With the recent remarkable improvements in the average speeds of contemporary trains, a necessity has arisen for the development of new friction modifiers to improve adhesion characteristics at the wheel-rail interface. The friction modifier must be designed to reduce slippage or sliding of the trains’ wheels on the rails under conditions of rapid acceleration or braking without excessive rolling contact wear. In this study, a novel composite material consisting of metal, ceramic, and polymer is proposed as a friction modifier to improve adhesion between wheels and rails. A blend of Al-6Cu-0.5Mg metallic powder, Al2O3 ceramic powder, and Bakelite-based polymer in various weight-fractions is hot-pressed at 150oC to form a bulk composite material. Variation in the adhesion coefficient is evaluated using a high-speed wheel-rail friction tester, with and without application of the composite friction modifier, under both dry and wet conditions. The effect of varying the weighting fractions of metal and ceramic friction powders is detailed in the paper.

팽이의 신품종을 개발하기 위하여 모균주 ASI 4216(한솔)과 4217(백중)으로부터 단포자를 분리하여 단핵균주를 얻고 이들의 교잡을 통해서 꺽쇠연결체가 확인된 교잡주 총 129점을 선발하였다. 교잡주를 대상으로 3회에 걸쳐 재배시험 결과, 고온에서 배양이 가능하며 수량성이 우수한 계통 ‘Fv14a51’을 최종선발되었으며, 생산력검정 시험을 통해 2017년 농작물 직무육성 품종 심의회에서 ‘백이’로 명명되었다. 주요 특성은 균사생장이 30°C의 고온에서도 균활력을 유지할 정도로 강한 온도적응성 품종이고 대조품종에 비해 갓이 두껍고 대가 얇는 형태를 띠는 것 외에는 갓색깔이 순백색이며, 갓모영은 반구형, 수량은 257.4±13.5g으로 대조품종과 비교해서 대체적으로 유사 하였다. RAPD primer을 통해 유전적 다형성을 검정한 결과, 대조구인 ‘오키노메구미’, 2016년에 육성된 ‘백승’과 신품종이 유전적으로 구별되는 것을 확인하였다. 전반적으로 ‘백이’는 수량과 품질이 외국품종과 거의 유사하였으며, 버섯의 균일한 형태로 상업적 가치가 있었다. 신품종의 현장실증을 확대하여 국산품종이 국내에 확산되기를 기대한다.

양송이는 전 세계적으로 가장 많이 재배하는 버섯으로 특용작물생산실적의 2016년 통계자료에 의하면 국내 생산량은 10,173톤, 국내 생산액은 590억원이다. 현재 10개의 품종이 개발되었지만, 농업인들은 계속적으로 품질이 우수한 버섯 신품종을 요구하고 있다. 이에 우량계통을 육성하기 위해 수집된 170개의 유전자원 중에서 KMCC00754와 KMCC00775은 모균주로 선발되었다. 그리고 KMCC00754에서 120점의 단포자에서 동형핵균주로 추정되는 균주를 25점 선발하였고, KMCC00775에서는 120점의 단포자에서 6점을 AbSSR45마커를 가지고 각각 선발하였다. 이 동형핵균주로 교잡주를 육성하여 다시 SSR마커로 분석하였다. 그 결과 50%의 교잡율로 150점의 교잡주에서 74점이 교잡된 것을 확인하였으며, 이 균주들을 3회 재배하고 특성을 평가하였다. 최종적으로 Abs2-2015-16을 우량계통으로 선발하여 2017년에 신품종 ‘도담’이 육성되었다.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to evaluate the influence of weigh-in-motion (WIM)-based overloading enforcement systems on the performance of a traffic stream. METHODS: A VISSIM simulator was used for the evaluation of various scenarios. Actual WIM event data collected from the field was used for simulation parameter calibrations. A genetic algorithm was incorporated into the calibration procedure to identify the optimal set of parameters. The impact of the overloading enforcement systems on the traffic stream was investigated from the perspective of mobility, safety, and environmental compatibility. RESULTS: The existing enforcement system is generally superior to the new pilot enforcement system. CONCLUSIONS : Policies and regulations to fully exploit the benefits of WIM-based enforcement systems on freeways need to be developed and implemented. In addition, various enforcement scenarios should be tested on both actual and simulated environments.

