The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of α-linolenic acid (ALA) on viability, acrosome reaction and mitochondrial intact in frozen-thawed boar sperm. The boar semen was collected by gloved-hand method and cryopreserved in 20% egg yolk freezing extender containing ALA (0, 3, 5, and 10 ng/mL) with 0.05% ethanol. The frozen-boar spermatozoa were thawed at 37.5°C for 45 sec in water-bath. The spermatozoa samples were evaluated the plasma membrane integrity, acrosome reaction, and mitochondrial integrity using flow cytometry. In results, population of live sperm with intact plasma membrane was significantly higher in control and 3 ng/mL ALA treatment group than ethanol group (p<0.05). In contract, dying sperms were higher in ethanol group than 3 ng/mL ALA treatment (p<0.05). Acrosomal membrane damage in all sperm population was reduced in 3 ng/mL ALA groups compared with ethanol treatment (p<0.05). However, acrosome damage in live sperm population was no significant difference among the all treatment groups. Mitochondrial integrity was not influenced by ALA treatments in both of live and all sperm population. In conclusion, this results show that supplement of ALA during the cryopreservation process could reduce the membrane damages including plasma and acrosomal membrane, whereas ALA did not influence to mitochondria in boar spermatozoa. Therefore, these results suggest that ALA can protect against the membrane damage derived cryo-stress, and cryopreservation efficiency of boar semen would be improved by use of ALA.

The objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of nicotinic acid during in vitro fertilization (IVF) in frozen-thawed bull sperm . The ejaculated semen was diluted with Triladyl containing 20% egg-yolk and cryopreserved in liquid notrigen. The frozen sperm was thawed for 45 seconds in the 38℃ water bath. Sperm was diluted with IVF medium (Bovine-Oviduct medium; BO) containing 0, 15, 30 and 60 mM nicotinic acid (NA), which were incubated at 39℃, 5% CO2 for 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4h. The characteristics of frozen-thawed sperm were estimated with SYBR14/PI double staining for viability, FITC-PNA/PI for outer acrosomal membrane damage and Rhodamine123/PI for mitochondrial integrity using flow cytometry. And the sperm ability was analysed by Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining for acrosome reaction state and Rose bengal staining for abnormality. Acrosome reaction and abnormality were analyzed using a microscope. In results, sperm viability was significantly higer in 30 mM group than 0 and 15 mM groups at 1 and 2 h (p<0.05). Outer acrosomal membrane damage was significantly lower in 30 mM group than 0 and 15 mM groups at 1, 2 and 4 h (p<0.05). And mitochondrial integrity was significantly higher in 30 mM group than 0 and 15 mM groups at 2 and 4 h (p<0.05). Also, acrosome reaction was significantly lower in 30 mM than 0 and 15 mM groups at 1 and 2 h (p<0.05) and abnormality was lower NA groups than 0 group at 1 h (p<0.05). In couclusion, we suggest that using the thawing medium containing NA for sperm dilution can be benefical for IVF in bulls

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of sperm cryosurvival in boar sperm separated by Percoll containing antioxidant enzymes. The boar semen was collected into a pre-warmed (37℃) thermos bottle by gloved-hand method and was separated by 65% Percoll with superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) before freezing. The frozen sperm was thawed at 38.5℃ for 45 sec in water-bath for sperm characteristic analysis. The sperm were estimated with SYBR14/PI double staining for viability, FITC-PNA/PI double staining for acrosome reaction, Rhodamine123/PI double staining for mitochondrial integrity and were analyzed using flow cytometry. In results, sperm viability, acrosome reaction and mitochondrial integrity were improved in separated sperm groups compared with unseparated sperm by Percoll (UP) group. Especially, viability was significantly higher in sperm separated by Percoll containing 400 IU CAT group compared with other groups (P<0.05). And acrosome reaction was decreased in sperm separated by Percoll with 300 IU SOD, 400 IU CAT and 0.5 mM GSH groups compared with other groups, however, there were no significantly difference mitochondrial integrity among sperm separated by Percoll with antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, we suggest that use of Percoll containing antioxidant enzymes for sperm separation will be beneficial for sperm cryopreservation in pigs.

