An ecological survey of food and nutrition was conducted in April and May, among 278 children, 6 to 12 years old, of the Youido elementary school, which offers no school lunch program, and is situated in Youido delta of Han River side of Seoul, known as the location of one of the socioeconomically high groups; Eighteen percent and 18.3% of subjects were proven to be overweight and obese, respectively. With regard to frequency of skipping breakfast, 28.4% of the subjects skipped breakfast often and 2.5% of subjects skipped breakfast every morning. Obese children showed good appetite and the time consumed for eating was shorter than those of normal or overweight children. Most serious anxiety among the mothers for those children was food habit of `eating rapidly' and `overeating'. Another striking observation was that 14.4% of the subjects ate only one side-dish with boiled rice, and such a pattern was more often found in the normal or slim group. Most of the subjects had their snacks after being back in home from school. Thirty-one percent of the children had snacks when they felt hungry, 69% had snacks for various reasons such as `habitually', `for unwinding', and `mother gives me snacks'. Thirty-eight percent of the boys and 19% of the girls had physical exercise everyday and overweight and obese children got exercise more frequently. But the time consumed for exercise was much more shorter than that of normal subjects. Most of the children liked fruits, meats, and biscuit, in contrast, lowest preferency was for vegetables, fermented fish products, and boiled rice mixed with other grains. Obese children experienced more kinds of food than normal or slim group. The study found that habits of overeating due to good appetite and eating rapidly were recognized as one of dominant reasons causing obesity among children. On the other hand, serious dietary problem of children of normal or slim group was eating less variety of food. Active nutrition education for both children and mothers will be recommended with joint participation of teachers.

1. 본(本) 연구(硏究)의 목적(目的)은 한국인의 식생활(食生活)에서 각별한 위치를 차지하고 있는 곰탕류의 섭취와 그 배경(背景)이 되는 요인의 상호관계(相互關係)를 규명하여, 앞으로 차세대(次世代)에의 영양교육(營養敎育)을 하는 데에 있어서 하나의 단서를 얻기 위함에 있다. 그 첫 단계로 곰탕 전문점을 찾는 손님을 대상으로 식생태학적(食生態學的) 접근방법을 사용하여 조사(調査)하였다. 2. 대상자의 약 67%는 일주일에 1~2회이상(回以上), 15%는 3회이상(回以上) 곰탕류를 섭취하고 있었다. 섭취빈도에 있어서의 연령차(年齡差)는 보이지 않았다. 3. 섭취빈도가 높을수록 맛이나 냄새에 대한 「기호도(嗜好度)」가 높고(p〈0.001), 칼슘섭취에 유의하고 있었으며(p〈0.05), 소양(肝)도 넣어 먹도록 배려(配慮)하고 있었다(p〈0.01). 4. 곰탕전문점에 온 이유로서는 전체적으로 봐서 식기호면(食嗜好面)이 가장 높은 비율이었다. 섭취빈도가 높은 쪽에서는 식기호면(食嗜好面)이 강하게 나타난 데에 비해, 섭취빈도가 낮은 쪽에서는 식기호면(食嗜好面)외에 그 음식점의 유명도(有名度)나 친구의 소개 등의 정보면(情報面)이 강하게 나타났다. 5. 다른 한국요리(韓國料理)보다 곰탕류를 선택하는 이유로서는 섭취빈도가 높은 쪽에서는 식기호면(食嗜好面)이나 생리적상태(生理的狀態)에 관한 요인이 가장 강하게 작용하는 데에 비해, 섭취빈도가 낮은 쪽에서는 생리적상태(生理的狀態)에 관한 요인이 가장 강하게 작용하고 있었다. 6. 곰탕류 섭취 후 건강면(健康面)에서의 주관적(主觀的) 심리적평가(心理的評價)에 대해서는(복수회답(複數回答)) 80.5%가 긍정적(肯定的), 30.5%가 특별한 변화가 없고, 6.5%가 부정적(否定的)인 것으로 봐서, 대부분의 사람이 곰탕류는 건강(健康)에 좋다고 인식(認識)하고 있었으며, 그 인식(認識)에는 섭취빈도에 따른 차이(差異)는 보이지 않았다. 7. 연령이 높을수록 곰탕류의 맛이나 냄새에 대한 기호도(嗜好度)가 유의(有意)하게 높았으며, 건강(健康)과의 관련에서는 「식후 소화가 잘 된다」라는 이유로 곰탕류를 선택하였으며, 연령이 낮을수록 「식욕(食慾)이 없을 때」, 「숙취(宿醉)일때」에 선택하는 경향이 강한 것으로 봐서, 연령에 따른 섭취빈도의 차(差)는 없으나, 곰탕류를 선택할 때의 기호(嗜好) 의식(意識) 건강(健康)에의 관심 행동면(行動面)에는 약간의 차(差)가 나타났다. 8. 다변량해석(多變量解析)의 결과(結果), 고섭취빈도군(高攝取頻度群)은 주로 50대이상(代以上)이며 곰탕류에 대한 기호도(嗜好度)가 매우 높고 식의식면(食意識面)이나 식행동면(食行動面), 건강면(健康面)에서 긍정적(肯定的)이었다. 이에 반하여 중섭취빈도군(中攝取頻度群)은 주로 40대(代)였으며 곰탕류에 대한 기호도(嗜好度)가 높았으나 고섭취빈도군(高攝取頻度群)에 비해 식의식면(食意識面)이나 식행동면(食行動面)에서 덜 적극적(積極的)인 경향이었다. 저섭취빈도군(低攝取頻度群)은 주로 20대(代)와 30대(代)였으며 곰탕류에 대한 기호도(嗜好度)가 보통이었으며, 식기호면(食嗜好面)보다 「친구의 소개로」 등에 의해서 섭취하고 있었다.

