Background: In the herbal medicinal industry, Angelica gigas Nakai, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. and Angelica acutiloba (Siebold & Zucc.) Kitag. are often confused, because the roots of the three species can not be distinguished by their appearance. This confusion can cause serious side effects. In this study, we determined the origins of Angelica roots distributed in the Korean market using the simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers developed based on the A. gigas chloroplast DNA sequence. Methods and Results: We collected twenty seven A. gigas and three A. acutiloba samples from the Seoul, Daegu, and Cheongju herbal medicinal markets. Fifty sections of one collection were mixed and ground to make a powder, which was used for DNA extraction using the cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method. Chloroplast based SSR markers were applied to the DNA for the determination of the species. In addition, polymorphism was found in eight samples. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the A. gigas roots collected from herbal medicinal markets were clearly discriminated from A. sinensis and A. acutiloba even though they were grouped into four clusters. Conclusions: This study showed that chloroplast based SSR markers would help the discrimination of Angelica roots in the Korean herbal medicinal industry and the markers are useful to prevent confusion between Angelica roots.

Background : Rehmannia glutinosa is a perennial herb belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. Its roots have been utilized as a traditional medicine but the aerial parts (flower, flower stalk, leaf) were not used. In this paper, we aimed to determine the content of three compounds [aucubin, catalpol, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)] in different organs of R. glutinosa. Methods and Results : The flower, flower stalk, leaf, and root of R. glutinosa were harvested in the end of August. The aucubin and catalpol were analyzed by LC/MS, whereas GABA was analyzed by GC/MS. The aucubin content was the highest in the leaf, while catalpol and GABA were the highest in the flower. The aucubin content of in the leaf was 1.43, 0.81, and 1.07 ㎎/g, respectively. The catalpol content of flower in Dakang, Tokang, and Suwon 9 was 41.06, 28.78 and 37.48 ㎎/g, respectively. The GABA content of flower in Dakang, Tokang, and Suwon 9 were 0.79, 0.76 and 0.65 ㎎/g, respectively. Conclusions : The contents of aucubin, catalpol, and GABA were higher in leaf and flower than that of root. This study provides the important information of R. glutinosa leaf and flower as a potential supplement.

Background : Codonopsis lanceolata is a perennial plant of Campanulaceae and mainly distributed in East Asia such as Korea, China, and Japan. C. lanceolata has a unique taste and aroma, and it is rich in minerals such as phosphorus and calcium, and vitamin B1 and B2, so our ancestors used the plant as medicinal herb and edible vegetable. However, systematic cultivation and development of varieties have not been achieved compared to demand or high added value. The genetic diversity and relationship analysis of the plants help to increase the efficiency of breeding through genetic variation. Methods and Results : Ten species of Codonopsis plants were used as materials and DNA was extracted from each 4 individuals per species and quantified at a concentration of 10 ng /㎕. The extracted DNA was pooled by species and PCR was performed using the EST-SSR marker developed based on C. lanceolata in the previous study. PCR amplification was carried out using a denaturation at 94℃ for 30 sec, annealing at 58℃ for 30 sec and extension at 72℃ for 30 sec, repeated for 35 total cycles. The PCR products were separated in a 4% agarose gell at 100 V for 40 min. Conclusion : In this study, C. lanceolata collections was determined among several Codonopsis species using these molecular marker. It is expected that the data of this study can be used as reference for genetic polymorphism analysis and related gene studies of Codonopsis species.

Background : Codonopsis lanceolata is a perennial plant of Campanulaceae with characteristic flavor and aroma and this plant has saponin, flavonoid, and inulin, which are reported to have physiological activity and antioxidant activity. In contrast, breeding or study of C. lanceolata varieties had not been done for a long time. Genetic polymorphism and phylogenetic relationship analysis of the plants by region of the crops can help the collection of genetic backgroud data for variety development. Methods and Results : In this study, we collected 26 C. lanceolata lines (95 individual plants) from 26 regions in Korea. We genotyped the collected lines using SSR markers developed in the previous study and analyzed the population structure based on the results. Population structures were analyzed using model-based STRUCTURE software (version 2.3.4) using the following parameters: Number of clusters (K) set = 1 to 12; Number of Iterations = 5; Length of Burning Period = 100,000; Number of MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) Reps after Burnin = 100,000. As a result, Of the 26 collections, were genetically grouped into 6 or 7 groups. Conclusion : The 26 C. lanceolata collections (95 individual plants) were genetically grouped but not grouped by collected regions. These results suggest that C. lanceolata has diverse genetic backgrounds and this data could be used as a basis for genetic polymorphism analysis of Codonopsis species.

Thirty-eight Pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes were screened to identify varieties to be suitable for sprout. Based on seed yield and sprout qualities such as whole length and sprout yield, five genotypes (PI269803, PI343278, PI343283, PI343300 and PI 343307) were primarily selected as candidates for pea sprouts. In order to determine optimal cultivation condition for pea sprouting, growth characteristics were investigated according to the change of germination temperature and days for sprouting. Whole length and hypocotyl length were observed to increase as a time dependent manner at each tested temperature (20, 23, and 25°C). However, whole length, hypocotyl length, and sprout yield were highly increased at 23°C compared to 20 and 25°C. Especially, PI269803 and PI343300 showed higher sprout yield than the others. In addition, the effect of the change of germination temperature on antioxidant properties was estimated by measuring total phenolic content (TPC) and free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABST activity). TPC and DPPH/ABST activities of PI269803 and PI343300 were higher at 23°C than at 20 and 25°C, while antioxidant properties of PI343278 and PI343283 were decreased in a temperaturedependent manner. The results show a high degree of correlation between TPC and antioxidant activities and suggest that the temperature change for pea sprouting could be responsible for antioxidant properties. Taken together, these results provide optimal cultivation conditions for pea sprouting and suggest that PI269803 and PI343300 with high sprout yield and antioxidant properties could be used for pea sprouts.