In order to achieve successful in vitro production of embryo, it is necessary to establish intrauterine environment during in vitro culture. Thus, this study was investigated to establish embryo culture system using co-incubated collagen matrix gel (CM) with endometrial epithelial cells (EC). Endometrial epithelial cells were isolated from porcine endometrium at follicular phase, the cells seeded in insert dish for co-incubation with CM-coated culture dish. Then, culture media treated with/without 2.0 IU/ml hCG or 10 ng/ml IL-1β. After incubation for 24 h, the co-incubated insert dishes were removed from CM-coated culture dish before embryo culture. Embryos at 48 h after in vitro fertilization (IVF) were cultured on the dish for 120 h with porcine zygote medium. We determined PTGS-2 expression in the ECs, VEGF protein in co-incubated CM with EC and observed cleavage rate and blastocyst development of embryos at 168 h after IVF. In result, expression of PTGS-2 was higher at co-incubated EC with hCG and IL-1β groups than EC without hCG and IL-1β. The VEGF protein was detected at co-incubated CM with EC, EC treated with hCG and IL-1β groups higher than CM group. Also, cleavage rate was no significantly difference among all group, however, blastocyst development was significantly higher in co-incubated CM with EC treated with hCG group than un-treated groups (p<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that novel embryo culture system using co-incubated collagen matrix gel with endometrial epithelial cells treated with IL-1β is beneficial and useful for enhancing the production of porcine blastocysts in vitro.

저작물의 이용 활성화를 위해 현행 한국 저작 권법상 존재하는 보상금 제도, 법정허락 제도와의 비교를 통해 확대된 집중관리 제도의 도입 여부 및 적용 가능 범위에 대해 살펴본다. 확대된 집중 관리 제도는 기존의 제도로 해결할 수 없는 부분, 즉 권리자의 권리를 상당부분 제한하는 것이 정당 화될 만큼의 공익적인 사유 등이 있는 것은 아니지만 디지털 시대로의 변화에 따라 저작물의 신속 한 대량 이용이 필요한 경우 확대된 집중관리 제도가 활용될 수 있다. 물론 확대된 집중관리 제도가 저작물의 이용 활성화뿐만 아니라 저작권자의 권리를 보호하여 문화 산업의 발전에 이바지하도록 운용되기 위해서는 집중관리단체의 대표성 및 신뢰성이 확보되고, 권리자의 거부권 및 보상청 구권이 실질적으로 행사될 수 있도록 권리자의 저작물이 확대된 집중관리 단체에 의해 관리되고 있음을 고지하는 시스템의 존재가 선행되어야 할 것이다.

Three-dimensional (3D) culture system is useful technique for study of in vivo environment and it was used various experiments. This study was investigated to establish of embryo co-culture system and changes of PAs activity in 3D cultured endometrial cells of pigs. In results, growth of stromal cells into gel matrix were detected only with endometrial and myometrial cells. The most rapid growth of stromal cells were confirmed in 2.5x105cells/ml and gel matrix containing 15% FBS. Expression of urokinase-PA (uPA) after treatment of hCG (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 IU/ml) were higher than without hCG, but, there are not significant difference among the treatment. On the other hand, expression of uPA after treatment of IL-1β (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml) were higher than without IL-1β, but, there are not significant difference. Expression of uPA after treatment of estrogen (0.2, 2, 20 and 200 ng/ml) were not difference, but PA activity was significantly decreased (p＜0.05). Blastocyst was producing in PZM-3 medium containing FBS and endometrial cells were grown in PZM-3 medium. When embryos development with cultured endometrial cells, cleavage rates were not significant difference and blastocyst were not produced in co-culture with stromal cells and 3D culture system. 3D culture system had similar activity to in vivo tissue and these features are very useful for study of in vivo physiology. Nevertheless 3D culture system was not proper in embryo co-culture system. Therefore, we suggest that 3D culture system with embryo co-culture need continuous research.

