The objective of this study was to analyze the accuracy of estrus detection of heat detector and analysis of estrus behavior (mounting and mounted), and the evaluation of conditions required for improving reproductive efficiency in Holstein dairy cows fitted with a estrous detector. The heat detection system consists of estrous detector based on wireless sensor and an electric bulletin board displayed estrus behavior data. When cow mounting other cows, the accuracy of estrus behavior displayed an electric bulletin board were 87.5% (mounting other cows only), 100% (mounting other cows but not standing), 80.0% (mounting other cows with standing for 1∼4 seconds), 90.0% (mounting other cows but not standing for 1∼4 seconds), 80% (mounting other cows with standing for more than 5 seconds) and 90.0% (mounting other cows but not standing for more than 5 seconds). When cow mounted other cows, the accuracy of estrus behavior displayed an electric bulletin board were 100% (mounted other cows but not standing), 100% (mounted other cows with standing for 1∼4 seconds), 100% (mounted other cows but not standing for 1∼4 seconds) and 100% (mounted other cows with standing for more than 5 seconds). Circadian distribution of first observed in estrus were 59.1% (am 8∼pm 6) and 40.9% (pm 6∼am 8). Distribution for the number of estrus behavior were 40.9% (less than 3 times), 36.4% (4∼6 times) and 22.7% (more than 4 times). The conception rates relative to interval from first estrus behavior to insemination for estrus periods were 23.1% (less than 11 hours) and 55.6% (12∼20 hours).

Embryo transfer (ET) technology is of high importance in modern cattle breeding programs. ET is one step in the process of removing one or more embryos from the reproductive tract of an outstanding donor female and transferring them to one or more recipient females. Embryos also can be produced in the laboratory via techniques such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). But the actual transfer of an embryo is only one step in a series of processes that may include some or all of the following: superovulation and insemination of donors, collection of embryos, isolation, evaluation and short-term storage of embryos, micromanipulation and genetic testing of embryos, freezing of embryos and embryo transfer. Cryopreservation and direct transfer of frozen-thawed embryos is common-place with pregnancy rates near that of fresh embryos. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology is currently being used for sexing embryos, and this technology will be used for “embryo diagnostics” and “embryo genomics” in the future. Although, many limitations and problems remain to overcome, these and other new technologies promise to change livestock breeding drastically in the next decade.

This study aimed to improve the reproductive efficiency of dairy herds by comparison and analyzing estrous appearance rate, conception and non-conception rate according to the stage of lactation using the lactation and reproductive records of average (less than 10,000 liters milk in 305 days) and high yielding (more than 10,000 liters milk in 305 days) Holstein cows (n=102). Milk production and reproduction data were collected between January 2010 and December 2012 from Holstein cows kept in the commercial dairy farms. Average (n=32) and high yielding (n=24) Holstein cows used to analyze the relationship between milk yield and reproductive performance. Our results showed that estrous appearance rate according to the stage of lactation was 25.0% (30∼59d), 40.6% (60∼ 89d), 25% (90∼110d) and 9.4% (>111d) in average yielding cows and 16.7% (30∼59d), 20.8% (60∼89d), 12.5% (90 ∼110d) and 50.0% (>111d) in high yielding cows, respectively. Conception rate according to the stage of lactation was 87.5% (30∼59d), 61.5% (60∼ 89d), 75.0% (90∼110d) and 66.7% (>111d) in average yielding cows and 25.0% (30∼59d), 0% (60∼89d), 33.3% (90∼ 110d) and 50.0% (>111d) in high yielding cows, respectively. Days between parturition and conception was 23.7% (<149d), 0% (150∼209d) and 0% (>210 d) in average yielding cows and 69.0% (<149 d), 77.8% (150∼209d) and 38.9% (>210d) in high yielding cows, respectively. Conception rate from 110 days postpartum in high yielding cows was 41.7% (110∼150d), 50.0% (151∼180d) and 50.0% (>181d). Body condition score (BCS) in 120 days postpartum was 2.64±0.1 in average yielding cows and 2.28±0.1 in high yielding cows, respectively.