In this study, the odor generated in a livestock farm with 500 heads of finisher breed in 661 m² was monitored during 6 months using a gas sensor, a wired / wireless communication system and database server. Odor unit, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) were monitored using the gas sensor. To show the tendency of odorous substances generation, the odor concentration was shown in the graph on a monthly and daily basis. Among the analysis items, the maximum generation of odor was found to be closely related to the generation of hydrogen sulfide. Through observing the daily and monthly trends of odor substances, it was found that each substance was a useful indicator for monitoring odor, because ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, odor and TVOC were increased and decreased in a similar pattern. The odors were highest in the hours of the early morning (00:00-05:00), the evening (18:00-23:00), and the morning (06:00-11:00) in a day. After the use of the microbial agent was discontinued in autumn (October), anaerobic digestion of the manure in a pit proceeded and the amount of hydrogen sulfide increased. Therefore, despite a slight decrease in ammonia production, the odor unit level did not decrease after October but rather was somewhat increased. In the future, the use of the odor monitoring system is expected to improve the efficiency of odor sources management.

Hypsizygus marmoreus is a mushroom with abundant flavor and medicinal properties. However, its application is limited by problems such as long cultivation period, low biological efficiency, and microbiological contamination; therefore, there is a substantial need for development of new cultivars of this species. In this study, 55 strains of H. marmoreus were subjected to inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis to identify markers for the selection of mother strains for breeding from the collected germplasm. ISSR 13 and 15 were confirmed as polymorphic markers. The three strains (KMCC03106, KMCC03107, and KMCC03108) with white cap color were found to be genetically closely related upon UPGMA analysis of both ISSR 13 and 15. Based on the PCR analysis results for ISSR 15, the collected germplasm were differentiated into three groups according to the strain collection year. Thus, ISSR 15 could be a marker for determining the phylogeny of cap color and genetic variations according to the strain collection year. These results suggest that ISSR markers can be effective tools for the selection of mother strains for breeding of H. marmoreus.

A. bisporus is the fifth most cultivated mushroom in Korea, and approximately 10,757 tons were cultivated in 2015. The genetic diversity of collected strains in Korea and commercial cultivars was analyzed using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. ISSR markers known to be comparable among A. bisporus spp. were selected from various markers. Totally, 16 markers, namely the ISSR markers 807, 808, 810, 811, 834, 835, 836, 841, 842, P3, P8, P17, P22, P30, P38, and P39, were evaluated to discriminate between ASI 1110, 1114, 1115, 1238, 1246, 1365, 1366, and 1369 for selecting suitable markers in 16 markers. The ISSR markers P31, P38 and P39 exhibited various fingerprints that could help classify the strains in species. Using the three markers, genetic relationships among 39 strains, including commercial cultivars, such as SaeA and SaeYeon, were analyzed using the UPGMA method. The results of the analysis of the genetic relationships between commercial cultivars and collected strains in Korea confirmed that the commercial cultivars were different from the collected strains in Korea. These results suggested that the ISSR markers P31, P38, and P30 could be used for selecting the commercial cultivars of A. bisporus.