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme during in vitro development with washing culture oil in porcine embryos. During the culture, the four types of culture oil such as paraffin oil with or without washing and mineral oil with or without washing were examined. The oil was washed with PZM-3 during 7 days and collected oil only. The embryos were stained with CellTrackerTM Red, DC-FDA and Hoechst 33342 to confirm the effects of the oil. As a results, Cleavage rates and total cell number were no difference among the four oil groups. However, ≥16 cell embryos were significantly different in fore type oil treat-ment and blastocyst rate was significantly higher washing paraffin treatment than in other group(p<0.05). Also, the expression of free radical were lower in washing paraffin oil than in other groups (p<0.05). On the other hand, the expression of glutathione were not significant different among paraffin oil with or without washing and mineral oil with or without washing, however washing paraffin oil and washing mineral groups were higher than other treat-ment groups. In conclusion, the washing oil was expected with positive effects on in vitro development in porcine embryos.

본 연구는 대학생을 대상으로 하여 컴포트 푸드(comfort food)의 구성요인과 종류, 그리고 희노애락의 4개 정 서에 따른 컴포트 푸드의 섭취에 성차가 존재하는가를 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 대학생 425명을 연구 참가 자로 선정하여 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 남학생과 여학생 모두에서 따뜻함과 위안을 주는 음식, 즐 거운 추억을 떠올리게 하는 음식, 맛있는 음식을 컴포트 푸드의 개념으로 가장 높게 지각하고 있었으며, 음식 외 적 요소에서 부담 없는 음식, 편리한 음식을 컴포트 푸드의 개념으로 가장 낮게 지각하고 있었다. 그러나 건강을 고려한 음식에서는 여자가 남자보다 컴포트 푸드로 더 적합하게 생각하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 컴포트 푸드의 종류로 남자는 고기류, 찌개 및 백반, 술을 보고하였고, 여자는 찌개 및 백반, 과일 및 야채, 고기류를 보고하였 다. 남자가 음식종류를 선호하고 여자가 스낵 종류를 선호한다는 가설을 지지되지 않았다. 셋째, 제시된 4개의 정서에 따라 섭취하는 컴포트 푸드의 종류를 살펴본 결과, 부정적 정서를 경험하는 상황에서는 남녀 모두 주로 술, 초콜릿, 매운 음식 그리고 음료를 선호하고 있었으며, 긍정적 정서를 경험하는 상황에서는 남녀 모두 치킨이 공통적으로 선호되었으며 여학생들은 다양한 음식들을 컴포트 푸드로 선택한 것에 반해 남학생들은 술을 주요 상위권의 음식으로 선택하고 있었다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 제한점과 후속연구에 대해서 논의하였다.

This experiment was conducted to investigate effect of brine mineral water (BMW) on growth performance and properties of blood in weaning pigs. Treatments allotted were 0% (general water), 2%, 3% and 5% BMW. In growth trial, a total of 36 weaning pig barrows [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] weaned after 21 days with an average initial weight of 5.38±0.89 kg were used. Each treatment had 3 replications of 3 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Weaning pigs were investigated for growth performance, complete blood corpuscle count and blood biochemical assay. In results, growth performance of 2% and 3% treatment groups were significantly higher than other groups (p<0.05). In addition, high density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 2% group than other treatment groups. On the other hand, mean corpuscular volume of supplement of BMW treatment groups were significantly (p<0.05) increased than control. Therefore, this study suggests that supplementation of BMW could improve growth performance and level of red blood cell in weaning pigs.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between fertility and protein pattern change using in vitro fertilization, analysis of sperm characteristics and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in different pig types. In results, the viability and mitochondria integrity of sperm were higher significantly (p<0.05) but the portions of ac-rosome reaction was lower significantly (p<0.05) in Duroc and F1 (potbellied×PWG miniature pig) than PWG minia-ture. On in vitro fertilization to investigate fertility, the fertility of F1 semen war higher significantly (p<0.05) than in Duroc and PWG miniature pig. On the other hand, protein patterns showed similar function among the different boar semen. Especially, the heat shock 70 kDa 1-like and G patch domain-containing protein 4 were significantly (p<0.05) higher expressed in F1 than in Duroc and PWG miniature pig. The proteins associated with mitochondria in Duroc were significantly (p<0.05) higher expressed than in F1 and PWG miniature pig. The developmental rates to blastocyst stage of oocytes fertilized with sperm of F1 pig were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in PWG miniature pig. However, phosphoglycerate kinase 2 and zinc finger protein 431 were significantly (p<0.05) higher expressed in PWG miniature pig than in F1 and Duroc pigs. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that different proteins were expressed in different pig types, and were associated with a sperm functions and embryo develop-ment.

