Due to its excellent processability, thermal conductivity and high corrosion resistance, copper tubes applied to heat exchangers are being joined through brazing to increase heat exchange efficiency. In order to improve performance, the issue of joint quality of copper tubes, a major member of heat exchangers, is emerging, so research is needed to obtain excellent joint quality of brazing joints that may be damaged. In this study, the quality change of joints according to process variables was studied through induction heating brazing experiments using high frequency. The depth of penetration, which indicates the quality of the junction, was measured, and the center position of the high-frequency electrode and the height of the electrode, which change the location of the heat source applied to the junction, were selected as process variables. Lastly, the thermal image data obtained between the brazing experiments were obtained and the joint quality according to the temperature gradient of the joint was analyzed.

국제해상충돌예방규칙은 선박이 다른 선박이나 해저 등 어떠한 물체에도 충돌하지 아니하도록 제정된 국제협약이다. 선박의 충돌예방을 위한 규칙은 19세기 중반부터 성문화되고 다듬어져 현재에 이르고 있다. 따라서 COLREGs에서 사용된 용어와 문장 또한 뚜렷 한 학문적, 법률적 의미를 갖고 있다. 그러나 COLREGs를 국내법으로 반영한 해사안전법에서는 ‘충돌의 위험성’과 ‘충돌의 위험’을 구분하 지 않은 채 혼용하고 있다. 이에 ‘위험성’의 정의에 대하여 국제연합 산하의 권위 있는 국제기구인 국제해사기구 및 널리 알려진 비정부 간 기구인 국제표준화기구에서 정의한 내용을 살펴봄으로써 ‘위험’과 ‘위험성’의 차이를 분석하였으며, COLREGs에서 관련 문장을 살펴봄 으로써 이를 구분해야할 근거를 제시하였다. 안전한 항해라는 측면에서 볼 때 향후 해사안전법에 ‘위험’과 ‘위험성’의 구분이 명확해 짐으 로써 이를 준수해야 하는 해기사들의 해상충돌예방을 위한 노력이 한층 체계화되기를 기대하였다.

The global demand for raw lithium materials is rapidly increasing, accompanied by the demand for lithiumion batteries for next-generation mobility. The batch-type method, which selectively separates and concentrates lithium from seawater rich in reserves, could be an alternative to mining, which is limited owing to low extraction rates. Therefore, research on selectively separating and concentrating lithium using an electrodialysis technique, which is reported to have a recovery rate 100 times faster than the conventional methods, is actively being conducted. In this study, a lithium ion selective membrane is prepared using lithium lanthanum titanate, an oxide-based solid electrolyte material, to extract lithium from seawater, and a large-area membrane manufacturing process is conducted to extract a large amount of lithium per unit time. Through the developed manufacturing process, a large-area membrane with a diameter of approximately 20 mm and relative density of 96% or more is manufactured. The lithium extraction behavior from seawater is predicted by measuring the ionic conductivity of the membrane through electrochemical analysis.

Stainless steel is used in many industrial fields due to its excellent properties such as workability, strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance, and various properties required in the manufacturing field depending on the constituent components. pump impellers used in seawater and underwater require high corrosion resistance and high rigidity to prevent corrosion and damage, so they are a representative part group to which Stainless materials are applied. Through the introduction of the CMT(Cold Metal Transfer) process, a manufacturing method through WAAM(Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing) technology, which has advantages of lower production cost and excellent fatigue strength compared to the existing casting method, is being proposed. Recently, prior research on the WAAM process has been conducted on various materials, but most of the research results published so far are focused on the DED(Direct Energy Deposition) process, and a good WAAM shape design study using austenitic stainless steel is lacking. in this study, using the CMT process, the relationship between the change in bead shape and process parameters was confirmed in the BoP(Bead on Plate) welding experiment using wire made of austenitic stainless steel STS-308.

생물환경조절학회지 31권 4호에 게재된 논문의 사사가 잘못 기재되어 있어 바로 잡습니다.

생물환경조절학회지 30권 3호에 게재된 논문의 그래프를 수정합니다.

