PURPOSES : Road surface conditions are vital to traffic safety, management, and operation. To ensure traffic operation and safety during periods of snow and ice during the winter, each local government allocates considerable resources for monitoring that rely on field-oriented manual work. Therefore, a smart monitoring and management system for autonomous snow removal that can rapidly respond to unexpected abrupt heavy snow and black ice in winter must be developed. This study addresses a smart technology for automatically monitoring and detecting road surface conditions in an experimental environment using convolutional neural networks based on a CCTV camera and infrared (IR) sensor data. METHODS : The proposed approach comprises three steps: obtaining CCTV videos and IR sensor data, processing the dataset acquired to apply deep learning based on convolutional neural networks, and training the learning model and validating it. The first step involves a large dataset comprising 12,626 images extracted from the acquired CCTV videos and the synchronized surface temperature data from the IR sensor. In the second step, image frames are extracted from the videos, and only foreground target images are extracted during preprocessing. Hence, only the area (each image measuring 500 × 500) of the asphalt road surface corresponding to the road surface is applied to construct an ideal dataset. In addition, the IR thermometer sensor data stored in the logger are used to calculate the road surface temperatures corresponding to the image acquisition time. The images are classified into three categories, i.e., normal, snow, and black-ice, to construct a training dataset. Under normal conditions, the images include dry and wet road conditions. In the final step, the learning process is conducted using the acquired dataset for deep learning and verification. The dataset contains 10,100 (80%) data points for deep learning and 2,526 (20%) points for verification. RESULTS : To evaluate the proposed approach, the loss, accuracy, and confusion matrix of the addressed model are calculated. The model loss refers to the loss caused by the estimated error of the model, where 0.0479 and 0.0401 are indicated in the learning and verification stages, respectively. Meanwhile, the accuracies are 97.82% and 98.00%, respectively. Based on various tests that involve adjusting the learning parameters, an optimized model is derived by generalizing the characteristics of the input image, and errors such as overfitting are resolved. This experiment shows that this approach can be used for snow and black-ice detections on roads. CONCLUSIONS : The approach introduced herein is feasible in road environments, such as actual tunnel entrances. It does not necessitate expensive imported equipment, as general CCTV cameras can be applied to general roads, and low-cost IR temperature sensors can be used to provide efficiency and high accuracy in road sections such as national roads and highways. It is envisaged that the developed system will be applied to in situ conditions on roads.

Since 1990’s, many researches about ultra high performance concrete have been conducted. Compare to conventional concrete, it shows significantly high compressive and tensile strength so that leads to reduce the self weight of structures. However, the use of slender member may meet the buckling failure that is not common phenomenon in concrete structures so far. Most design codes have not suggested any provisions for buckling limit states and very few of researches have been conducted for buckling of concrete girders. In this study, a number of finite element analysis were carried out to investigate the buckling behavior of UHPC I-shaped girders.

This study investigates characteristics on inelastic flange local buckling of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) plate supported by one edge. The UHPC plate were modeled using 3D shell elements (S4R) and analyzed using by geometric and material nonlinear analysis. The plates for FE analysis were supported by pined and fixed boundary conditions to considering constrained effects of one web. The inelastic local buckling strength from the FE analysis were evaluated according to the flange slenderness ratios. The results shows that material non-linearities of tensile behavior of UHPC highly affects the inelastic local buckling of UHPC plate.

This study investigates elastic flange local buckling of ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) I-girders. The girders were modeled using 3D shell elements (S4R) and analyzed by eigenvalue analysis. Then, the flange local buckling strength from the FE analysis were evaluated according to the flange and web slenderness ratios and compared to the local buckling strength of steel girders. The results shows that the flange local buckling of UHPC I-girders are underestimated compared to the strength of steel girders which has same geometric cross sections and further studies needed related to this field.

In this study, elastic flange local buckling strength of doubly symmetric I-girder subjected to bending moment were evaluated by 3D finite element analysis. The analysis model were modeled by 3D shell elements(S4R) using ABAQUS 6.13 program. And loading and boundary conditions were determined by equal end moments and simple boundary conditions. Flange and web slenderness ratio were considered in the parametric studies to evaluate flange local buckling strength with AISC design equations. Then, AISC design equations and characteristics of Elastic flange local buckling of I-girder were evaluated.