언브랜딩이라 함은 브랜드를 없애거나 그 사용 을 선택적으로 줄이고 이전의 상표를 연상하기 힘 든 새로운 상표를 만들어 사용하는 것을 말한다. 대 체로 언브랜딩은 구브랜드 자체의 부정적인 연관 성이 긍정적인 연관성을 넘어서는 경우 또는 순수 하게 부정적인 의미만 가지고 있어 자산이 아닌 부 담으로 작용하는 경우에 일어난다. 언브랜딩을 하는 것은 기업의 경영상 전략으로 상표권자의 자유이다. 하지만, 언브랜딩은 때때로 크게 2가지의 소비자 혼동을 야기한다. interbrand 혼동과 intra-brand 혼동이 그것이다. interbrand 혼동이라 함은 언브랜딩 기업의 신브랜드가 타 기업의 브랜드와 비슷하여 소비자의 혼동을 일 으키는 경우를 말하고, intra-brand 혼동이란 신브 랜드가 타 기업의 브랜드와 동일 유사하지는 않지 만, 언브랜딩 전의 구브랜드와 후의 신브랜드가 실 제로는 동일한 기업의 것이라는 사실을 소비자가 인식하기 힘든 경우, 즉 언브랜딩 기업의 제품 또는 서비스를 이용하고 싶지 않았던 소비자가 신브랜드 로 인해 동 기업의 것임을 모르고 그 기업의 제품 또는 서비스를 이용하게 되는 혼동을 지칭한다. inter-brand 혼동의 경우에는 꼭 언브랜딩에 의 해서가 아니라도 원래 브랜드가 존재하지 않다가 맨 처음으로 만들어진 상표가 타 기업의 상표와 동 일∙유사한 경우 그 혼동에 대해 규제해왔던 것과 마찬가지로 상표법상 상표권 침해 또는 부정경쟁 방지법으로 규제되어 왔다. 즉, inter-brand 혼동에 대해서는 상표법상 상표권 침해 또는 심사관의 등 록거절 및 상표등록무효심판, 부정경쟁방지법 제2 조제1호가목 내지 다목을 적용할 수 있다. 하지만 그에 비해 intra-brand 혼동은 간과되어 왔고, 이에 대해 규제하는 것이 타당한지, 타당하다면 어떤 현 행법으로 어느 정도 규율해야 하는지에 대해 논의 가 거의 전무하다. 그러므로 이 글은 언브랜딩으로 인한 소비자의 혼동 중 intra-brand 혼동에 대한 규 제의 필요성 및 정도에 논의의 초점이 있다. inter-brand 혼동에 비해 intra-brand 혼동이 간과되어왔던 것은 intra-brand 혼동은 interbrand 혼동과 달리 타 기업의 상표권을 직접 침해 한 것이 아니기에 간접적으로 끼칠 부정적인 영향 을 상정하기가 쉽지 않고, 그렇다보니 기업의 입장 에서도 intra-brand 혼동에 대한 규제를 적극적으 로 요청할 경제적 유인이 약했으며, 정보가 많지 않은 소비자의 입장에서도 기업의 언브랜딩 전략에 대해 일일이 인지하기 힘들다는 점 때문일 것이다. 하지만 intra-brand 혼동은 소비자로 하여금 혼동 을 일으켜 합리적인 소비를 할 자유를 침해하고, 기 업의 입장에서는 intra-brand 혼동을 일으킨 소비 자의 선택 왜곡으로 부당하게 고객을 빼앗기는 등 부정경쟁을 초래할 수 있다. 또한 정보의 검색 비용 을 증가시켜 시장 질서에도 부정적인 영향을 끼칠 우려가 있다. 이렇듯 소비자, 시장, 타 기업에 직∙ 간접적으로 미치는 영향 등을 고려하면, intrabrand 혼동도 inter-brand 혼동처럼 규제의 필요 성은 인정된다 다만, 기업은 상표 변경의 자유가 있고, interbrand 혼동과 달리 intra-brand 혼동은 다른 기업 의 상표권을 직접 침해하는 것이 아니고, 아파트명 칭변경금지처분이 문제되었던 판례에서 적시되었 던바 있듯이 장기적으로 보았을 때 intra-brand 혼 동은 시장에 의해 정화될 수 있다. 