High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps have been widely used as a useful supplemental light source to emit sufficient photosynthetically active radiation and provide a radiant heat, which contribute the heat requirement in greenhouses. The objective of this study to analyze the thermal characteristics of HPS lamp and thermal behavior in supplemented greenhouse, and evaluate the performance of a horizontal leaf temperature of sweet pepper plants using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. We simulated horizontal leaf temperature on upper canopy according to three growth stage scenarios, which represented 1.0, 1.6, and 2.2 plant height, respectively. We also measured vertical leaf and air temperature accompanied by heat generation of HPS lamps. There was large leaf to air temperature differential due to non-uniformity in temperature. In our numerical calculation, thermal energy of HPS lamps contributed of 50.1% the total heat requirement on Dec. 2022. The CFD model was validated by comparing measured and simulated data at the same operating condition. Mean absolute error and root mean square error were below 0.5, which means the CFD simulation values were highly accurate. Our result about vertical leaf and air temperature can be used in decision making for efficient thermal energy management and crop growth.

In Korea, most nuclear power plants were designed based on the design response spectrum of Regulatory Guide 1.60 of the NRC. However, in the case of earthquakes occurring in the country, the characteristics of seismic motions in Korea and the design response spectrum differed. The seismic motion in Korea had a higher spectral acceleration in the high-frequency range compared to the design response spectrum. The seismic capacity may be reduced when evaluating the seismic performance of the equipment with high-frequency earthquakes compared with what is evaluated by the design response spectrum for the equipment with a high natural frequency. Therefore, EPRI proposed the inelastic energy absorption factor for the equipment anchorage. In this study, the seismic performance of welding anchorage was evaluated by considering domestic seismic characteristics and EPRI's inelastic energy absorption factor. In order to reflect the characteristics of domestic earthquakes, the uniform hazard response spectrum (UHRS) of Uljin was used. Moreover, the seismic performance of the equipment was evaluated with a design response spectrum of R.G.1.60 and a uniform hazard response spectrum (UHRS) as seismic inputs. As a result, it was confirmed that the seismic performance of the weld anchorage could be increased when the inelastic energy absorption factor is used. Also, a comparative analysis was performed on the seismic capacity of the anchorage of equipment by the welding and the extended bolt.

Recently 3d printer industry has two demands. first is color 3d printing. second is mass production using 3d printer that has large bed. According to previous studies, 3D printed objects have different weights depending on filament colors. 3D printed tensile specimens with filaments of various colors were checked to see they had the same weight. If so, we wanted to see it was statistically significant. As a result, we found that the weight of 3D printed objects was statistically significantly different depending on the filament color. The average weight of 3d printed objects is: Black(8.63g), Blue(8.58g), Yellow(8.53g), White(8.48g), Natural(8.46g), Green (8.45g), Red(8.42g).

Numerical analysis has been carried out to predict the thermal characteristics for a LED lens in mold core system. These thermal characteristics inside the lens are largely affected by geometry, material, and initial conditions of the mold core and lens system. Local temperature and heat flux variation inside the lens are compared for several initial temperatures. Maximum temperature inside the lens was decreased rapidly from the beginning of cooling process up to about 10 seconds. There was also large variation of the heat flux at the upper and lower surfaces of the lens with initial temperature distribution. And the heat flux from the thin lower surface of the lens was relatively higher than the opposite-side thick region. In addition, overall heat transfer rate from the lens through the mold core has similar transient distribution from the beginning. These results can be applied as basic heat transfer data for the LED lens design and manufacturing process in the mold core system.

본 논문에서는 AI 기반 설계 탐색 기법을 활용하여 선박의 주요 치수 최적화를 수행하였다. 설계 탐색 기법은 최적화 프로그램 HEEDS의 SHERPA 알고리즘을 사용하였다. 유동 해석은 상용 CFD 코드인 STAR-CCM+를 사용하였고, 주요 치수 변환은 전처리 과정에서 JAVA Script와 Python을 사용하여 선박의 치수가 자동으로 변환되도록 설정하였다. 대상 선박은 소형 쌍동선형으로 주요 치수 최적화는 한쪽 선형의 길이, 폭, 흘수 그리고 단동선형 간의 간격에 대하여 수행되었다. 최적화 알고리즘에 사용된 목적함수는 총저항이며, 내부 의 장 시스템의 크기 등을 고려한 배수 체적의 범위를 제한조건으로 선정하였다. 그 결과 최적 선형의 주요 치수는 기존 선형 대비 ±5% 내 에서 변화가 있었고 총저항은 약 11% 개선된 결과를 보였다. 본 연구를 통해 선박의 형상을 직접 변경하지 않더라도 주요 치수 최적화를 통해 선박의 저항 성능이 향상됨을 확인하였고, 다양한 선박의 주요 치수 최적화를 통한 성능 향상에 활용이 될 것으로 기대한다.