A study of eating behavior was conducted among 274 children of Nan Hyang elementary school, located in low income area of Seoul, where a school lunch program is not operated. During weekdays, 19.6% of children ate breakfast and 18.4% ate supper alone or with their siblings. The school provided boxed lunches for 10.5% of the children with governmental funds, who were chosen by the school based on their household income. But the percentage of the children skipping breakfast was 14.6%, lunch 10.3% and supper 8.0%. The results of nutritional analysis of the children who had three meals a day and those of children skipped one of the regular meals were compared. The group who had three meals consumed more nutrients except vitamin C than the group skipped meal (p〈0.01). Most common meal pattern was consisted of cooked rice, Kimchi and side dishes. When the children didn't have afternoon classes, 10.0% of the children ate Ramen only at home without any side dishes. Among the protein sources, the beans and bean products were the most common items. When we studied the three different lunches such as A) the boxed lunches provided by school, B) the boxed lunches from home and C) the lunches ate at home, the A) lunches provided the most common items. When we studied the three different lunches such as A) the boxed lunches provided by school, B) the boxed lunches from home and C) the lunches ate at home, the A) lunches provided the milk products, fruits, ice cakes·setc. Their favorite foods were fruits, yoghurt, Chinese black noodle, and sweet potatoes whereas being not prefered foods, were aromatic vegetables. It seemed that the increasing rate of working mothers and the overflooding of instant foods have caused to neglect children's meal management. To solve these problems, nutrition education and extend of school lunch programs should be emphasized.

An eating behavior research was done with 50 females at a buffet styled restaurant during their lunch time. Of the respondents, 52.0% were professional and 54.0% were graduate school graduates. Of the respondents, 58.0% of the company were friends and 24.0% were relatives. The average time period of eating was 93.0±23.4 minutes. The average frequency of taking food was 4.0±1.1 and the average frequency of taking food after satiety was 1.4±0.8. It is significant that lower frequency of food consumption was directly proportional to the age groups of respondents. The average selected food items were 30.4±7.1 out of 175 and the average weight of the consumed food was 995.0±240.9 g. The older age group chose a similar number of food items, but the amount of each food item was considerably less than younger. So the younger the age group was, the more they ate. The average food items at one time was 7.1±2.2 and the average food weight time was 233.7±69.7 g. The percentage of respondents who evaluated themselves as 'ate too much' was 70.0% and those who evaluate themselves 'ate properly' was 14.0%. Most of them were satisfied with the buffet service. The average of number of food items consumed by respondents before cooking was 50.5±8.9. The consumption of calories and nutrients was compared with the Korean Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances. The consumed calories were 60.9% of RDAs, protein 104.4%, calcium 77.1%, iron 129.8%, vitamin A 66.5%, thiamin 96.0%, riboflavin 95.7%, niacin126.6% and ascorbic acid 112.3%. This data exceeded 1/3 of the Korean Daily RDAs tremendously and tells us extreme overeating. The energy ratio of carbohydrate: fat: protein was 51.6: 29.9: 18.5. Caloric consumption of animal food was 27.9% and the consumption rate of the other nutrients from animal food was considerably high. But the consumption rate of vitamin A was 90.9% from vegetable groups. Accoding to this study, buffet service gives some advantages. It gives customers an good opportunity to vary their food intake, which enhances eating experiences and can cause an improvemont of food habits. But overeating is a problem. Therefore, we think it is necessary for those women who have influence over their family's food selection, to have nutrition education about a desirable order of eating a meal, food selection, and health problems due to overeating at buffet styled restaurant. There should be some improvement in the management of buffet service. For example, proper temperature, texture, and freshness of the food should be maintained. Prevention of mixed food smells should be considered as well. To lower the price it is desirable to reduce the number of similar items and to use seasonal food as much as possible. A buffet styled restaurant with less food items with cheaper prices is recommended. Various traditional food should be developed for the menu items. We expect buffet services to be sutable to maintain good health and to be popular to any eater.

