Background : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of soluble silicate and germanium on the characteristics of soil and growth in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivated in blue-white plastic houses. Methods and Results : Seedlings (n = 63 per 3.3 ㎡) of Korean ginseng cultivar were planted on April 10, 2015. Shading material of plastic house [8 m (W) × 3.5 m (H) × 50 m (L)] was blue-white vinyl. From May to September of each year, 1,000 times diluted sol. of germanium and silicate and these mixed solutions were drenched once a month. The chemical properties of the soil are as follows : pH, EC, organic content, and P2O5 of the soil were within the proper range, and the Mg content of the Ex-cations was lower than the standard value in 3 treatments except treatment of germanium 1,000 times. The total nitrogen content was 0.13 - 0.14%, which was higher than the optimum value. The number of soil microorganisms (Actinomycetes etc.) was higher in the treatment than in the non-treatment of inorganic components. The photosynthetic rate of ginseng leaves was 2.25 μmole CO2/㎡/s in the non-treatment and 2.91 to 3.17 μmole CO2/㎡/s in the inorganic treated. The growth characteristics of the aerial parts (leaf and stem) of the ginseng plants were generally better than that of non-treatment. Especially, in the treatment with silicate 1,000 times showed better growth, leaf area and leaf width growth. The growth of the underground part (root weight etc.) were also better than non-treatment. Specially, at 1,000 ppm treatment with soluble silicate, the root length and diameter were longer and the weight was was 72.2 g per plant. The ginsenoside content of each treatment is under analysis. The disease incidence (Alternaria panax etc.) rate was 20.1% in the untreated and 6.4% to 10.0% in the inorganic components treatment. Conclusion : By soil drench of inorganic compononts such as soluble silicate in ginseng blue-white plastic house cultivation, the growth of the aerial and root parts in ginseng were more improved than non-treatment. There are a lot of soil microorganism and less disease.

Background : The cultivation area of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz is 156 ㏊ ('16), which is one of my representative medicinal crops. However, since it grows by roots, the damage of the repeated cultivation and the degeneration of the seedstock are increasing. To solve these problems, we are developing new varieties every year by testing the regional adaptability of high quality system. In recent years, as the quality and quantity of new varieties have been proven to increase, the need for continuous development of excellent varieties is increasing. Methods and Results : The test material used a jihwang-1 as standard variety, the system was planted in 3-year (RGES 20), 2-year (RGES 21, 22, 23) and 3-year (RGES 24, 25). The root lengths were cut at intervals of about 2 to 3 ㎝ and immersed for 20 minutes in a fludioxonil suspension concentrate (1,000-fold dilution) and shaded for 1 day. Sowing was planted on April 30th, and planting interval was 30 ㎝ × 15 ㎝. Growth investigation was carried out on the overground growing (plant length, leaf length, leaf number, plant type, etc) and degree of generation of pests. As a result of the growth investigation, the third year RGES 20, the second year RGES 22, and the first year RGES 25 were excellent. RGES 20 was upright type and superior in overground growing, RGES 22 had strong pest resistance. RGES 25 was characterized by strong at high temperature, but growth is not as good as other high quality system. Conclusion : Recently, the difficulty of cultivation of zucchini has been increasing due to abnormal weather. Especially in this year, high temperature of 35℃ or more continued for about 30 days, and the need to cultivate varieties resistant to high temperatures is increasing. Therefore, it is expected that RGES 25 can be registered as a promising strain that is resistant to high temperature if the yield is corrected.

