본 연구의 목적은 운동강도(최대근수축의 10, 30, 50, 70%)에 따라 유발되는 국소적인 근피로가 슬관절의 위치감각 인지에 미치는 영향을 연구함으로써 근력강화의 운동치료적 효과와 운동학습과 관련된 효과를 동시에 만족시키는 최적의 운동강도를 제시하는 것이었다. 대상자는 건강한 성인여자 40명이었다. 청각을 통한 위치감각 정보를 제공하는 장치와 원판 각도계가 부착된 등속성 Cybex를 사용하였다. 근피로의 상태를 확인하기 위해서 근전도를 이용하여 주파

Objective : This study was conducted to assess the changes in the functional levels of affected upper extremities after treating patients with brain injury by intensive CIMT (Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy). Method : Design was single-subject experimental reversal design (A-B-A). Subjects was 6 persons with brain injury (F: 1, M: 5), mean age (57.0±9.6). Intensive CIMT was performed over 6 hours a day for 2 weeks. Box and block test and nine hole pegboard were used for assessment of affected upper extremity function before and after intervention. Results : Compared baseline 1, functional level in both intervention and baseline 2 revealed improved functional levels. In addition, carry over effect was shown in baseline 2 period. Conclusion : Intensive CIMT based on task-oriented activity is considered to be effective because it decrease the time to use the paretic limb and thereby overcomes the “learned nonuse”.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of three different pelvic tilts on sit-to-stand ativities and to suggest a new therapeutic approach for movement reeducation in patients who have difficulty with sit-to-stand activities. The three different pelvic tilts were: (1) comfortable pelvic tilt sit-to-stand (CPT STS), (2) posterior pelvic tilt sit-to-stand (PPT STS) and (3) anterior pelvic tilt sit-to-stand (APT STS). To analyze the kinematic component of STS, a motion analysis system (Zebris) was applied to the ankle, knee, hip joint, and thigh-off area. Also, to determine the onset time of muscle contraction, surface electrodes were placed to the rectus femoris muscle (RF), the vastus lateralis muscle (VL), the biceps femoris muscle (BF), the tibialis anterior muscle (TA), the gastrocnemius muscle (GCM), and the soleus muscle (SOL). One-way repeated ANOVA was used for the statistical analysis. First, significant differences were found in kinematic variables for the hip, knee, ankle joint, and thigh-off among the three activities. Second, there was significant difference in muscle activation pattern in TA. VL. and BF among three activities. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest the following evaluative and therapeutic approach for STS activity: (1) Changes in knee and ankle joints should be prioritized and recruitment order differences in VL and RF can be generated to accomplish abnormal STS activity. (2) APT STS can be introduced for movement efficiency and functional advantage when abnormal STS is treated.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of three different pelvic tilts on a sit-to-stand (STS) and to suggest a new assessment approach based on biomechanical analysis. The three difrent pelvic tilts were: (1) comfortable pelvic tilt sit-to-stand (CPT STS), (2) posterior pelvic tilt sit-to-stand (PPT STS) and (3) anterior pelvic tilt sit-to-stand (APT STS). To determine the onset time of muscle contraction surface electrodes were applied to the rectus femoris muscle (RF), vastus lateralis muscle (VL), biceps femoris muscle (BF), tibialis anterior muscle (TA), gastrocnemius muscle (GCM), and soleus muscle (SOL). The ICC was used for functional linkage analysis. The findings of this study were as follows. First, significant differences were found in kinematic variables and in muscle activation pattern among the three activities. Second, the results of functional integrated analysis revealed that recruited muscle activation patterns changed when the thigh-off was viewed as a reference point. Third, there were independent functional units between the thigh-off and the VL and between the thigh-off and the RF in the functional linkage analysis. The VL and RF acted as prime mover muscles, and more postural adjustment muscle recruitment was required as the demand of postural muscle control increased (PPT STS, APT STS, and CPT STS in order). In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest the following evaluative and therapeutic approach for STS activity. APT STS can be introduced for movement efficiency and functional advantage when abnormal STS is treated. However, excessive APT would change the muscle activation patterns of BF and SOL and require additional postural muscle control to cause abnormal control patterns.