즉, 그 규제 정도 에 있어서는 두 가지 혼동의 차이점 등을 고려하여 intra-brand 혼동은 inter-brand 혼동보다는 좀 더 엄격한 요건 하에 규제되어야 할 것으로 보인다. intra-brand 혼동을 규제하는 경우에는 언브랜딩 으로 인해 단순히 구브랜드와의 연관성을 인식할 수 없어 소비자 오인 가능성을 불러일으킨다는 것 만으로는 부족하고, 언브랜딩한 기업의 상품 또는 서비스에 아무런 실질적인 변화가 없음에도 불구 하고 단순히 눈속임의 수단으로 브랜드만을 변경 하여 긍정적인 가치를 획득하려 하는 경우에 한해 규제할 수 있다고 보아야 한다고 판단된다. 이러한 규제 필요성 및 정도에 대한 논의를 전 제로, intra-brand 혼동을 규제할 수 있는 현행법을 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 우선 inter-brand 혼동을 규 제하는 상표법상 상표 침해는 ① 경쟁관계에 있는 타 기업, ② 언브랜딩한 기업, ③ 소비자의 3주체를 전제로 하는 구조적 한계로 인해 intra-brand 혼동에는 적용될 수 없으나, 상표법 제7조제11호‘상품 의 품질을 오인하게 하거나 수요자를 기만할 염려 가 있는 상표’에 해당한다 하여 상표법상 등록 거 절 제도는 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 부정경쟁방 지법 제2조제1호바목‘상품의 품질, 내용, 제조방 법, 용도 또는 수량을 오인하게 하는 선전 또는 표 지’로 볼 수 있다. 이는 경쟁자 보호 보다는 소비자 를 보호하는 데 그 목적이 있는 조항이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 이를 위반하는 행위에 대해 경쟁자만이 민사적 구제를 받을 수 있고, 소비자는 청구권자가 아니어서 특허청장 또는 시도지사 등의 시정권고 또는 고발을 기대하여야 하는 한계가 있다. 또한 표시공정화법 제3조 허위 또는 기만 광고 로 보아 미국의 FTC에 대응하는 공정거래위원회 의 시정조치 명령 등으로 규제할 수 있다. 브랜드가 소비자의 선택에 큰 영향을 미치는 요소라는 점을 고려할 때, 외관상 변경할 브랜드명에 부합하는 실 체적∙유형적 변경이 없음에도 단순히 눈속임의 수단으로 브랜드만을 변경하는 경우‘실질적인 품 질 등이 언브랜딩 하기 전의 구브랜드와 동일하다 는 사실을 숨기는 것’, 즉‘기만’적인 표시에 해당 한다고 판단할 수 있다. 이러한 허위 또는 기만 표 시에 대해 공정거래원회의 시정조치 명령 뿐만 아 니라 소비자단체는 공정거래위원회에 일시중지명 령을 요청하거나 민사적인 무과실 책임을 물을 수 있다. 그 밖에 최근 신설된 소비자기본법 제10조제2 항의 기준 위반 여부를 검토해 볼 수 있다. 기준이 아직 정해지지는 않았지만, 향후 그 기준을 정함에 있어 위의 논의를 고려하여 언브랜딩으로 인한 intra-brand 혼동의 규제 필요성에 따른 규제 정도 에 대해 명확히 정리할 필요가 있다고 본다.