Background : Medicinal crops the importance of good agricultural practice (GAP) cultivation is increasing, but the number of GAP-certified farms is decreasing because of the decrease and undeveloped application of medicinal crops. In the case of Artemisia capillaris Thunb., GAP cultivation is difficult because there is no registered application agricultural pesticides. The insect pests that occur mainly in apples are Aphis gossypii. Especially, if the high temperature is continued as in this year, the incidence rate increases rapidly, which greatly affects the growth delay. Therefore, this study was conducted to select the application agricultural pesticides of A. gossypii for the stable production of GAP in A. capillaris. Methods and Results : Three-years-old (Jangsu, Jinan) A. capillaris were used as test materials. The treated medicines (2,000-fold dilution) were acetamiprid wet table powder (WP), clothianidin suspension concentrate (SC), imidacloprid WP and thiacloprid SC. To investigate the phytotoxicity, 2 times of medicine (1,000-fold dilution) was treated. The medicinal effect was confirmed at 3 and 7 days after the treatment of the medicinal stuff, and the phytotoxicity was investigated from symptoms appearing in the stem and leaf. As a result of treatment, in Jinan area, the treatment rate was more than 80% in all treatment chemicals on the 3 day after treatment, but on the 7 day, acetamiprid WP and clothianidin SC remained more than 80%. In the jangsu area, only the imidacloprid WP was less than 80% on the 3 day of treatment, but on the 7 day, acetamiprid WP and imidacloprid WP were maintained more than 80%. In particular, thiacloprid SC had a high control rate of 93% on the 3 day, but as the fell rapidly to 32% on the 7 day, It is considered that the persistence of medicinal effect is low. Conclusion : The results of medicines treatment for A. gossypii control showed that the control efficacy was higher than 80% until the 3 day of treatment, but the efficacy decreased at 7 day. The medicines with high control rate were acetamiprid WP, and the control rate was maintained more than 80% from 3 day to 7 day. Therefore, appropriate conclusions were obtained for the applied medicine.

Background : Cirsium japonicum is a perennial medicinal crop, characterized by the fact that it does not bloom in the first year. Therefore, annual C. japonicum leaves and roots are used as medicinal materials, and biennial do not harvest for seed gathering. In addition, thistle has a very low germination rate, which means that it takes a lot of seed in planting. In order to solve these problems, we conduct to determine the optimum maturity stage and the location of the inflorescence in C. japonicum. Methods and Results : The test material was a biennial C. japonicum. The harvesting time was sampled at intervals of 10 days (7 treatments) from the beginning of June to the beginning of August, and the location of the inflorescence was sampled from 1 to 3 inflorescence, 4 to 6 inflorescence, and 7 to 9 inflorescence. The buds collected for seed selection were dried for 10 days and used as germination test seeds. Seeds to investigated germination rate were soaked in 70% alcohol for 10 minutes and then washed with distilled water. Then, 20 seeds were arranged in a petri-dish, After standing at 25℃ for 7 days, germinated seeds were counted. As a result of the germination rate, at the beginning of June, the germination rate of seeds collected from 1 to 3 inflorescence was the highest at 35%. In the middle of June, it decreased by 2 times to 3.8%, and the germination rate tended to decrease as location of the inflorescence was lowered. In late June, it decreased to 1 - 2%, and most seeds collected after July did not germinate. The decrease of germination rate according to the harvesting time and the location of the inflorescence, it is considered that sufficient nutrients are delivered in the early stage but the number of immature seeds is decreased as the amount of nutrients is decreased. Conclusion : Appropriate sampling methods for the production of high quality seed in C. japonicum, the germination rate could be maximized by sampling from 1 to 3 inflorescence at the beginning of June. but, sufficient nutrient supply is required to increase the ripened seeds. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate further research on the additional fertilizer technology.