The white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is commercially the fifth most important edible mushroom, accounting for the production of 9,732 tons of mushrooms in Korea in 2015. The genus Agaricus has been known for its potential to degrade lignocellulosic materials. Chemical analyses carried out during the cultivation of A. bisporus indicated that the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin fractions were changed preferentially for both vegetative growth and sexual reproduction. We screened A. bisporus strains for effective biodegradation through extracellular enzyme activity using cellulase, xylanase, and ligninolytic enzymes. The enzyme biodegradations were conducted as follows: mycelia of collected strains were incubated in 0.5% CMC-MMP (malt-mops-peptone), 0.5 Xylan-MMP, and 0.5% lignin-MMP media for 14 days. Incubated mycelia were stained with 0.2% trypan blue. Eighteen strains were divided into 8 groups based on different extracellular enzyme activity in MMP media. These strains were then incubated in sterilized compost and compost media for 20 days to identify correlations between mycelial growth in compost media and extracellular enzyme activity. In this study, the coefficient of determination was the highest between mycelial growth in compost media and ligninolytic enzyme activity. It is suggested that comparison with ligninolytic enzyme activity of the tested strains is a simple method of screening for rapid mycelial growth in compost to select good mother strains for the breeding of A. bisporus.

Oyster mushroom is a type of mushroom that is commonly cultivated and consumed in Korea. P. ostreatus ‘Suhan’ is a preferred cultivar for many mushroom farmers because it has a dark pileus and thick stipe. However, as it is very sensitive to environmental conditions, farmers consistently demand an alternative cultivar. To develop a new cultivar, the parental strains KMCC01680 (‘Suhan’) and KMCC00478 (‘Gosol’) were selected from various collected P. ostreatus strains by cultivating genetic resources. P. ostreatus ‘Heuksol’ was developed by the method of Mon-Mon crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from ‘Suhan’ and ‘Gosol’. Thirty strains of 174 crossed strains were initially selected by cultivation experiments. After bulk cultivation tests, ‘Heuksol’ was selected. The nuclear DNA profile of ‘Heuksol’ was similar to those of the parental strains, ‘Suhan’ and ‘Gosol’, when RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers and UPF (Universal PCR Fingerprinting) 2, 3, and 4 were used. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 30oC for ‘Heuksol’, but medium-high temperatures were also appropriate, especially 13–20oC. The fruiting body production per bottle (1,100 mL) was approximately 140.8 g. When compared to the control strain ‘Suhan’, the thickness of the stipe of ‘Heuksol’ was greater than that of ‘Suhan’ (13.5 mm vs 9.4 mm). The pileus diameter of ‘Heuksol’ was similar to that of ‘Suhan’ and the pileus thickness of ‘Heuksol’ and ‘Suhan’ was 19.7 mm and 21.8 mm, respectively. ‘Heuksol’ had more a productive stipe number than ‘Suhan’ and the pileus of ‘Heuksol’ was dark gray, even at high temperatures. Therefore, it was suggested that this new cultivar, ‘Heuksol’, could provide an alternative to ‘Suhan’ and contribute to the profit of oyster mushroom farms.

In Korea, oyster mushroom is one of the commonly cultivated mushrooms. In 2013, the cultivation areas and products of oyster mushrooms were 60,039 M/T and 201 ha, respectively. Many species of oyster mushrooms are cultivated in various countries. These include Pleurotus ostreatus, P. florida, P. sajor-caju, P. eryngii, P. citrinopileatus, P. salmoneostramineus and P. cystidiosus. P. citrinopileatus is a yellow oyster mushroom famous for its health benefits such as anti-cancer and anti-oxidant effects. Therefore, a cultivar P. citrinopileatus ‘Jangdari’ was developed to improve yield and the ability to grow well at lower temperatures. Two parent strains ‘Gumbit (KMCC02150)’ and ‘KMCC02145’ were selected based on their morphological characteristics. ‘Jangdari’ was developed by the method of Mon-Mon crossing between monokaryons derived from ‘Gumbit’ and ‘KMCC02145’, and finally selected through continuous cultivation tests. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 30oC. The cultivar could grow well at high temperatures, especially 16~24oC. Fruiting body production per bottle (850 mL) was about 90.0 g. Stipe length and thickness of ‘Jangdari’ were similar to those of ‘Gumbit’. ‘Jangdari’ was more resistant to low temperature than ‘Gumbit’, and thus it could be cultivated with oyster mushrooms (P. ostreatus). In addition, while cultivating ‘Jangdari’, it is not required to scrape out the upper side of bottle’s sawdust medium; hence, its cultivation is expected to save energy and time.