예쁜꼬마선충은 흙속에서 살아가는 선충류로서, 성충의 크기는 약 1mm이고 비 교적 단순한 형태를 지닌 다세포생물로 주변 환경에 따라 기어가는 행동과 유영하 는 행동을 보인다. 본 연구에서는 예쁜꼬마선충의 유영하는 행동패턴을 구현하기 위하여 잠입경계(IB)법을 이용하여 비압축성 나비어-스톡스 방정식에 기반한 이 차원 모델을 수립하였다. IB방법은 1972년 C. S. Peskin(뉴욕대학교)이 심장 안의 혈류에 대한 모델링과 시뮬레이션을 하면서 처음 개발한 것으로, 근래에 점성이 있 는 비압축성 유체가 경계구조와의 상호작용에 의해 생기는 문제들을 다루기 위해 서 공학, 생리학, 의학 등의 여러 학문에서 많이 쓰이고 있는 방법이다. IB 방법의 장 점은 주어진 구조에서 생기는 경계조건을 이용하여 움직이는 경계 구조 문제를 해 결하던 방법들과는 달리 이산화 된 디락-델타 함수를 사용하여 구조의 경계조건 없 이 움직이는 경계 구조 문제를 다룰 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 예쁜꼬마선충의 이차원 모델은 등(dorsal)/배(ventral)를 나타내는 얇은 곡선 형태로 구현되었고 각각의 곡 선을 이루고 있는 점들 사이를 훅의 법칙에 기인한 스프링 형태로 연결하여 경계에 탄성력을 부과하였다. 또한 각각의 스프링을 수동적인 성분과 능동적인 성분의 두 가지 형태로 구분하였고, 능동적인 성분의 길이변화에 의해 등/배 근육의 수축성을 부과하였다. 본 연구를 통해 위와 같이 구성된 모델에 어떠한 패턴의 근육 수축을 주어야 선충모델이 전진, 후진, 그리고 코일링 형태의 유영하는 행동패턴이 구현되 는지 알아본다.