해사안전법에서는 거대선을 전장 200m 이상의 선박으로 정의하고 있다. 이 기준은 1986년에 도입된 이후, 선박이 대형화되는 등 해상교통환경이 큰 폭으로 변화하였음에도 개정되지 않고 있다. 전장 200m는 건화물선의 경우 핸디막스급에 해당하여 현대 선박의 크 기 분류에서는 대형선박으로 보기 어렵다. 한편, 해사안전법에서 거대선이란 용어가 적용되는 조항은 교통안전특정해역에 관한 조항으 로, 거대선의 통항이 잦을 해역을 교통안전특정해역으로 설정할 수 있도록 하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 해사관련 법령을 검토하여 이 미 전장 200m 이상 선박보다 큰 선박에 대한 법령이 도입되어 있음을 조사하였다. 또한, 국내 각 항만의 입항 선박 통계를 조사하여 현 다섯 구역의 교통안전특정해역보다 거대선의 통항이 많은 해역이 존재함을 확인하였다. 따라서, 본 연구의 결론으로 해사안전법에서 거 대선 관련 조항 삭제 및 교통안전특정해역으로 설정할 수 있는 통항 선박의 전장 기준을 상향할 것을 개선방안으로 제시하였다.

There has been increased interest in lignans due to their potential effect in reducing the risk of developing several diseases. To evaluate lignan contents, sensitive and accurate methods should be developed for their quantification in food. The present study aimed to validate a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of 5 lignans: lariciresinol (Lar), matairesinol (Mat), pinoresinol (Pin), secoisolariciresinol (Seco), and syringaresinol (Syr). The validation included selectivity, linearity, recovery, accuracy, and precision. The method was proved to be specific, with a linear response (R2≥0.99). The limits of detection were 0.040~0.765 μg/100 g and the limits of quantification were 0.114~1.532 μg/100 g. Recoveries were 90.588~109.053% for black sesame powder. Relative standard deviations of repeatability and reproducibility were below 5%. Total lignan contents of roasted coffee bean, oat, and blacksoy bean were 105.702 μg/100 g, 78.965 μg/100 g, and 165.521 μg/100 g, respectively. These results showed that LC-MS/MS analysis would be effective in producing acceptable sensitivity, accuracy, and precision in five lignan analyses.

This study aimed to investigate the biological activities, including polyphenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities, of various cultivars of Korean perilla leaves. The results indicated that among nine cultivars (Namcheon dlggae, Saedora, Nulbora, Donggel 1, Donggell 2, Soim, Sangyeop, Somirang, and Saebom) of perilla leaves, the total polyphenolic content (gallic acid equivalent mg/g, GAE) was the highest in “Nulbora,” while it was lowest in Namcheon dlggae. Moreover, flavonoid content in the extracts of nine cultivars leaves was in the range of 132.93~268.50 mg catechin equivalent/g sample. The antioxidant effects of the perilla leaves were determined using two different in vitro bioassays measuring DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activities. The results revealed that antioxidant activity was also higher in “Nulbora” compared with other cultivars. Xanthin-oxidase-inhibition activity ranged from 65.65% to 80.58%, with “Nulbora” exhibiting the highest activity, although the difference with other cultivars was not significant. “Nulbora” extracts reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and several cytokines, including IL-6 activation induced by LPS in macrophages in the range of 100–50 μg/mL. These results suggest that extracts from perilla leaves can be used as bioactive and functional materials that could be important in industrial applications in the future.

The “Carbon Neutral” has become the most important goal to achieve in the era of the climate change crisis. K-water has prepared a roadmap for implementing “Carbon Neutral” by 2050. However, only the reduction targets and strategies for scope 1 and 2 have been set, so the management of carbon generated during the construction project and upfront carbon is not being implemented. Therefore, in this study, the criteria and methodology for estimation carbon emissions in the construction sector at domestic and foreign were reviewed, and a methodology for estimation carbon emissions suitable for K-water construction projects was presented, and a case study was conducted. As a result, most of the carbon emissions were more than 90% of the upfront emissions due to material production. Therefore, upfront carbon management is required for carbon management of K-water construction projects, and it is necessary to quantify carbon emissions through GHG construction inventory, etc., and to establish strategies for future reduction technologies.