본 연구에서는 부페식당 이용자의 식생활 태도를 알아보기 위해 설문조사를 실시하였는데 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 조사대상자의 일반환경 조사대상자의 연령은 6세부터 70세까지로 20대, 30대, 40대가 주를 이루었고, 여자가 65.1%로 여성들이 많이 찾는 조사대상 부페식당의 특색을 보였다. 직업은 가정주부가 27.2%, 사무직이 19.3%, 전문직이 17.3%였고, 학생이 30.3%였다. 2) 평소 부페음식에 대한 견해에 관한 조사 평소 부페식당 이용이 '한 주에 1~2회'가 1.6%, '한 달에 1~2회'가 13.7%, '서너달에 1~2회'가 43.9%, '일년에 1~2회'가 36.9%, '처음'이 2.7%였다. 대상자들은 부페음식에 대해 음식의 가지수가 많고 마음대로 선택할 수 있고 음식의 모양, 진열 및 정갈함, 많이 먹을 수 있는 점 등에 대해서는 좋다고 생각하는 반면, 음식을 가지러 왔다 갔다 하는 점, 가격 등에 대해서는 부정적인 반응을 보였다. 3) 부페식당에서의 식사행동 부페식당에 온 이유는 '가족파티'가 31.3%였고, 동행인은 평균 9.3±4.3명이며 주로 가족 및 친척, 직장 동료였다. 식사에 소요된 시간은 1시간 32분±26분이었고, 음식을 가져온 첫수는 평균 3.7±1.2회였으며, 최고 10회가 있었다. 만복감 후 식사첫수는 평균 1.2±0.8회였다. 부페식사시 가장 먼저 먹은 음식은 스프 23.9%, 샐러드 23.9%였는데, 여자는 스프, 샐러드의 비율이 높은 반면, 남자는 육류, 어패류의 비율이 높았으며, 음식 선택시 기준은 '내가 좋아하는 음식'이 70.7%로 가장 높게 나타나 부페식당 이용자들이 바람직한 식사순서 및 음식선택에 대한 인식이 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 부페식당에서 가장 좋아하는 음식의 국적은 54.4%가 한국음식으로 나타났다. 부페식사에서 '약간' 또는 ‘대단히 과식했다'고 응답한 경우가 64.0%로 많은 대상자들이 과식하는 것으로 나타났는데 이로 인한 건강 및 영양문제에 대한 교육이 필요하고 운영면에서는 이러한 일종의 음식의 낭비를 줄일 수 있는 방안에 대한 연구가 필요하다고 사료되었다. 5) 향후 부페식당의 발전방향에 대한 의견 부페식당의 발전방향에 대해 '가지수를 줄여서라도 가격을 짜게 하자'는 의견이 82.9%로 대부분 조사 대상자들이 현재 부페가격에 대해 부정적인 반응을 보였다. '한국음식을 더 많이 해서 전통음식과 친밀한 장소로 발전시키자', '계절식품을 이용하고 비슷한 종류의 음식은 빼서 가격을 낮추자', '연령에 따라서, 또, 성인에서는 성별에 따라 가격 차이를 두자'는 의견 등이 있었다.