Background : We examined the inorganic compounds, compressive strength, yield, and functional substances of five steam-treated deciduous tree species to address the problem of the low degradation activity of conventional oak trees in the cultivation of Gastrodia elata in indoor facilities. Methods and Results : With the exception of Ca in cherry blossom tree (CBT), the content of the major inorganic elements (N, P, Mg, K, and Ca) in alternative trees were 1.5 - 3.6, 1.3 - 2.6, 3.3 - 5.3, 4.4 - 7.5, and 0.9 - 3.9 times those in oak (control group), respectively. The content of trace elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn) were equivalent to or slightly lower than those in oak, depending on tree species. The compressive strength of alternative trees was 9.3%–34.9% lower than that of oak. The compressive strength after steaming was lower in the order CBT (8.0%), mulberry tree (MBT: 7.0%), chestnut tree (CNT: 7.2%), Siebold's crab (SBC: 6.9%), black locust (BLL: 6.1%), and oak (5.4%). The total weight of oak was 893 g in comparison with the 1,107, 902, 952, 813, and 813 g of MBT, CNT, CBT, SBC, and BLL, respectively. The mature tuber and seed tuber ratios were 31%, 34%, 32%, 32%, 34%, and 30%, and 67%, 75%, 68%, 70%, 73%, and 65%, respectively. The yield index increased overall by 1% - 14%. Total weight after steaming increased by 10%, 18%, 14%, 16%, 20%, and 12% in oak, MBT, CNT, CBT, SCB, and BLL, respectively. Mature tuber and seed tuber ratios after steaming increased by 1%, 1%, 0%, 1%, and 2%, and 5%, 3%, 7%, 2%, 5%, and 5%, respectively. There were no significant difference among tree species in drying ratio, hardness, chromaticity for quality comparisons, and steaming. However, the results of functional substance analysis revealed significant differences in gastrodin, gastrodigenin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and ergothioneine according to tree species. Conclusion : From the above results, we may believed that five tree species including MBT might have useful as alternative to oak when the cultivation of G. elata in Indoor Facilities.

This study was investigated the effect of immature rhizome production according to harvest times-based treatment method for seed production of Gastrodia elata. The results revealed that when the tuber weight of G. elata harvested in spring (GEHS) was ≥ 100 g, the rate of artificial fertilization, protocorm formation, and immature rhizome formation was 90.9%–94.8%, 3.1%–5.4%, and 10.1%–15.3%, respectively. When G. elata harvested in fall (GEHF) was treated at a low temperature for 4 weeks or more, the rate of artificial fertilization, protocorm formation, and immature rhizome formation was 70.4%–87.6%, 2.2%–2.6%, 8.7%–9.5%, respectively. Therefore, to produce seeds and immature rhizomes, GEHS must have tubers of more than 100 g, whereas GEHF requires breaking dormancy by low-temperature treatment for 4 weeks or more. Compared with those of GEHS, the rate of artificial fertilization, protocorm formation, and immature rhizome formation was lower in GEHF; however, it was higher than those in the natural germination state. Thus, it can be expected that G. elata can be produced throughout the year by ensuring that the seeds and immature rhizomes of G. elata are produced using a constant tuber weight and by breaking dormancy with low temperature treatment.

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the differences of growth characteristics, photosynthetic rate and ginsenoside content of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer according to the covering materials during house cultivation. Also the results of this study will be used as basic data for the standardization of ginseng house cultivation. Methods and Results : This experiment site was conducted from March to October, 2017 in the house located in Jinan - gun, Jeollabuk-do. The ginseng cultivar used in the experiment was a violet stem variant of 4-years-old. There are three kinds of covering materials used in the experiments: polyethylene (PE) film, scattering film, and blue-white film. PE film and the scattering film were first coated with 85% of light shielding net after the first installation, and then secondly coated with 75% and 30% of the light shielding net respectively in the middle of May when the house temperature reached 25℃. The blue-white film was cultivated after the initial installation without further treatment. The light transmittance of each covering materials were in the order of scattering film (14.5 ± 1.5%), blue-white film (10.0 ± 1.0%) and PE film (6.7 ± 1.0%). The average photosynthetic rate of each treatment was in the order of scattering film (2.94 μmol CO2/㎡/s), blue film (2.71 μmol CO2/㎡/s) and PE film (2.34 μmol CO2/㎡/s). Aboveground growth characteristics of ginseng were good in a scattering film and blue-white film. Root weights were found in the order of scattering film (47.1 g/plant) > blue-green film (41.3 g/plant) > PE film (37.6 g/plant). Conclusion : In order to select proper covering materials for ginseng house cultivation, the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of each treatment were compared with each other in order of scattering film, blue-white film and PE film. The photosynthetic rate of each treatment was measured according to the growing season. PE film was relatively low during the entire growth period. In the case of scattering film and blue-white film, the rate of photosynthesis was higher in the scattering film with high light transmittance until May, but showed a similar tendency after July. As a result, the difference in the growth characteristics of ginseng is thought to be due to differences in photosynthesis and assimilation according to the coating materials.