본 연구는 A GP 농장에서 1999년부터 2011년까지 출생되어 분만기록을 가지고 있는 Landrace종 총 5,447두의 자료를 이용하여 종돈의 번식형질에 영향을 미치는 비유전적 환경요인의 효과에 대하여 알아보고 이를 통해 종돈의 번식능력을 향상시켜 경쟁력을 강화시킬 수 있는 자료로 활용하고자 실시하였다. 종돈의 번식 형질에 대한 유의성을 검정한 결과를 살펴보면 분만계절에서 사고두수와 실산자수, 모산차와 실산자수는 유의적인 차이를 나타내었고(p<0.05) 분만년도와 산차의 모든 형질에서는 고도의 유의성이 인정되었다(p<0.01). 형질들 간의 표현형상관에서는 -0.064에서 0.925의 범위에서 상관관계를 보였으며, 특히 실산자수와 총산자수에서 0.925, 생시 복당 자돈 총 체중과 실산자수에서 0.760의 높은 정의 상관을 나타내었으나 이유시 복당 자돈 총 체중과 사고두수에서 -0.064, 생시 복당 자돈 총 체중과 사고두수에서 -0.053으로 부의 상관을 나타내었다. 따라서 종돈의 생산성을 향상시키기 위해서는 우수한 형질을 가진 개체의 입식과 관리, 적절한 산차 유지와 환경요인을 고려한 개량 목표 설정이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 종돈의 산육형질에 영향을 미치는 비유전적 환경요인의 효과에 대하여 알아보기 위해 AGP 농장에서 1999년부터 2011년까지 출생되어 검정기록을 가지고 있는 Landrace종 총 6,917두의 자료를 이용하여 산차와 모산차 및 환경요인의 효과를 분석하였으며, 이를 통해 형질들 간의 관계를 규명하고 종돈의 산육능력을 강화하여 경제성을 높일 수 있는 자료로 활용하고자 실시하였다. 종돈의 산육혈질에 대한 유의성을 검정한 결과 산차의 모든 형질을 제외한 대부분의 형질에서 높은 유의성이 인정되었으며(p<0.01) 형질들 간의 표현형상관에서는 -0.871에서 0.398의 범위에서 상관관계를 나타내었다. 산육형질에 대한 산차의 효과는 산차가 증가할수록 일당증체량은 감소하고 90 kg 도달일령은 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 등지방두께와 등심단면적은 높아지는 경향을 나타내었고 모산차의 효과 또한 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 따라서 종돈의 경쟁력을 향상시키기 위해서는 우수한 형질을 가진 개체의 입식과 관리를 바탕으로 산차를 적절하게 조절하며 환경요인의 효과를 고려한 육종 개량으로 산육능력을 극대화해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

To study the importance of family meals in adolescents, 251 middle school students were surveyed through a questionnaire on their family meal patterns, dietary behaviors, food intake, and life satisfaction. The family meals were defined as "meals with all family members living together" by 62.2% of the students. For the frequency of family meals, 42.2% of the students replied having family meals "More than once a day". A common reason for the difficulty in having a family meal was a "lack of time" (73.3% of the students). Students tended to respond that they would be most fond in having meals with entire family members with traditional Korean food. Having more frequent family meals was found to benefit both individual and familial dietary behavior. In terms of food intake according to the frequency of family meals, the group having frequent family meals consumed significantly more rice, tofu, legumes, meats, fishes, eggs, green vegetables, seaweeds, fruits, milk, and milk products. This indicates that students can achieve a balanced diet through family meals. In terms of emotional status, the group having more frequent family meals showed a higher satisfaction with their daily life, health, nutritional status, and care from their relatives. In terms of personal mental status, the group having more frequent family meals was also found to be more effective at controlling undesirable emotions such as loneliness, indignation, and lethargy. As a result of this study, students in the group having more frequent family meals were found to have a positive dietary behavior, a balanced nutrition, a higher life satisfaction, and a more stable mental status. This result is useful as nutritional and educational information in schools to impress upon the public the importance of family meals for adolescents.