An ecological study of food and nutrition was conducted among 198 children, 6 to 12 years old, of the Songmyun elementary school and Samsong elementary school, located in remote villages of Chungchun-myun, Goisan-gun, Chung Buk Province between July 11 and 16, 1988. The results were summarized as follows. In regard to frequency of skipping breakfast, 3.3% of subjects skipped every morning; 15% often skipped; and the others never skipped. The most common reason for skipping a meal was lack of appetite. 6.6% of subjects often skipped an evening meal because of delayed meal preparation by a mother who returned home late. The survey found that 5.1% of subjects skipped a lunch at school. The reasons for skipping lunch were the mother’s being too busy to prepare a boxed lunch; a school bag too heavy to carry for a long distance to school; no adequate side-dishes for the boxed lunch. Growth patterns of those children having poor food habits, were reflected in lower figures in arm circumference and weight for height. The percentage of children having meals with their family on weekdays was 84.7% for breakfast; 85.6% for evening meal. About 7% of subjects had many dislikes and 74.1% had some dislikes in what they ate; 18.9% had good food preferences. There was a strong correlation between appetite or food preferences and anthropometric measurements or nutrient intake. Boiled rice was the predominant dietary staple, and principal sources of protein taken by subjects at home were soy beans and soy products. Regarding the boxed lunch prepared at home, most popular was one with only one kind of side-dish, including kimchee. 43.4% of the side-dishes were prepared with vegetables only. As for between meal snacks, milk and milk products, fruits and breads were popular among the subjects. The survey found that the children liked fruits, yogurt, corn, Chajang noodle; in contrast, lowest preference was for soup made with bones, curried meat with rice, and aromatic vegetables. The survey discovered a local dietary characteristics; 46.2% of the children customarily ate frog meat, an unconventional food.

A secondary survey was conducted of 503 customers, to investigate eating out behaviours at five fast food restaurants of Youido apartment compound in Seoul, in April of 1988. The results are summarized as follows: The majority, 84% of customers, were aged 14 to 30, consisting of junior and senior high school children, college students and company employees. In contrast to the previous survey of 1986, in which no elderly customers were found, a small number of elderly customers were observed in this study. The reasons given by customers for patronizing fast food restaurants were the following, from most to least frequent: 'convenient', 'allows for companionship', 'the pleasant place to eat', 'dining equipment and tableware are hygienic', 'to be able to stay as long as I want', and 'foods rapidly served'. Only 24.2% of the customers purchased the fast foods for a full meal, 38.3% purchased the foods for snacking, and others purchased ice cream only or drink only. The majority of the customers ate the purchased foods at the fast food restaurants. However, a limited number of female customers preferred to take the packed fast foods to their homes. Taste preference was a major factor in food selection from available menu items, among the younger customers; whereas customers over 30 years old were concerned with nutritive balance. Fried chicken, pizza, rolled rice with laver, ice cream, and juice were high on the list of liked foods; in contrast, lower preference was for fish burger, doughnut, spaghetti, Chajang noodles and chili beans. The survey discovered that the preference for fried chicken, pizza, and salad had increased compared to the previous survey of 1986. Preference by food nationality was highest for Korean food, then Western food, Chinese food, and Japanese food, in that order. Customers offered suggestions for better fast food service, such as lowering the price; greater variety in the menu; developing fast foods from the traditional Korean foods; and increasing the proportion of vegetables and fruits on the fast food menu. The customers, in particular, emphasized a need for the development of Korean traditional beverage of malt drink and persimmon punch, as well as mungbean pan cakes and sweet- spicy rice noodles (docbokki), as fast foods.