The aim of this study was to establish a three dimensional (3D) culture system of endometrial cells and to examine the plasminogen activators (PAs) activity in porcine uterine. The 3D culture system in porcine endometrial cells was composed to mixture 3D gel, stromal cells and epithelial cells. The 3D culture system was used to identify normal structure search as uterine tissue and PAs expression in this study. In results, porcine endometrium epithelial cells forming a top monolayer and endometrium stromal cells developed as fibroblast-like within 3D matrix scaffold. Expression of urokinase-type PA (uPA) and tissue-type PA (tPA) were observed during the 3D culture using immunofluorescence. PA activity in 3D-cultured endometrial cells was no significant difference between the tissue type, but 2D culture system were significantly lower than in 3D-cultured endometrial cells (P<0.05). Therefore, basic system and functional aspect of 3D culture could be established with similar system of endometrium tissue. We suggest that this study was assumed applicable as baseline data to investigate mechanism between porcine uterus cells in vitro.

The endometrium undergoes a cyclic growth and tissue remodeling as changes of epithelial cells, and plasminogen activators (PAs) are related to endometrium tissue remodeling. This study was to evulate expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) in porcine uterine epithelial cells. In results, the uPA and tPA were expressed in uterine tissue, epithelium and secretory glands in porcine endometrial cell. In addition, the uPA and tPA were expressed in cultured epithelial cells, and it were mainly expressed in cytoplasm. In porcine uterine tissue and epithelial cells, uPA activity was higher than activity in tPA. In PAs mRNA expression levels, uPA mRNA level was significantly higher than tPA mRNA level (P<0.05). The fluorescence intensity of uPA protein was also higher than fluorescence intensity of tPA protein, and uPA protein expression was significantly higher than in tPA protein expression (P<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that a physiological function in porcine uterine epithelial cells should be more influenced by uPA than in tPA during pre-ovulatory phase. The endometrium undergoes a cyclic growth and tissue remodeling as changes of epithelial cells, and plasminogen activators (PAs) are related to endometrium tissue remodeling. This study was to evulate expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) in porcine uterine epithelial cells. In results, the uPA and tPA were expressed in uterine tissue, epithelium and secretory glands in porcine endometrial cell. In addition, the uPA and tPA were expressed in cultured epithelial cells, and it were mainly expressed in cytoplasm. In porcine uterine tissue and epithelial cells, uPA activity was higher than activity in tPA. In PAs mRNA expression levels, uPA mRNA level was significantly higher than tPA mRNA level (P<0.05). The fluorescence intensity of uPA protein was also higher than fluorescence intensity of tPA protein, and uPA protein expression was significantly higher than in tPA protein expression (P<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that a physiological function in porcine uterine epithelial cells should be more influenced by uPA than in tPA during pre-ovulatory phase.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of L-cysteine on sperm characteristics and oocyte cleavage in vitro in Korean native cattle. For this study, the freezing of diluted semen were added with Triladyl containing 20% eggyolk and/or 0, 5, 10 and 20 mM L-cysteine before cryopreservation. The viability in frozen-thawed sperm were estimated by SYBR14/PI double stain, acrosome damage with FITC-PNA, mitochondria intact with Rhodamin123 and hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) level with carboxy-DCFDA by flow-cytometry. The developmental capacity was also assessed with cleavage rates in oocytes fertilized in vitro by frozen-thawed sperm. In results, the sperm viability was significantly increased in 10 mM and 20 mM concentrations of L-cysteine than other groups (p<0.05). In addition, acrosome damage was significantly decreased in 10 mM and 20 mM concentrations of L-cysteine than other groups (p<0.05). The mitochondria intact was also significantly increased in 10 mM and 20 mM concentrations of L-cysteine than other groups (p<0.05). On the other hand, the cleavage rates were significantly increased in 0 mM, 5 mM and 10 mM groups than 20 mM concentration of L-cysteine (p<0.05). The oocyte degeneration of oocytes were significantly decreased in 0 mM, 5 mM and 10 mM groups than in 20 mM L-cysteine group (P<0.05). However, there are no significantly differences among the L-cysteine treatment groups. We suggest that concentration of 10 mM L-cysteine have beneficial impact for sperm cryopreserved in Korean native cattle. This result also could be recommended for artificial insemination program if supported by an improvement in the fertility results and required further study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes of protein patterns in granulosa cells and corpus luteum in ovaries during the estrus cycle in cows. The estrus cycle was devided into five steps of follicular, ovulatory, early-luteal, mid-luteal and late-luteal phases. In results, 61 spots of total 85 spots were repeated on follicular phase and 51 spots of total 114 spots were repeated on ovulatory phase. The 40 spots of total 129 spots were repeated on early-luteal phase and 49 spots of total 104 spots were repeated on mid-luteal phase. Also 41 spots of total 60 spots were repeated on late-luteal phase. On the other hands, the 16 spots were indicated difference in follicular phase and ovulation phase had a difference 10 spots. It was showed difference No. 103 spot in ovulation phase, No. 135 spot in early-luteal phase and No. 175 and 176 spots in mid-luteal phase. Also, the 11 spots were expressed specifically in mid-luteal phase and No. 178 and 179 spots were difference of expression in late-luteal phase. We confirmed that there were 7 spots for ovulation, 4 spots for luteinization and 2 spots for luteolysis. Spot No. 89～93 in ovulation phase were transferrin, and spot No.94～98 were HSP60. Spot No. 103 was Dusty PK, spot No. 135 was OGDC- E2, and spot No. 175 and 176 were Rab GDI beta from luteinization. Spot No. 178 and 179 in luteolysis were vimentin. This results suggest that will be help to basic data about infertility.

An uterus is female reproductive tract organ that affected estrus cycle. During a various changes occur at uterus in estrus cycle, one of them is body fluids secretion be called uterine fluid. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the changes of protein patterns using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in uterus fluids during the follicular and luteal phases in estrus cycle of pigs. In changes of protein spots were confirmed during the follicular and luteal phases. The 136 spots were expressed in follicular phase, the 57 spots of them showed reproducibility. On the other hand, the 140 spots were expressed in luteal phase, the 73 spots of them showed reproducibility. Also, spots expressed in follicular phase were number 69 and 94 spots and spots expressed in luteal phase only were number 156, 157, 184～187, 190 and 191 spots. The spots which of higher expression levels in the luteal phase than in follicular phase were number 76 and 79 spots. In conclusion, the spots expressed in follicular and luteal phases were confirmed with difference levels and these differences are function of RNA resolving, protein synthesis and cytoskeletal architecture.