Electrochemical surface treatment is commonly used to form a thin, rough, and porous oxidation layer on the surface of titanium. The purpose of this study was to investigate the formation of nanotubular titanium oxide arrays during short anodization processing. The specimen used in this study was 99.9% pure cp-Ti (ASTM Grade II) in the form of a disc with diameter of 15 mm and a thickness of 1 mm. A DC power supplier was used with the anodizing apparatus, and the titanium specimen and the platinum plate (3mm×4mm×0.1mm) were connected to an anode and cathode, respectively. The progressive formation of TiO2 nanotubes was observed with FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy). Highly ordered TiO2 nanotubes were formed at a potential of 20 V in a solution of 1M H3PO4 + 1.5 wt.% HF for 10 minutes, corresponding with steady state processing. The diameters and the closed ends of TiO2 nanotubes measured at a value of 50 cumulative percent were 100 nm and 120 nm, respectively. The TiO2 nanotubes had lengths of 500 nm. As the anodization processing reached 10 minutes, the frequency distribution for the diameters and the closed ends of the TiO2 nanotubes was gradually reduced. Short anodization processing for TiO2 nanotubes of within 10 minutes was established.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of abnormal ovarian cycles after superovulation treatment of Holstein Donor Cows. CIDRs were inserted into the vaginas of twenty two head of Holstein cows, regardless of estrous cycle. Superovulation was induced using folliclar stimulating hormone (FSH). For artificial insemination, donor cows were injected with PGF2α and estrus was checked about 48 hours after the injection. Then they were treated with 4 straws of semen 3 times, with 12-hour intervals. Embryos were collected by a non-surgical method 7 days after the first artificial insemination. The cows were considered to have resumed ovarian cyclicity on the day of ovulation if followed by regular ovarian cycles. Seventy two point seven percentage of the cows(16/22) had normal resumption of ovarian cyclicity(resumption within 40 days after superovulation), and 27.3%(6/22) had delayed resumption(resumption did not occur until＞40 days after superovulation). Delayed resumption Type Ⅱ(first ovulation did not occur until ≥40 days after superovulation, i.e. delayed first ovulation 13.6%) were the most common types of delayed resumptions. The mean numbers of total ova from < 10 and 10≤ of corpora lutea(CL) was 7.8±1.8 and 12.7±2.7, respectively. The number of transferable embryos differed between < 10 and 10≤ CL was 5.4±1.3 and 8.1±3.4, respectively. Four point five percentage of the cows(1/22) did not resumption their ovarian cyclicity until 60 days after superovulation treatment. Diverse researches on the superovulation treatment method that is suitable for high-producing Holstein donor cows would contribute to preventing ovarian cyclicity disorder, as well as to the early multiplication of cows with superior genes by increasing the utilization value of donor cows.

To decide on the designation of a tidal-flat Provincial Park, a study area was defined in line with domestic and international case studies of Provincial Parks. A survey on landscape, geology, biota, and cultural resources was conducted in four tidal-flat areas including Bigeum-myeon and Docho-myeon, which are part of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Shinan, Jeollanam-do. To identify areas most suitable to be designated as Provincial Park, a PSR evaluation process was adopted. This has resulted in the selection of the ‘Palgupo’ area surrounding Bigeum, Docho, Haui, Shinui, Jaeun, Amtae, Palgeum, Anjwa and Jangsan. Also the tidal-flat areas at Aphae-myeon, which are ecologically linked with the Jeungdo Tidal-flat Provincial Park, were included. The selected areas resulting from this study will meet various characteristics of tidal-flat ecosystems including naturalness, ecological network, rarity and eco-cultural diversity. After the tidal-flat Provincial Park has been specified, there is a need to perform a long-term sustainable management plan.

일반적으로 돼지는 어떤 종류의 모색을 가지든 피부는 연분홍색을 띄는 것으로 알려져 있으나, 경 남 김해 H 육가공회사로 출하된 개체 중 흑모색에 검은색 피부를 가진 돼지가 발견되었다. 그 원인 을 규명하고자, 모색과 연관되어 있다고 알려진 MC1R, KIT 유전자와 피부색과 연관되어 있다고 알 려진 ASIP 유전자의 특징을 살펴보았다. MC1R의 sequencing 분석 결과, 아미노산 67, 68번째 자 리의 6개 염기 C(CCC CCC)는 Hampshire와 동일한 ED2/ED2 유전자형인 것으로 밝혀졌고, KIT의 경우 qOLA_CNV, Pyro_Splice 및 sequencing 분석한 결과, Duroc의 i/i 유전자형과 같은 유전자형 으로 밝혀졌다. ASIP의 경우 염기서열을 분석한 결과, 모든 종에서 차이가 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 유연관계 분석을 위해 Phase software와 network 분석을 실시한 결과, MC1R은 Hap22와 Hap23 이, KIT는 Hap22, Hap43과 유색종과 유연관계를 형성하는 것으로 확인되었다. 반면에 ASIP는 Hap04, Hap09이 야생멧돼지와 중국재래돼지를 제외한 품종들과의 유연관계를 확인할 수 있었다. 더 나아가 각 품종 간 유사성 분석을 위해 PCA를 실시한 결과, MC1R은 Berkshire, KIT는 Berkshire와 Hampshire가 유사성을 가지는 것으로 밝혀졌고, ASIP는 Berkshire 와 Duroc의 유사 성을 관찰할 수 있었다.