Gut contents analysis is essential to predict the impact of organisms on food source changes due to variations of the habitat environment. Previous studies of gut content analysis have been conducted using traditional methods, such as visual observation. However, these studies are limited in analyzing food sources because of the digestive process in gut organ. DNA metabarcoding analysis is a useful method to analyze food sources by supplementing these limitations. We sampled marine fish of Pennahia argentata, Larimichthys polyactis, Crangon affinis, Loligo beka and Sepia officinalis from Gwangyang Bay and Yeosu fisheries market for analyzing gut contents by applying DNA metabarcoding analysis. 18S rRNA v9 primer was used for analyzing food source by DNA metabarcoding. Network and two-way clustering analyses characterized the relationship between organisms and food sources. As a result of comparing metabarcoding of gut contents for P. argentata between sampled from Gwangyang Bay and the fisheries market, fish and Copepoda were analyzed as common food sources. In addition, Decapoda and Copepoda were analyzed as common food sources for L. polyactis and C. affinis, respectively. Copepoda was analyzed as the primary food source for L. beka and S. officinalis. These study results demonstrated that gut contents analysis using DNA metabarcoding reflects diverse and detailed information of biological food sources in the aquatic environment. In addition, it will be possible to provide biological information in the gut to identify key food sources by applying it to the research on the food web in the ecosystem.

Recently, with the development of genetic technology, interest in environmental DNA (eDNA) to study biodiversity according to molecular biological approaches is increasing. Environmental DNA has many advantages over traditional research methods for biological communities distributed in the environment but highly depends on the established base sequence database. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the habitat status and classification at the genus level, which is mainly used in eDNA (12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, COI, and CYTB), focusing on Korean registration taxon groups (phytoplankton, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, and fish). As a result, phytoplankton and zooplankton showed the highest taxa proportion in 18S rRNA, and macroinvertebrates observed the highest ratio in the nucleotide sequence database in COI. In fish, all genes except 18S rRNA showed a high taxon ratio. Based on the Korean registration taxon group, the gene construction of the top 20 genera according to bio density observed that most of the phytoplankton were registered in 18S rRNA, and the most significant number of COI nucleotide sequences were established in macroinvertebrates. In addition, it was confirmed that there is a nucleotide sequence for the top 20 genera in 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and CYTB in fish. These results provided comprehensive information on the genes suitable for eDNA research for each taxon group.

We deduced the proper estimation methodology for the amount of carbon sequestration by damaged trees for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The nine development projects related to renewable energy, damaged trees occur, assessment status and used method of evaluating the carbon storage of damaged trees were summarized. And after re-calculating the carbon storage of damaged trees through allometric equations, the difference between the two groups, re-calculated the damaged trees carbon storage and the damaged trees carbon storage in the report, was validated. As a result, damaged trees carbon storage in words was more than the re-calculated damaged trees carbon storage, and it was statistically significant (p<0.005). This result means that the existing method for calculating damaged tree carbon storage is overcalculated. It was judged that it was necessary to improve the calculation method. Therefore, allometric equations suitable for each dominated-tree species should be used when calculating the damaged tree carbon storage. Furthermore, we propose to establish a carbon storage calculation system based on actual data from the ecosystem so that researchers can efficiently and accurately the damaged trees carbon storage. Key words: damaged vegetation, carbon sequestration, allometric equation, environmental impact

This study was conducted to obtain basic information for the use of the ATP fluorescence detection method in consideration of the most common and frequent contamination situation that occurs in laboratories dealing with fire blight causing bacterium, Erwinia amylovora. ATP luminescence measurements (Relative Light Unit, RLU) were tested against these pathogen cells (CFU/cm2) which were artificially introduced on the disinfected surface of a bench floor of a biosafety cabinet (Class 2 Type A1), on a part of the disinfected surface of a lab experimental bench, on a part of the disinfected floor, and on a part of the disinfected floor of an acryl chamber for bioaerosol studies in a biosafety laboratory (BSL 2 class) using two different ATP bioluminometers. RLU values were not much increased with the bacterial cells from 2.15 × 102/cm2 to 2.15 × 106/cm2. RLU values varied among the four different surfaces tested. RLU values measured from the same number of bacterial cells differed little between the two different ATP bioluminometers used for this study. RLU values obtained from bacterial cells higher than 2.15 × 107/cm2 indicated the presence of bacterial contamination on the four different surfaces tested. The R2 values obtained based on the correlation data for the RLU values in response to different E. amylovora cell numbers (CFU/ cm2) on the surfaces of the four test spots ranged from 0.9827 to 0.9999.