 response regulators (RRs), 32 orthodox histidine kinase (HKs) and 13 hybrid histidine kinase (HyHKs). However, there is not much understanding of RRs in Xoo except the reported RRs in Xanthomonas spp. including RpfC-RpfG, RavS-RavR, HrpG, VgrS-VgrR (also named ColS-ColR), VemR, RaxH-RaxR, and PhoQ-PhoP. Although a genome-scale mutagenesis and phenotypic characterization of TCSs were studied in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ATCC 33913, there is not any genome-scale research of TCSs in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. We have mutagenized 52 predicted RR genes in Xoo PXO99A by marker-exchange mutagenesis method and characterized the phenotype of mutants to identify RR genes involving in pathogenicity of Xoo and understand how Xoo TCSs work in given conditions. Ours investigation with the RR knock-out mutant strains have identified four novel RR genesthat are likely involved in virulence of Xoo. We have studied with these genes in molecular level to elucidate the mechanism for Xoo pathogenicity.

Plants have evolved a set of protecting mechanisms against pathogens, which include secondary metabolites and induced defense responses to pathogen attack. The biological role of purine alkaloids including caffeine is largely unknown. It has been proposed that caffeine confers a resistance against pathogenic bacteria and herbivores. We, in this study, tested direct effects on the growth of rice pathogenic microbes, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causing a bacterial leaf blight and Magnaporthe grisea (M. grisea) causing a rice blast. Cell growth of Xoo and M. grisea were significantly retarded in presence of high concentration (2mM) of caffeine. Exogenous caffeine (5mM) induced resistance of wild type rice (cv. Dongjin, susceptible to Xoo and M. grisea) against those pathogens. These results indicated that caffeine enhanced the basal resistance to infection with Xoo. In addition, expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes was tested in the caffeine treated rice to elucidate the acquired resistance by caffeine, resulted in induction of PR genes including OsPR1a and OsPrb1. We have generated a transgenic rice producing caffeine by introduction of three N- methyltransferase genes (CaXMT1, CaMXMT1, CaDXMT1) identified from coffee plant. The transgenic rice successfully expressed the three genes, synthesized caffeine up to 5ug/g and showed enhanced resistance to Xoo. We also observed that transcripts of PR genes such as the OsPR1a and OsPrb1 encoding PR-1 type pathogenesis-related protein increased in the caffeine-producing rice. These result showed that caffeine is likely to act a powerful factor to increase level of rice defense as a natural and non-harmful metabolite.