목적: 어린이를 대상으로 정시군과 근시군으로 분류하여 조절 자극량에 대한 반응량과 반응 조절성폭주 대 조절비를 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 본 연구의 취지에 동의하는 11~13세(평균 12.17±0.70세) 어린이 58명을 대상으로 검사하였으며, 자각식 굴절검사를 통해 정시군(28명)과 근시군(30명)으로 구분하였다. 조절반응은 개방형 자동굴절계 (NVision-K5001, Shin-Nippon)를 사용하여 양안시 상태에서 측정하였으며, 근거리 시표를 50, 33, 25, 20 cm에 위치시켜 조절을 자극하였다. 결과: 조절 자극량에 대한 반응량을 함수의 기울기로 나타내었을 때, 정시군보다 근시군에서더 완만하게 나타났다(정시군: 1.01, 근시군: 0.82). 정시군과 근시군 모두 약 33cm 거리에서 조절 오차량이 최대로 나타났다. 반응 조절성폭주 대 조절비는 정시군보다 근시군에서 유의하게 높았다(t=4.54, p < 0.05). 결론: 정시 어린이보다 근시 어린이에서 조절반응량이 더 낮았고, 반응 조절성폭주 대 조절비는 더 높게 나타났다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 근시와 조절반응의 연관성을 알 수 있었으며, 근시안의 처방과 관리를 위 해 조절반응 검사에 대한 필요성을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

목적: 누진가입도렌즈(Progressive Addition Lens; PAL)의 근시억제효과를 평가하기 위하여 한국 근시아동을 대상으로 단초점렌즈(Single Vision Lens; SVL)와 누진가입도렌즈(Progressive Addition Lens; PAL) 착용 후 임상적 효과를 비교하였다. 방법: 근시아동(-0.50~-4.50D, 6~12세) 106명을 모집하여 무작위 이중맹검법(randomized double- masked)으로 나누어 SVL와 PAL 안경을 착용하도록 하였으며 PAL 안경의 가입도는+1.00D와 +1.50D를 사용하였다. 안경 착용 전에 조절마비(1% tropicamide) 자동굴절검사를 시행하고 IOL master를 이용하여 안축장을 측정한 후, 대상자에게 처방한 안경을 활동하는 동안 착용하도록 하고 12개월 전·후에 다시 조절 마비자동굴절검사와 안축장을 측정한 후 비교하였다. 결과: 107명의 대상자 중 100명의 대상자(94%)가 12개월 동안 성공적으로 참여하였으며 PAL 착용군 70명(+1.00D 가입도 34명, +1.50D 가입도 36명)과 SVL 착용군 30명으로 구성되었다. 12개월 동안 굴절력 의 변화는 PAL 착용군에서는 -0.43±0.39D, SVL 착용군에서는 -0.78±0.32D로 두 그룹의 차이값은 0.35D로 유의한 차이가 있었고(p < 0.001), 가입도에 따라서는 차이가 없었다(p=0.94). 안축장의 길이는 PAL 착용군에서 0.11±0.02mm 증가하고 SVL 착용군에서 0.24±0.01mm 증가하여 두 그룹의 차이값은 0.13mm로 유의하게 차이가 있었고(p < 0.001) 가입도에 따라서는 차이가 없었다(p=0.617). PAL 착용군과 SVL 착용군에서 굴절력의 변화량은 안축장의변화량과 높은상관을 나타내었다 (PAL: r=-0.76, p < 0.001, SVL: r = -0.56, p < 0.001). 결론: 근시가 진행 중인 아동에서 PAL 안경의 사용은 비록 그 양은 작지만, 안축장의 길이증가와 굴절 력의 변화를 일정부분 지연시키는 것으로 사료된다.