표고버섯은 우리나라 5대 버섯 중의 하나로서 2015년 생산량이 30,537톤으로 전체 버섯생산량의 약 15.4% 를 차지하는 대표적인 버섯이다. 특히, 맛이 좋고 향이 깊어 다양한 먹거리에 사용되고 느타리와 함께 오랫 동안 식용되어온 버섯이다. 그러나 생산적인 측면에서 보면 늘어나는 중국 배지의 수입과 품질에서 높은 수준을 유지하고 있는 일본품종의 사용으로 아직은 국산품종과 재배기술이 우점을 하지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 일본품종과 대등하고 우리나라 환경에 적응이 쉬운 표고 품종을 개발하고자 ASI3265등 6개의 모본을 선발하여 상호 Mono-mon 교잡을 통해 총 39개의 교잡주를 확보하였다. 이들을 봉지 톱밥재배를 수행하여 자실체의 특성과 수량성을 살펴보았다. 이중 품질과 형태적 특성이 가장 우수한 LE152-12를 선발하였다. 주요특성은 전면재배시 배지전체에 골고루 발생이 되어 봉지재배로 알맞으며, 버섯발생이 동시에 고르게 되는 경향을 보였다. 균사 생장 적온이 25~30°C이며 버섯 원기형성 및 발생 온도는 16~20°C이다. 자실체 갓은 진갈색으로 기존 품종, 계통과 비슷하거나 조금 더 진한 경향을 보였다. 균사 배양기간은 120일 전후이며 자실체 갓형태는 원형이고 일반 표고와 유사하다. 개체중은 67.4g, 대굵기는 14.7㎜, 대길이는 40.0 ㎜로 다른 품종에 비해 개체중이 높고 좀 큰편이며 자실체 수량은 봉지당(1.2kg) 1,233g이었다. 추후 농가실 증을 통해 대량생산 검정이 되면 외국품종에 대응하는 국산품종의 한축으로 기여하길 기대한다.

내수증대 및 수출을 통한 새로운 시장을 창출하기 위해 소비자가 선호하는 버섯의 기능성을 강화하였다. 2010년 미국에서 발표한 ‘항노화 크림류 TOP 10’ 에는 버섯에서만 생합성되는 세포노화를 억제하는 항산화 물질 ‘에르고치오네인’이 포함되었다. 이 물질은 미백효과와 주름개선 화장품으로 인기가 높다. 따라서 이러한 기능성 품종을 육성하기 위해 2009년 보존중인 아위느타리 41균주에 대한 자실체 특성을 조사하여 8개의 우수균주를 선발하였다. 2010년 우수균주 가운데 수량성 뛰어난 ASI 2803과 형태형성이 좋은 ASI 2798의 단포자를 분리하여 Di-Mon 교배법으로 교잡하였다. 2011년 20개의 교잡주 중에서 회백색을 띄며 형태가 좋은 우량계통 9균주를 선발하였다. 2011~2013 3년간 생산력 검정시험을 거쳐 고품질 우량계통을 선발하여 2014~2015년간 항산화물질 에르고치오네인을 분석하였다. 2015~2016년에는 항염증 효능이 뛰어나 수량 및 형태 형성 그리고 항산화항염증 효능이 높은 GW10-71을 선발하여 그 우수성이 인정되어 2017 년 아위느타리 신품종 ‘맥송’으로 품종 출원하였다. 기존에 가장 높다고 알려진 노랑느타리의 에르고치오 네인 함량보다 높고 또한 함염증 효능도 나타내어 식용뿐만 아니라 가공용으로도 인기가 있어 식의약 소재 등으로 널리 이용 가능하리라 사료된다.