Background : To develop a new cultivation technique which can save the labor and harvest cost in Cynanchum wilfordii. Stable production is possible for soil and container cultivation. Therefore, this test was conducted to evaluate the reuse effect that can reduce the cost of culture soil. Methods and Results : Container standards were used plume tube of diameter 30 ㎝ × height 50 ㎝. The blending ratios of reuse cultivation soil were 60% cocopeat, 10% peatmoss, 6% pearlite, 6% vermiculite, 5% zeolite, and 5% char. To this, 0, 10, 20, and 30% of composts containing 45% of fowl droppings and 5% of cattle dung were added to the culture soil and mixed. In each treatment C. wilfordii seedling were planted, and the overground growing and yield ability were examined. After harvesting, the functional components contents (cynanoneside B, wilfoside C1N, and p-hydroxyacetophenone) of C. wilfordii conventional cultivation and container cultivation (culture soil) were analyzed. As a result, the growth of overgrown crops showed better tendency as the compost content increased. However, the growth and yield of undergrowth increased by 182% (164.7 ㎏/10 a → 282 ㎏/10 a) compared to no addition at 20% mixing ratio. The content of functional ingredients according to cultivation method and skin was not different all in cynanoneside B, wilfoside C1N, and p-hydroxyacetophenone. Therefore, it was a larger tendency that the classification according to whether it was skined (existence and nonexistence) than the cultivation method. In the economic analysis, it was found that when the cultivation soil was reused by adding 20% compost, the profit of 680,000 won/10 a was increased. Conclusion : Soil and container cultivation was effective saving method for harvesting ease of C. wilfordi, harvest yield was increased by 66%. Also, container cultivation was effective the cost cutting of installation dismantlement and redres since no need to move the cultivation area. As the cultivation soil can be reused, it can be expected to maximize the utilization in container cultivation of deep rooting medicinal crops as well as Cynanchum wilfordii.

Background : This experiment was conducted to study the characteristics of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) growth by LED artificial light source in the plastic house using multi-stage cultivation facility and artificial soil. Methods and Results : Seedlings of Korean ginseng cultivar cultivated from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm by adjusting the ratio of 1 : 1, 2 : 1 and 3 : 1 for red light and blue light for the LED light quality test. Controls were tested by treating the white light (fluorescent lamps) for the same time. The average temperature inside the plastic house remained above 25℃, then below 25℃ after mid-August and below 20℃ after mid-September. The temperature near the roots of the artificial soils was higher than 26℃ in late July and early August and lowered to 20℃ or lower in all treatments in September. The pH of the soil was in the standard range, but the EC value was 2.89 in the soil before the test and 5.83 in the white light treatment, higher than the standard range of 1.0. The light intensities were 95.3 μmol and 94.9 μmol in the 3 : 1 and 2 : 1 ratios of red and blue light, respectively. The photosynthetic rate was 1.72 μmole CO2/㎡/s in 3 : 1 treatment and 1.9 times higher than white light treatment. As the red light ratio increased, the light amount and photosynthetic rate increased. Growth characteristics of aerial parts (plant height, leaf length etc.) by LED irradiation were longer than that of white light treatment in the 2 : 1 or 3 : 1 treatment of red light and blue light. The root length was the longest at 13.7 ㎝ in the 3 : 1 treatment of red and blue light, taproot length were 6.9 ㎝ and 6.6 ㎝ in the 2 : 1 treatment and 3 : 1 treatment, respectively, longer than 4.3 ㎝ in white light. Root fresh weight was the heaviest (3.6 g/plant) in 3 : 1 treatment for red and green lights. Conclusion : It was confirmed that the rate of photosynthesis of Korean ginseng was higher than that of white light treatment and the growth characteristics of aerial and root parts were excellent at the ratio of 3 : 1 of LED red light and blue light in plastic house using multi-stage cultivation facility and artificial soil.