The objective of this study was to develop of semen transport system for cryopreservation and fertility in bull sperm. The ejaculated semen were diluted with Triladyl containing 20% egg-yolk for transportation. Diluted semen was transported by three methods that there were wrapping tissue (Tissue), sinking under 30℃ water (Water) and sinking between warm water and air (Air) methods. Semen was transported within 2 hours in 0.3℃. For this study, the freezing of diluted semen were added with Triladyl containing 20% egg-yolk. And frozen-thawed sperm were estimated with SYBR14/PI double stain for viability, FITC-PNA/PI double stain for acrosome reaction analysis and Rhodamine123 double stain for mitochondrial intact assessment. In results, live sperm (SYBR+/PI-) in Air treatment group (43.3±4.7%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than other treatment groups (Tissue: 16.3±2.7% and Water: 27.5± 3.1%), dying sperm (SYBR+/PI+) in Air treatment group (55.6±4.7%) was significantly lower than other treatment groups (Tissue: 77.6±3.2% and Water: 67.6±3.3%) (p<0.05). Acrosome reaction in Air treatment group (0.2±0.1%) within live sperm (PI negative region) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than other treatment groups (Tissue: 0.7±0.2% and Water: 0.5±0.1%), the acrosome reaction in Air treatment group (28.6±2.8%) within all sperm also was significantly lower than other treatment groups (Tissue: 44.2±1.8% and Water: 36.2±2.0%) (p<0.05). And mitochondrial intact in Air treatment group within live (97.1±0.4%) and all (61.9±3.3%) sperm were significantly higher than other treatment groups (Tissue: 85.2±3.3%, Water: 87.8±2.9% within live sperm and Tissue: 49.28±3.7%, Water: 42.0±3.1% within all sperm) (p<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that transportation by sinking method between warm water and air was beneficial to improvement of fertility in frozen-thawed in bull semen.

생물 종 다양성 및 보존에 대한 필요성은 곤충과 같은 생물 개체의 정확하고 효율적인 인식 방법에 관심을 불러 일으켰다. 특히 스마트 폰과 같은 디지털 정보가전의 발달과 보급으로 인해 영상 매체를 이용한 곤충 종의 자동인식에 대해 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 본 논문은 나비 영상 인식을 위해 가지 길이 유사성 엔트로피(Branch Length Similarity Entropy)를 이용한 특징 추출 방법을 제안한다. 제안한 특징 추출 방법은 나비의 윤곽으로부터 높은 곡률을 가진 특징점들을 추출한 다음 이들 사이를 네트워크로 구성하고 특징점 간의 길이 분포를 엔트로피로 표현한 것이다. 제안한 특징 추출 방법의 성능을 평가하고자 15종의 나비 영상을 대상으로 지도학습 기반 기계학습 방법인 베이지안 분류기, 인공 신경망 및 서포트 벡터 머신을 이용해 기존에 제시된 퓨리에 기술자 및 웨이블릿 기술자와 비교하였다.

본 논문에서는 축산물 중 닭고기 내 마크로라이드계(MLs) 항생물질(spiramycin, josamycin, tilmicosin, 그리고tylosin) 4종을 분석하기 위하여, 액-액 추출 과정을 거쳐서 PDA 검출기가 장착된 액체크로마토그래피를 이용하여MLs를 효율적으로 동시분석하는 방법을 확립하였다. 컬럼은 Unison UK-C18 (150 mm × 3 mm id, 3 μm), 이동상 용매는 0.1% TFA와 0.1% TFA in ACN로 기울기 용리를사용하였으며, 유속은 0.7 mL/min, 그리고, 주입량은 10 μL로 설정하여 분석하였다. 확립된 분석조건으로, 표준검정곡선은 50-1000 μg/kg의 농도범위에서 상관계수가 0.9975이상의 양호한 직선성을 나타내었으며, 회수율은 저, 중,고농도로 첨가하여 분석한 결과, 80.4-99.1%를 나타내었다. 검출한계는 8.8-19.6 μg/kg이었고, 정량한계는 26.6-59.4μg/kg이었으며, 일내(intra-day)와 일간(inter-day) 정밀도(CV%)는 0.9-13.2%, 2.4-13.1%이었다. 따라서, 확립된 분석방법은 축산물 중 닭고기 시료 내 MLs를 효과적으로분석하는데 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.