본 연구는 2013년부터 2017년까지 경남 한산·거제만 해역에서 생산되는 패류에 대한 위생지표세균, 마비성 패 류독소, 설사성 패류독소를 분석하여 세균학적·독물학적 안전성을 평가하였다. 굴 시료 404점에 대한 분변계대장균은 < 18~330 MPN/100 g의 범위를 나타내었으나, 대장 균 230 E. coli MPN/100 g을 초과한 시료는 없었다. 굴 수확시기 동안 분석한 대장균의 기하학적 평균치는 24.3 MPN/100 g으로 매우 낮게 나타났다. 한산·거제만해역에서 생산되는 굴의 세균학적 안전성을 평가한 결과, 식품위 생법의 생식용 굴에 대한 위생기준을 만족하였고, EU의 패 류생산해역 A등급 기준에 부합하였다. 한산·거제만해역 의 독물학적 평가를 위해 굴 532개 시료와 패류독소 지표 종인 지중해담치 268개 시료에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 마비성패류독소는 2013년 4월에 지중해담치 3개 시료에서 1.20~2.29 mg/kg 범위로 기준을 초과하여 검출되었으나, 굴 시료에서는 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 총 120개 시료에서 설사성패류독소를 분석하였으나, 정량한계 이하로 매우 낮게 나타났다. 독물학적 안전성 평가결과, 굴 시료에서는 마비성 및 설사성패류독소가 전혀 검출되지 않았으나, 지 표종인 지중해담치에서는 마비성패류독소 기준치를 초과 한 것으로 나타나 지속적인 모니터링과 안전관리가 요구 되었다.

본 연구는 2012년부터 2016년까지 전남 가막만해역에서 생산되는 패류에 대하여 위생지표세균, 마비성 및 설사성 패류독소를 분석하여 세균학적, 독물학적 안전성을 평가 하고자 하였다. 총 194점의 굴 시료에서 분변계대장균과 대장균을 분석한 결과 모두 230 MPN/100 g을 초과하지 않았다. 굴 수확시기 동안 분석한 분변계대장균의 기하학적 평균치는 19.6 MPN/100 g으로 비수확시기(26.5 MPN/ 100 g) 보다 안정적인 것으로 나타났다. 가막만해역의 독물학적 평가를 위해 굴 77개 시료와 패류독소 지표종인 지중해담치 350개 시료에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 마비 성패류독소는 4월말부터 6월초 사이에 지중해담치 13개 시료에서 40~46 μg/100 g 범위로 매우 낮게 검출되었으며, 굴 시료에서는 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 설사성패류독소는 총 180개 시료 중 2개 시료에서 검출되었으나, 기준치에 미치지 못하는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 가막만해역에서 생산되는 패류의 세균학적 안전성을 평가한 결과, 식품위생법의 패류 위생기준에 적합하였고, EU의 패류생산해역 A등급 기준에 부합하는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 마비성 및 설사성패류독소는 기준치보다 매우 낮은 수준으로 검 출되어 독물학적 안전성이 확보된 패류생산해역으로 평가 되었다.

본 연구는 생약재로 이용되는 참당귀의 다용도 기능성 소재 개발을 통한 이용가치를 높이기 위하여 효소처리를 활용한 기능성 다당체 분리방법에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 참당귀의 세포벽 성분 분해를 위한 최적의 효소는 Viscozyme L로 선정되었다. 다당체 분리를 위한 효소처리는 단백분해효소(Alcalase 및 Flavorzyme)와 전분분해효소(Termamyl120L)를 Viscozyme L과 함께 복합적으로 처리한 VAFT처리구가 추출 수율과 총당 함량이 각각 12.20%, 76.80%로 다른 효소처리구(T, AFT 처리구)에 비하여 가장 높았으며, 제거된 전분 함량 역시 29.62%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한 비전분다당체 함량이 22.58%로 T 처리구의20.78%과 AFT 처리구의 21.98%에 비하여 유의적(p<0.001)으로 가장 높게 나타나 참당귀 다당체 분리를 위한 최적효소처리 조건으로 선정되었다. 비전분다당체의 주성분인arabinose, galactose의 함량은 대조구보다 T, AFT, VAFT의모든 효소처리구에서 유의적(p<0.001)으로 높게 나타났다.또한 참당귀 다당체의 분자량 분석을 통하여 대조구(491,000Da)에 비하여 VAFT 효소처리구가 13,000Da로가장 저분자화되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 VAFT효소처리에 의한 참당귀 기능성 다당류의 효율적인 분리방법은 참당귀를 활용한 새로운 산업적 기능소재 및 제품 개발에 활용 가능성이 높을 것으로 기대되었다.