Concrete has been widely used for material of bridge girder. However, Concrete is considered as inefficient material for long-span girder. Because it has low material strength compared with those of steel girder, huge cross sectional area are required to have same strength of steel girder bridges. UHPC(Ultra High Performance Concrete) as new material is developed to supplement this weakness of concrete. UHPC has high compressive strength and show softness behavior due to it is reinforced by fiber. If UHPC has no any reinforcement for shear, diagonal tension crack failure is dominant like normal concrete. So, reinforcement for shear is essential and prestress is efficient method of reinforcement for UHPC due to high compressive strength. However, design equation for shear strength suggested by K-UHPC Certification(2012) do not consider prestress effect. Therefore, this study investigate effect of prestress for shear strength of ultra high performance concrete I-girder by using finite element analysis program

This study investigates strength of unstiffened flanges in horizontally curved box girders under different curvature by using Abaqus 6.13 which is finite element method program. When horizontally curved girder is subjected to simple vertical load, bending moment and torsional moment occur at the same time different from straight girder. This torsional moment cause torsion and distortion on box section. Because of such phenomenon, longitudinal stress is non-uniformly distributed on flange of curved box girder. Non-uniformely distributed stress make strength of flange lower. Although demand of curved girder is increasing due to complexification of urban, it is only AASHTO(2012) that has certification for curved girder. But equation for curved girder in AASHTO(2012) neglect almost of curvature effect. Box girder is usually used for curved girder due to their superb torsional properties. So, we need more study for strength of curved box girder flange.

In curved I-girder systems, stability is mainly provided by interconnecting cross-frames or diaphragms. These members act as primary load carrying component thus proper design and analysis must be made. This study proposes improvement on the existing cross-frame spacing limit for horizontally curved girder systems utilizing buckling capacities. Eigenvalue analysis was conducted using the finite element program, ABAQUS. Maximum cross-frames spacing (Smax) was computed with varying degree of curvature, flange width-to-depth ratio ( ) and span length-to-depth ratio (L/d). Models were then generated and their buckling modes and critical buckling capacity ratios were obtained. Lastly, a suggestion was developed based on the results of the finite element analysis to provide a better guide on the design of cross-frame spacing limit. The suggested limit was then compared to the existing cross-frame limit to verify the improvement on the cross-frame spacing.

The curved bridges shows very complicate behaviors compare to straight girders due to its initial curvature. Usually, the shear strength is investigated due to the aspect ratio(transverse stiffeners spacing/height of girder) and many researches have been conducted for the web shear strength for I-shaped curved girders with high aspect ratios(larger than 3). In this study, numerical studies are carried out and the results are compared with the current design practices. By the analyses, the maximum aspect ratio of a transversely stiffened web panel are suggested to revisits the validity of a limited imposed by Basler.

This study investigates web shear buckling behavior of composite box girder according to the aspect ratio. The nonlinear finite element analyses on composite box girder model having shell elements and solid elements were performed. Also, the steel was modeled as an elasto-plastic material. Ultimate web shear buckling behavior of composite box girder was analyzed, and were compared the inelastic analysis results with shear buckling behavior of plate.

정부는 국가 차원에서 물류인프라의 확충과 물류전문기업의 육성을 통해 물류기업의 경쟁력 향상과 국제물류시장의 주도권을 확보하기 위해 지속적인 노력을 실시해오고 있으며, 특히 동북아 지역의 경제규모 및 교역량이 자치하는 비중이 급증함에 따라 동북아 지역의 물류 네트워크 선정을 위해 다양한 정책을 추진하고 있다. 이러한 정부의 정책의 일환으로 2006년부터 종합물류기업 인증제도를 도입하여 시행하고 있다. 이 제도는 물류정책기본법에 근거하여 설립된 정부의 물류전문기업 육성방안의 대표적인 정책 중 하나이다. 그러나 이 제도로 인해 물류기업에 대한 신뢰성을 높여 물류산업의 선진화 및 효율화에 기여하였다는 주장과 동 제도로 인해 기업의 부담과 대기업 위주의 시장 통폐합 우려 등의 부정적인 의견이 대립되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 이러한 논란이 있는 현 시점에서 종합물류인증 기업 중 물류창고기업을 대상으로 효율성 분석을 통해 비효율의 실태와 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다. 분석방법으로는 DEA 분석을 통해 종합물류인증기업의 경영효 율성을 분석하며 비효율적인 기업의 투사값을 제시하며 벤치마킹의 대상이 될 수 있는 기업들의 참조집합을 제시하고자 하며 또한 분석결과 를 통해 벤치마킹의 대상이 되는 기업들을 제시하였다.

본 연구에서는 수평 곡선 박스 거더의 곡률에 따른 비보강 플렌지 강도를 유한요소 해석 프로그램인 Abaqus 6.13을 사용하여 분석하였다. 곡선보에서는 직선보와는 달리 단순한 수직 하중에도 휨 모멘트와 비틀림 모멘트가 동시에 발생한다. 그리고 이 비틀림 모멘트가 곡선보의 비틀림과 뒤틀림을 유발하여 최종적으로 플렌지에 응력이 비균등하게 분포하게 된다. 플렌지의 비균등한 응력 분포는 플렌지의 강도에 크게 영향을 미치는데, 곡률의 크기가 커질수록 비틀림 모멘트도 커지기 때문에 곡선보에서 곡률의 고려는 불가피하다. 날로 복잡해져 가는 교통 문제를 해결하기 위한 도로의 입체화 및 순환도로 건설의 증가 추세에 따라 곡선교의 수요는 지속적으로 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 곡선교에서는 구조적 안정성 측면에서 유리한 강박스 거더가 많이 사용된다. 그러나 현재 국내에서는 곡선보에 대한 뚜렷한 설계기준이 없고, 국외에서도 곡선보에 대한 설계기준을 포함하고 있는 것은 AASHTO(2012)가 유일하다. 하지만 AASHTO(2012)에서도 비틀림 뒴 응력과 뒤틀림 뒴 응력을 무시하고 직선보로 이상화할 수 있도록 곡률을 제한하여 설계식을 제시하고 있다. 곡선 I형 거더에 대해서는 많은 연구가 진행되고 있지만 박스형 거더에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이므로 곡선 박스 거더의 곡률에 따른 강도 연구가 필요하다.