Background : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of inorganic compounds (germanium etc) on the characteristics of growth and ginsenoside contents in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) cultivated in plastic houses. Methods and Results : The experiments were performed in the Jinan (elevation: 300 meters above sea level). Seedlings (n = 72 per 3.3㎡) of Korean ginseng cultivar were planted on March 23, 2015. Shading material of plastic house was blue-white vinyl. From May to September of each year, 500 and 1,000 times diluted solution of germanium and silicate and these mixed solutions were drenched once a month. The chemical properties of the soil are as follows : pH, EC, organic content, and P2O5 of the soil were within the proper range, and the Mg content of the Ex-cations was lower than the standard value in 3 treatments, including 500 times solution of silicate. The rate of photosynthesis in Korean ginseng leaves were 2.2 - 2.5 μmole CO2/㎡/s in germanium and silicate treatment than in the non-treatment (1.5 μmole CO2/㎡/s). In the mixed treatment of silicate and germanium, the growth characteristics of the aerial parts (leaf and stem) of the Korean ginseng plants tended to be higher and longer than the other treatments. In a mixed germanium and silicate treatment, the root length was 33.3 ㎝, diameter was 23.5 ㎜, and the weight was the best at 53.8 g. The ginsenoside content was 16.8 ㎎/g in germanium treatment, 16.3 ㎎/g in germanium + silicate treatment. These were 37% and 33% higher than the control, respectively. The incidence of disease such as Alternaria panax was less in the inorganic treatment than in the non-treatment, and the incidence of disease was significantly decreased in the treatment with germanium + silicate. Conclusion : By soil drench of inorganic ingredients in Korean ginseng plastic house cultivation, the growth of the aerial and root parts in ginseng were more improved than non-treatment and ginsenoside content was increased and decreased the incidence of disease.

Background : The purpose of this study was to establish the optimum organic compost composition and fertilizer application for nutrient management during the cultivation of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in the greenhouse. Methods and Results : Wood chips, popped rice hulls, and mixed expeller cake were mixed with certain contents, fermented microorganisms were added, and fermented for about 100 days to produce organic composts. Organic compost was applied to the greenhouse soils at a rate of 1,500 – 3,000 ㎏/10 a, and the Korean ginseng seedlings were planted (2015) and cultivated. The growth and quality characteristics of 4-years-old Korean ginseng were investigated as follows. In all treatments, the emergence date were April 17, and the emergence rate were 70 - 74%. Soil chemical properties such as pH (6.7 - 6.8) and trace element Ca (7.9 - 9.2 cmol+/㎏) were higher than the standard values, and EC, P2O5 and OM were appropriate. Disease incidence rate were less than 0.2% in the control (treatments of livestock manure compost 1,500 ㎏/10 a) and treatment 3 (wood chips 60% + popped rice hulls 40%), but there were no disease in other treatments. Plant growth such as plant height, leaf length, and stem diameter were superior to treatment 1 (wood chips 20% + popped rice hulls 80%), and growth of underground part such as root length were excellent in treatment 1 as a whole. In particular, in the application of 1,500 - 2,000 ㎏ of treatment 1, root weight (39.9 g, 42.3 g/plant, respectively) were superior to the other treatments. In general, as woodchip content and usage amount increase, root weight tended to decrease. Conclusion : It is considered appropriate to apply 1,500 - 2,000 ㎏/10 a of fermented compost of organic material which is mixed with wood chips (20%) and popped rice hulls (80%) with mixed expeller cake when growing Korean ginseng in the plastic house covered with blue-white vinyl.