본 연구는 강낭콩 싹나물의 재배시 재배온도에 따른 싹나물의 재배특성 및 항산화 활성을 분석하여 강낭콩을 이용한 채소용 싹나물 재배방법 구명과, 강낭콩 싹나물이 가진 성분 및 활성 등을 분석하여 최적 재배 조건을 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 1.강낭콩 싹나물 재배를 위하여 20℃, 23℃ 및 25℃의 온도에서 5일간 재배한 결과 전장 및 배축장은 23℃에서 재배하였을 경우 가장 우수하게 재배되었으며, 배축직경의 경우는 온도와 상관없이 모두 유사하게 재배되었다. 2.재배온도별 강낭콩 싹나물의 불완전발아율 및 수율을 측정한 결과 재배온도별로 큰 차이를 보였으며, 20℃ 및 25℃에서 재배 시 50%가 넘는 불완전발아율을 보였으나, 23℃에서는 10% 내외로 나타났다. 3.강낭콩 싹나물의 재배온도별 조지방 및 조단백질 함량을 분석한 결과 재배온도 및 강낭콩 품종에 따라 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 4.재배온도(20℃, 23℃ 및 25℃) 및 일수(0일, 3일, 5일 및 7일)별 강낭콩 싹나물의 폴리페놀 함량 및 라디칼 소거능을 측정한 결과 재배온도 및 일수가 증가함에 따라 폴리페놀 함량 및 라디칼 소거능이 증가하였으며, 특히 23℃에서 재배 시 가장 높은 폴리페놀 함량 및 라디칼 소거능을 나타냈다.

본 연구는 우리나라 기상여건을 고려하여 콩 생육초기에 습해 저항성 자원을 선발하여 내습성 콩 품종의 조기육성 및 유전적 요인을 구명하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였던 바, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.1.국내 콩 주요 품종 및 보존 유전자원 등 192점에 대한 담수처리에 의한 생존율에 따라 습해 저항성과 감수성으로 분류하였다. 그 결과, 장백콩, 단백콩, 소원콩, 소청2호, 수원269는 습해 저항성 자원으로 선발되었다. 신록, T181, T201, NTS1116, HP-963은 습해 감수성 자원으로 선발되었다. 2.습해처리에 의해 발현이 증가된다고 보고된 유전자들 APX1, APX2, Adh의 발현을 분석한 결과 유전자들의 발현이 증가하였으며, 이로 미루어 습해처리가 정상적으로 처리되었음을 알 수 있다.3.1차 선발된 습해 저항성 및 감수성 자원에 습해를 처리하였을 때, 저항성 자원은 생존율이 71% 이상, 감수성 자원은 25% 이하의 생존율을 나타내었다. 1차 선발된 습해 저항성 및 감수성 자원에 대한 재현성을 확인하였다.4.부정근은 습해 저항성 자원에서 17.3~41.3개, 감수성 자원에서 0~9개를 나타내었다. 습해 감수성 자원에 비해 습해 저항성 자원에서 부정근이 상대적으로 많이 발달함을 확인할 수 있었다.5.주근의 길이는 저항성 자원에서는 0~25% 정도 감소한 반면 감수성 자원에서는 44~60% 감소한 것으로 조사되었다. 측근의 수는 감수성 자원에서는 37~65%로 감소하였지만 저항성 자원에서는 8~67% 증가하였다.

본 연구는 고 전분 함유 유용 유전자원 선발 및 콩 우량품종 육성의 기초자료로 활용하고자 국내 콩 주요 품종 및 보존 유전자원의 전분함량과 변이 양상을 분석하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1.총 2354점 국내 콩 주요 품종 및 보존 유전자원에 대한 요오드-전분 반응에 의한 착색 정도에 따라 1에서 4등급으로 분류를 하였으며, 대부분의 콩 유전자원이 2∼3등급으로 분류되었고, 가장 강한 착색 반응을 보인 4등급으로 126점의 유전자원이 선발되었다2.전분함량의 정량적 분석을 수행한 결과, 1, 2등급으로 분류된 유전자원 Daewang, Soheonje, Jyuiku #109는 각각 0.57, 0.45, 0.54%의 낮은 전분함량을 나타내었다. 반면, 4등급으로 분류된 유전자원은 2.81∼4.55%의 상대적으로 높은 전분함량을 보여 요오드-전분 반응법은 유전자원의 대량검정에 유용하게 이용할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.3.각 유전자원에서 전분함량의 차이가 다른 구성 성분의 함량에 영향을 미치는지를 알아보기 위해, 조단백질함량, 조지방함량, 수분함량을 각각 측정하였다. 전분함량의 변화는 조단백질 함량 변화에 영향을 미치며, 조지방과 수분함량의 변화에 영향이 없음을 확인하였다.