강합성 박스거더는 박스거더를 교량 주형으로 하는 강교량의 한 형식으로서, 휨 강성과 비틀림 강성이 뛰어난 강교량이다. 박스거더 설계는 강교량의 합리적 설계를 통하여, 안정성과 경제성을 추구하고 있다. 합리적 설계란 후판 및 고강도 강판을 사용하여 부재의 수를 줄이며, 설계 상세를 단순화한 교량 설계를 의미한다. 합리적 설계는 고성능강재의 사용, 부부재 최소화 등을 목표로 경제적이며 구조적으로 안전한 강합성 박스거더 설계를 한다. 이 중, 부부재의 최적설계를 위해서는 강합성 박스거더의 정확한 단면강도가 산정되어야 하지만, 도로교 설계기준(2012)에 제시되어 있는 박스거더 전단강도 산정식은 플레이트거더 전단강도과 동일한 식을 적용하도록 제시되어 있다. 이는 강합성 박스거더 복부판의 전단강도는 합성으로 인한 상부플랜지의 강성의 증가와 두 개의 복부판이 연결된 하부플랜지에 의한 복부판의 전단강도 증가를 고려하지 않고 있어 보수적인 전단강도 산정식을 제시하고 있다. 탄성전단좌굴강도에 대한 연구로는 Timoskenko와 Gere(1961)가 판의 전단좌굴강도 식을 유도하였으며, Galambos (1988)는 판의 경계조건에 따른 탄성전단좌굴계수 연구를 하였으며, Lee 등 (1996)은 플레이트 거더에서 상·하 플랜지의 영향을 고려한 탄성전단좌굴강도를 산정하는 연구를 수행하였다. 박스 거더의 연구는 합성전 박스 거더를 전단좌굴 실험을 하여, 플레이트 거더의 전단강도 보다 증가된 전단강도 실험연구가 있지만(Lee et al., 2003), 합성 후 강합성 박스거더의 복부판 전단강도에 대한 연구는 없었다.본 연구에서는 수치해석을 통하여 지지조건에 따른 강합성 박스거더 복부판의 탄성전단좌굴강도를 검토하였다. 도로교 설계 기준(2012) 및 AASHTO(2012)에 제시된 강합성 박스 거더 복부판의 전단강도산정식과 , Galambos (1988) 및 Lee 등 (1996)의 연구된 식들과 비교를 통하여 강합성 박스 거더 복부판의 전단강도를 비교-분석을 수행하였으며, 이를 통하여 강합성 박스 거더 복부판은 플랜지의 지지강성의 변화에 따라 탄성전단좌굴계수가 변화함을 알 수 있었다.

Curved girders show very complex behavior compare to straight girders because the torsional moments always act on the structure even if there are no additional loads except self-weight. For this reason, engineers need to consider torsional behavior when design or analyse structure. However, most of curved bridges are designed as a series of straight girders because design specification does not reflect the curved beam theory. In this paper, curved girders are analysed by FEA program and the results are compared with the results of straight girders. Selecting the radius of curvature as a parameter, suitable analysis method for design of horizontally curved girder was suggested.

Steel Box-Truss Hybrid bridge consisted with steel box type in positive moment that is allowed to resist with low depth and truss type in negative moment is new type bridge. This can be used as 80m∼150m long span bridge and is economical structural type. But safety of truss type is concerned because of torsion that occurs when Steel Box-Truss Hybrid bridge applies a curved bridge. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and evaluate straight and curved bridge for commercialization of Steel Box-Truss Hybrid bridge. In this study, structural analysis of Steel Box-Truss hybrid curved bridge with various curvature is performed and compared with member force and displacement of Steel Box-Truss Hybrid straight bridge. Also the applicable limited curvature of Steel Box-Truss Bridge form is proposed.

The structural deformed shape is important information to structural analysis. SFSM-LS algorithm, the economic and effective estimation method for the structural deformation shapes with limited displacement measuring points is developed(Choi, 2003). In this study, structure internal forces are estimated by using structural deformed shape.

Compare to the straight girders, horizontally girders show complex behavior because torsional moments are always acting on the structure. Because of the torsional moments, there can be negative reaction forces at some supports, and that can cause the overturning of super-structure. Sometimes, this stability problem is more important in the construction stage rather than after construction. However, it is rarely considered in design except special case. In this paper, numerical analysis is performed to investigate the reaction forces characteristic of horizontally curved steel box girder.