Functional regulation of a specific tissue or organ is controlled by a number of ways, including local cell‐gcell interaction. Of several forms of cell‐gcell junctional complexes, gap junctions are caught a great attention due to a formation of direct linkage between neighboring cells. Gap junctions are consisted of connexin (Cx) isoforms. In the present study, we evaluated expressional profiling of Cx isoforms in the rat initial segment (IS) of the male reproductive tract at different postnatal ages. The presence and expression of 13 Cx isoform mRNAs were determined by semi‐gquantitative real‐gtime PCR analyses. A total of 8 Cx isoform mRNAs were detected in the IS of the male rats during postnatal development. The highest level of Cx30.3 mRNA was found at 5 months of age, while abundance of Cx31 mRNA was the highest at 1 year of age. Expression of Cx31.1 gene was relatively consistent during the postnatal development. Fluctuation of Cx32 and 37 gene expression was observed during the postnatal period. Significant elevation of Cx40 mRNA abundance was detected at 25 days of age and older ages. Expression patterns of Cx43 and 45 genes were similar with the highest level at 2 weeks of age, followed by gradual decreases at older ages. These results indicate differential regulation on expression of Cx isoforms in the rat IS during postnatal development. A complicated regulation of gene expression of Cx isoforms in the IS at different postnatal ages is suggested.

A cell frequently utilizes glucose as a fuel of energy and a major substrate of lipid and protein syntheses. A regulation of glucose movement into and out of the cells is precisely controlled by cooperative works of passive and sodium‐dependent active processes. At least 13 glucose cotransporter (Slc2a, GLUT) isoforms involve in passive movement of glucose in cells. The efferent ductules (EDs) play in a number of important functions for maintenance of male fertility. In the present study, using real‐time PCR analysis, we determined gene expression of five Slc2a isoforms in the EDs. In addition, we compared expression levels of these Slc2a isoforms according to postnatal development ages, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months. Results from the current study showed that expression of Slc2a1, Slc2a3, and Slc2a5 mRNAs reached the highest levels at 1 month of age, followed by a transient decrease at 3 months of age. In addition, the level of Slc2a4 mRNA reminded at steady until 1 month of age and was significantly reduced at 3 months of age, whereas the highest level of Slc2a 8 mRNA was detected at 2 weeks of age. Data from the present study indicate a differential expression of various Slc2a isoforms in the ED according to postnatal ages. Thus, it is believed that glucose movement through the epithelial cells in the ED would be regulated by the coordinated manner among Slc2a isoforms expressed at a given age.

The epididymis in the male reproductive tract is the site where spermatozoa produced from the testis become mature. The epididymis is divided into 4 different segments, initial segment and caput, corpus, and caudal epididymis, depending upon functional and morphological features. Aquaporins (Aqps) are water channel molecules, which are present in the epididymis and play a major role in removal of epididymal water, resulting in creation of microenvironment for sperm maturation and concentration of sperms. Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid, which is used to treat clinical diseases and improve physical ability and appearance. Even though it is well determined that the ND causes the male infertility by affecting the testis, little is known the effect of the ND on the epididymis. The present study was focused to examine the effect of ND at different treatment doses and periods on expression of Aqp1 and Aqp9 genes in the epididymis of pubertal rats. Results showed that mRNA expression of Aqp1 and Aqp9 genes among the parts of the epididymis was differentially regulated by ND treatment doses. In addition, treatment periods of ND caused differential expression of Aqp1 and Aqp9 mRNAs among segments of the epididymis. Therefore, it is believed that male infertility induced by ND could be resulted not only from malfunction of the testis but also from aberrant gene expression of Aqp1 and Aqp9 in the epididymis.

The question of how and where adverbs are licensed has relatively been discussed less vigorously. It will be argued here that though the hierarchy suggested in Cinque(1999) reflects the cross-linguistic order of functional heads, it leaves room for a revision for the so-called sentential adverbs and the adverbs modifying NP/DP found in English and Korean. Based on the observations in Bogal-Allbritten(2014) and Lee(2008), the licensing relationship between the syntactic heads and adverbs suggested in Potsdam(1998) will be revised. Also, the hierarchy for adverbs suggested in 박(2000) will be slightly revised for the adverbs modifying NP/DP found in English and Korean.

Hee-Jung Lee. 2016. An Analysis of English Gerund Construction on the Basis of Gradience. Studies in Modern Grammar 90, 45-67. The purpose of this paper is to analyze gerund construction on the basis of gradience which was proposed by Aarts (2007, 2008), comparing with previous studies such as HPSG (Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar) approach and WG (Word Grammar) approach under multiple default inheritance. This paper explores syntactic properties of gerunds which have both nominal and verbal nature. The nominal nature of gerunds concerns with external patterns to the gerunds, and the verbal nature of gerunds concerns with their internal patterns. Keeping these properties in mind, this paper examines the logic of multiple default inheritance which allows a single node to inherit from two supercategories, in this case from both noun and verb, and then points out some problems. The paper introduces an alternative analysis, that is, the gradience approach, and argues that English gerunds can be explained neatly by the notion of intersective gradience which makes use of the concept of convergence. Above all, this paper devises a gradient diagram on the basis of basic explanations, and ensures that this diagram can help students to understand confusing gerunds.