뇌기능 장애 환자에서 자세균형 제어능력의 저하는 보행 및 일상생활동작 수행 등에 어려움을 초래하며 이에 대한 정확한 평가 및 치료를 위하여 일상의 환경변화와 유사한 상황을 제공하고 이에 따른 자세균형 조절 능력을 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구는 뇌기능 장애 환자에서 가상적 움직이는 환경에 따른 자세균형 조절 기능을 정확히 평가하고 환경의 움직임이 자세균형 조절에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 15명의 뇌기능 장애 환자들과 정상인 15명을 대상으로 실생활과 유사한 환경의 조성을 위하여 HMD를 이용한 가상 환경 움직임(Virtual Moving Surround)을 네 가지 다른 패턴으로 제공하였다. 자세동요의 정도는 힘판을 이용하여 신체압력중심의 변화를 전체이동거리, 동요주파수, 최대 빈도 COP 위치로 측정하였으며 가상 환경의 차이에 따른 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 연구결과 검사 재검사 신뢰도평가에서 일관된 분석결과를 나타냈고 뇌 기능장애 환자와 정상인의 분석에서는 두 그룹간의 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 전후로 빠르게 변하는 가상 환경에서 가장 큰 자세동요를 나타내었고 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 뇌기능 장애 환자에서 가상 환경 변화가 자세균형 조절에 미치는 영향을 확인할 수 있었으며 이러한 환자들을 위한 치료와 평가 환경 조성 등에도 유용한 자료로 쓰일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the low-intensity ultrasound (noblelife) treatment on the pain points of upper trapezius muscle. The study recruited 20 patients who had trigger points in one side of the upper trapezius. The effectiveness of the low-intensity ultrasound treatment was assessed with subjective pain intensity using visual analog scale (VAS) and pressure pain threshold (PPT). The PPT was measured by pressure threshold algometer. Before and after the treatment, changes of pain were evaluated. Wilcoxon test for VAS data and paired t-test for PPT data were used for statistical significance. Compared to the pain intensity before the treatment, the pain intensity after treatment was significantly decreased (p<.05). Low-intensity ultrasound could be safely used in clinical application and at home for the treatment of patients with pain in upper trapezius muscle.

This study was carried out to changes in chemical and microbiological properties of spring waters in Tongyeoung area. In this paper, ninety spring water samples were collected from 9 station for 11 month to evaluated chemical and bacteriological water quality. Range and mean values of constituents of the samples are as followed; water temperature 5.2-25.8℃, 16.3℃, pH 6.0-7.2, 6.7, total residue 33.6-210 mg/1, 90.6 mg/1, turbidity 0.35-5.48, 1.45NTU, KMnO4 consumed 0.51-4.21 mg/1, 1.39 mgll, chloride ion 6.23-42.5, 16.7 mg/1, phosphate-phosphorus ND-0.04, 0.02 mg/1, nitrite-nitrogen ND-0.02, 0.01 mg/l, nitrate-nitrogen ND-3.56, 1.42 mg/1, ammonia-nitrogen ND-0.20, 0.14 mg/1, dissolved total nitrogen ND-3.78, 1.57 mgll, iron 0.04-0.28, 0.13ppm, zinc 0.03-0.66, 0.20ppm, mangan ND-0.01, allumium 0.14-0.58, 0.39ppm, copper ND-0.01, 0.01, lead ND-0.01, 0.0lppm, Arsenic ND-0.01, 0.0lppm, mercury ND-0.02, chrome not detected, cadmium not detetced respectively. The viable cell counts of the spring waters ranged 5.0760/m1(means 130/m1). Range and mean value of total coliform and fecal coliform MPN's of the spring waters were 0-2,400MPN/100 ml, 73MPN/100 ml and 0-540MPN/ 100 ml, 21MPN/100 ml. Spring water quality was usually poor with viable cell counts exceeding 130 CFU/liter and the coliform counts in spring waters of 73 MPN/liter. Composition of coliform by IMViC reaction was 33.3% E. coli, 15.6% Citrobacter freundii, 35.6% Klebsiella aerogenes and others.