Internalization and expression of extracellular molecules into cells and tissues is known very important process to biological processes and therapy of various diseases. In this study, we analyzed expression pattern of extracellular molecule after transduction into various human cells. To investigate cellular expression of internalized molecule, we used adenovirus containing green fluorescence protein. After infection of adenovirus into various human cells, the efficiency of intracellular gene expression was assessed with determining GFP expressing cells by fluorescence microscopy or FACS. After one day of adenovirus infection into HepG2 and A549, we observed that GFP expression was low at 10moi but expression levels were increased at 100moi in both cells. But, adenovirus infection into HCT116 showed low expression of GFP at concentrations from 1moi to 100moi. After 2 day infection with adenovirus, GFP expression level at 10moi and 100moi was highly increased in HepG2 and A549 compared with 1 day infection. Especially, GFP expression was significantly increased in HCT116 after 2 days infection. However, GFP expressing SKOV3 cells by adenovirus infection were not found in all the experimental conditions tested. For quantitative analysis of GFP expression of cells by adenovirus infection, we carried out FACS analysis. As a result, GFP was expressed at very low levels at 1moi in all cells used in this experiment. GFP expression slightly increased after increasing moi to 10 in HepG2, HCT116, and A549 cells. By 100moi infection of adenovirus, GFP expression was elevated to 10 fold higher than 10moi in HepG2 and A549 and about 4 fold elevation was observed in HCT116. A549 showed 20 fold higher expression of GFP than SKOV3. We also found that GFP expression by adenovirus infection was the highest in HepG2 cells. Protein expression was enhanced by increasing concentrations or time of adenovirus infection. In these results, GFP expression efficiency of adenoviral gene transduction reveals the highest in HepG2 and lowest in SKOV3 among the cells tested. Taken together, we could confirm that intracellular protein expression efficiency by transduction of extracellular gene was different in various human cells. Our study suggests that the cell types and cellular properties should be carefully examined to enhance expression efficiency of extracelluar molecules in biological research and disease therapy

목적: 노안 연령층에게 성인 테의 적합성과 얼굴 형태에 적합한 안경테 설계에 필요한 자료를 제공하고 자 하였다. 방법: 안와 질환과 안 외상이 없는 40세 이상의 얼굴 정면 촬영자 총 680명(남자 244명, 여자 436명), 얼굴 정면 촬영자 중 얼굴 측면 촬영자 총 131명(남자 60명, 여자 71명)을 대상으로 안경테 설계에 필요한 자료를 계측하고 한국 성인의 데이터와 비교하여 노안 연령층의 얼굴 형태에 적합한 안경테 설계에 필요한 자료를 분석하였다. 결과: 안경테 설계에 필요한 얼굴 형태 계측값과 안경테 설계에 필요한 계산값은 한국 성인과 비교하여 유의한 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 한국 노안 연령층과 성인의 테 설계기준은 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 본 연구 결과를 근거로 한국 노안 연령층의 안경테 기준이 새롭게 마련되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

This study is to implement a model of CPC-mentoring program based on the mentoring theory and research environment analysis as well as to present the operation case of teaching and learning in colleges. Major research results should use the practical research methods utilizing the statistical program in order to verify the effectiveness of the program of CPC-mentoring program by comparing the before with the after of running the CPC mentoring program of the research objects, comparison group (61 people) and experiment group (33 people). After running the CPC mentoring program, whether there was a certification's acquisition or not of the comparison group and the experiment group, a statistically significant difference between the comparison group 34.3% (21) and the experiment group 72.7% (24), (p<0.05) was shown. The goal of the students participating in the CPC-mentoring program was to help one another in order to obtain certification. moreover, by engaging in mutually developing human relationship activities thru various methods, such as adaptation of college life, development of sociality, graduation, etc., good cooperative relationships with one another as well as further development of the relationship was formed. CPC-mentoring program is neither doing only people that want nor being effective for people only that want. A successful matching will naturally lead to all success since mentoring is human relationships is the misunderstanding. The role of a mentoring coordinator(professor) for the operation of a successful CPC-mentoring program and for the application method of detailed CPC-mentoring program was set. In addition, by considering the connectivity with the counseling guidance (shared and individual guidance) of students, which is the characterization direction of technical department of the college, it is expected to make a positive contribution if utilized in a multilateral manner.