서울시(市)의 역삼동 강남역 부근, 잠원동, 남대문시장(南大門市場) 등 세군데서 영업(營業)하는 포장마차(布張馬車)를 대상(對象)으로하여 1987년(年) 6월(月) 25일부(日)터 1987년(年) 8월(月) 25일(日)까지 영업(營業) 및 위생(衛生)과 고객(顧客)에 관한 실태(實態)를 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 아래와 같다. 포장마차(布張馬車)는 주로 30~40대(代) 여자(女子)가 종사(從事)하는 경우가 많았으며 1~2명(名)이 영업(營業)하는 형태(型態)가 가장 많았다. 포장마차영업자(布張馬車營業者)는 3년(年) 이상(以上) 한 사람이 거의 60%였으며 가장 큰 문제점은 자녀(子女)의 교육(敎育)문제, 단속(團束), 수면불족(睡眠不足)으로 들었고, 영업(營業)에 종사(從事)하는 만족도(滿足度)는 저조(低調)하였다. 포장마차(布張馬車)의 영업실태(營業實態)를 보면 식품재료(食品材料)의 구입(購入)은 소매시장(小賣市場)에서 직접 구입하였고, 팔다남은 재료(材料)는 보관후 다시 사용하는 경우가 많았다. 포장마차(布張馬車)에서 판매(販賣)하는 음식은 주류 및 안주와 간식이 주종이었는데, 각 지역(地域)에서 10위(位)안에 드는 음식은 소주와 김밥이었고, 대체로 구이형태의 음식이 많았으며 실내형(室內型)은 주류 및 안주형이 많았고 이동형(移動型)은 간식을 많이 팔고 있었다. 포장마차(布張馬車)의 총 영업시간(營業時間)은 오후 2시경~밤 0시까지 약 10시간(時間) 정도였고 1일(日) 매상액(賣上額)은 이동형(移動型)은 2-3만원, 실내형(室內型)은 4-5만원 정도였고 포장마차(布張馬車)의 약 60% 정도가 자리세를 물고 있었다. 포장마차(布張馬車)의 시설면에서 연료는 주로 연탄을 사용했고, 조명은 전기 혹은 밧데리를 사용했으며 상수도시설은 실내형(室內型)일 경우만 갖추고 있었고 이동형(移動型)은 급수 및 배수가 어려워 위생상태(衛生狀態)가 염려되었다. 위생상태(衛生狀態)는 부합리적(不合理的)인 플라스틱제품의 식기(食器)의 사용, 급수·배수의 어려움, 비위생적(非衛生的)인 세척방법, 재료(材料)의 비위생적(非衛生的) 보관방법, 먹다남은 음식의 재사용 등 포장마차(布張馬車)의 위생실태(衛生實態)는 개선(改善)되어야 할 점이 많이 나타났다. 포장마차(布張馬車)를 주로 찾는 고객(顧客)은 20~40대(代)의 남자(男子)로 직장인(職場人)과 대학생(大學生)이 많았으며 위치에 따라 이용하는 고객(顧客)의 부류가 조금씩 달랐으며 포장마차(布張馬車)를 찾는 동기(動機)는 부담없고 자유(自由)스러운 분위기 때문에 찾는 경우가 많았다.

국내 도시락 공장을 조사 분석하여 대량생산에 적합토록 그 문제점을 보완 개선했다. 특히 식품위생법과 건축법상의 공장허가 사항을 고려해서 3가지 면적별로 모델 도시락 공장을 설계하였다. 작업장은 하나의 개방공간에 배치된 기기류를 오염지역, 준청결지역, 청결지역으로 나누어 작업중의 2차오염 문제를 배제시켰고, 기기류는 밥급속냉각기, 냉장고 겸 냉각기를 설치하여 위생안전성을 부여했으며, 청결실에 멸균(집진)기를 설치하여 완제품의 초기 미생물 농도를 줄이고 2차오염 요인을 제거함으로써 위생적인 도시락 생산유통이 가능한 도시락 생산공장을 설계하였다.

To determine dining out behaviours of fast foods at five different fast food restaurants of Youido apartment compound in Seoul, a survey was conducted of 460 customers ranging in age from 7 to 29 year, from October 1 to 5th, 1986. Findings are summarized follows: The reasons the customers the fast food restaurants by the highest percentage were the following in the order: 'the atmosphere in which fast food is eaten is enjoyable for the companionship', 'convenient to dining', 'the surroundings and dining equipment are pleasant and hygienic', and 'to be able to stay as long as I want'. The majority of the customers visited the fast food restaurants with their friends between 1pm and 5pm. The fast foods purchased by the customers were mostly for snack rather than a full meal. Preference was a major factor in food selection from available meun items. Ice cream, Kentucky fried chicken, rolled rice with laver I rice cake stew, fried Mandoo were ranged high on the list of liked foods, in contrast, lower preference was for noodle soup, small red bean porridge, pinenut porridge, and persimmon punch.