A bacteriological study of sea water and oyster in Tongyeong coastal area was conducted to evaluate sanitary conditions of the bay and compliance of waters with the recommended bacteriological criteria for the designated area of shellfish cultivation. The Samples were collected at 5 zone, 34 sampling stations(Fig. 1) established once a month from September 1997 to August 1998. During the study period, temperature ranged from 6.9 to 23.6℃, transparency ranged from 2.6 to 6.2 m, chemical oxygen demand ranged from 1.35 to 1.82 mg/l, dissolved oxygen ranged from 5.0 to 9.9 mg/l, dissolved nitrogen ranged from 1.60 to 8.17 ug-ab/l, phosphate ranged from 0.14 to 1.21 ug-ab/l, Chlorophyll-a ranged from 2.03 to 69.9 mg/㎥, respectively. The coliform group and fecal coliform MPN's of sea water were ranged from $lt;3.0-1,600 and $lt;3.0-540, respectively. The coliform group and fecal coliform MPN's of oysters were ranged from $lt;18-6,000 and $lt;18-2,200, respectively. The viable cell counts in oyster ranged from 1.5× 10² to 8.2× 10³. The coliform grnup, fecal coliform, classification of coliform group with IMViC reactions and pathogenic vibrios were analyzed. 437 strains that were obtained from Tongyeoung coastal area seawater samples represented E. coli group 47.5%, C. freundii group 14.8%, K. aerogenes 10.9%, unknown 26.8%, respectively. During the study period, infectious bacteria such as Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. were not detected from the samples, but detection ratios ofVibrio parohaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus were 12-21% in summer months.

It was recently reported that exercise-induced fatigue is related to joint position sense although some controversy remains. The purposes of this study were to examine the effect on the accuracy of reproducing the knee angles after a fatiguing isokinetic quadriceps exercise at four different levels (10%, 30%, 50%, and 70% of maximal force) and to find the optimal exercise level without causing knee joint proprioception impairment. Forty healthy women, ages 19 to 27, were randomly assigned to four experimental groups. Before and after the exercise, accuracy of positioning with respect to auditory feedback for specific angles was estimated by calculating the mean errors between specific angles and reproduction angles. Fatigue was measured by EMG signals displayed by a frequency spectrum analysis during the quadriceps exercise. Results showed that there was no significant difference in accuracy of the knee joint positioning sense following the exercises in group 1, group 2, and group 3 (10%, 30%, and 50% of maximal force, respectively); the exception being group 4 (70%). Fatigue level was significantly increased in group 4 but there were no significant increases of fatigue level in group 1, group 2, or group 3. The results concluded that the optimal exercise level to acquire the therapeutic exercise effectiveness without position sense impairment was at 50% of maximal force. Further studies using large sample size and patient groups with poor knee joint proprioception would be needed to confirm this conclusion and to clarify the possibility of clinical applications.

우리 사회의 학교의 다문화교육은 주로 외국인근로자 자녀와 결혼이주민 자녀의 학습결손 방지와 학교적응 지원에 초점을 맞추어 실시되었다. 다문화화 현상이 심화되고 있는 상황에서 다문화가정의 자녀 뿐 아니라 일반 학생을 포함한 다문화사회의 구성원들을 다문화 현상을 이해하고 다문화사회에서 주체적이고 능동적인 역할을 할 수 있는 시민으로 양성하는 다문화 시민교육이 필요하다.사회구조적 불평등의 해소를 지향하는 교육개혁 차원에서 실시되고 있는 미국이나 동화주의를 채택하고 있는 프랑스와 달리 우리 사회의 다문화 시민교육의 목표는 다문화 이행 단계에 맞춰 소수 문화에 대한 이해와 차별 해소, 주류 사회의 소수자 문화의 포용에 초점을 둘 필요가 있다. 그러한 목표를 추구하면서 자유주의적 시민성을 바탕으로 한 다문화 시민교육의 방향을 다음과 같이 제시하였다. 첫째, 다문화 시민교육은 소수 집단의 문화를 이해하고 존중하며 그들 집단의 보편적 자유주의적 권리를 보장하는 데 목표를 두어야 한다. 둘째, 다문화 시민교육은 가치적 측면의 시민성의 덕목으로 관용, 다원주의, 비판적 태도 등을 강조하여야 한다. 셋째, 다문화 시민교육은 학생들이 지식의 사회적 구성 과정과 지식의 사회적 의미를 이해하고 다양한 관점에서 지식을 파악할 수 있도록 도와야 한다.