Recently, an interest has developed in the use of whole green grains as functional food materials. The present study was conducted to provide the baseline data for the stable production of whole green grains in 20 cultivars of wheat by investigating the greenness of grain with maturation (from 20 th to 41 st day after heading, at an interval of 3 days). On the 20 th day after heading, the grains were dark green with a wrinkled long-oval shape. After the 35 th day of heading, the grains turned almost yellow with an oval shape. Their redness (‘a’ value of chromaticity) increased from the 20 th to 41 st days after heading, indicating a negative value up to the 32 nd day after heading. A significant decrease in their chlorophyll content was observed with maturation. The yield of whole green wheat grain (including greenish yellow grain) was the highest from the 32 nd to 35 th after heading. Therefore, we concluded that the optimal harvesting period for whole green wheat grain was from the 32 nd to 35 th day after heading. The heading time of various cultivars ranged from April 28 to May 5, the time of Jopummil cultivar grew the fastest among them, such as Gurumil, Alchanmil, but Dahongmil got the latest in heading time. The greenness of seven cultivars (Jeokjungmil, Keumkangmil, Jogyeongmil, Jopummil, Baekjungmil, Yeonbaekmil, and Milseongmil) was relatively higher than that of the others. The yield of greenish whole grain was relatively high in six cultivars (Alchanmil, Baekjungmil, Eunpamil, Yeonbaekmil, Dahongmil, and Urimil). Based on their greenness and yield, the Baekjungmil and Yeonbaekmil cultivars have been considered to be optimal for the production of whole green wheat grain.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different sowing times (May 25, June 10, June 25, July 10, and July 25) on growth and yield of four proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) cultivars (Hwanggeumkijang, Manghongchal, Ibaekchal, and Hwangsilchal) at a cultivation area in Iksan, Jeonbuk Province. Heading and ripening times were delayed, with later sowing times in all cultivars, and the periods for heading and ripening were shortened. For sowing from May 25 to July 25, the growth stage was shorter by 40 days in Manghongchal, 38 days in Hwanggeumkijang, 36 days in Hwangsilchal, and 30 days in Ibaekchal. The culm length, ear length, ear width, and culm diameter differed significantly between the cultivars and sowing times. In particular, the culm and ear lengths were considerably reduced when the sowing time was delayed. The grain yield (kg/10a) of Hwanggeumkijang and Ibaekchal was 312 and 359 kg, respectively, for sowing on June 10; and that of Manhongchal and Hwangsilchal was 286 and 404 kg, respectively, for sowing on June 25. Thus, the optimum sowing time was June 25 for Hwanggeumkijang and Ibaekchal, and June 10 for Manhongchal and Hwangsilchal.

In order to produce the high quality of dried-ear mushroom, various drying methods such as hot-air drying at 40~80˚C, freeze drying and drying in vinyl house were carried out. Drying hours of hot-air drying, freeze drying and drying in vinyl house were 12.5~21.5, 36.0 and 72.0 hrs, respectively. Vitamin D2 content of sample was the highest as 6.77μg/g DW in drying in vinyl house and then followed by freeze drying as 5.90μg/g DW and hot-air drying as 1.89~5.01μg/g DW. After dry, external appearance and color of mushrooms applied hot-air drying and drying in vinyl house were better than freeze-dried one. After rehydration, water uptake of sample in drying in vinyl house and hot-air drying at 50~60˚C were 17.8 and 19.3~21.0 times, respectively. The methods of drying in vinyl house and hot-air drying at 50~60˚C also led to high hardness, good shape and resilience. As the results of production of dried-ear mushroom with high quality, we suggest that the best method for drying is the drying in vinyl house due to not only high vitamin D2 content, good external appearance and color after drying but also high hardness and good shape after rehydration.