This study was performed to investigate the effect of heat-stressed environment on rumen microbial diversity in Holstein cows. Rectal temperature and respiration rate were measured and rumen fluid was collected under normal environment (NE; Temperature humidity index (THI)=64.6) and heat-stressed environment (HE; THI=87.2) from 10 Holstein cows (60±17.7 months, 717±64.4 kg) fed on the basis of dairy feeding management in National Institute of Animal Science. The rumen bacteria diversity was analyzed by using the Illumina HiSeq™ 4000 platform. The rectal temperature and respiratory rate were increased by 1.5ﾟC and 53 breaths/min in HE compared to that in NE, respectively. In this study, HE exposure induced significant changes of ruminal microbe. At phylum level, Fibrobacteres were increased in HE. At genus level, Ruminococcaceae bacterium P7 and YAD3003, Butyrivibrio sp. AE2032, Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium NK3D112, Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Lachnospiraceae bacterium FE2018, XBB2008, and AC2029, Eubacterium celulosolvens, Clostridium hathewayi, and Butyrivibrio hungatei were decreased in HE, while Choristoneura murinana nucleopolyhedrovirus, Calothrix parasitica, Nostoc sp. KVJ20, Anabaena sp. ATCC 33047, Fibrobacter sp. UWB13 and sp. UWB5, Lachnospiraceae bacterium G41, and Xanthomonas arboricola were increased in HE. In conclusion, HE might have an effect to change the rumen microbial community in Holstein cows.

In pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) process, thin film composite (TFC) type membranes which can withstand high operating pressure are required. In this study, glass fibers (GF) are used as additive for mechanical strength enhancement of the support layer of TFC membranes. The support layers were fabricated by a phase inversion method by using the casting solution of blended GF (two different size of milled GF) with polyethersulfone (PES). The fabricated support layers were characterized by FE-SEM, FT-IR, contact angle goniometer, and universal testing machine. Lab-scale ultrafiltration experiment was carried out to measure their performance. As a result, the support layer with milled GF showed higher mechanical strength and water flux than the pure PES support layer, and the support layer with smaller size GF showed higher performance.

본 연구에서는 해수를 유도용액으로 사용하고 하수처리수를 공급수로 사용하는 정삼투막 공정의 유기/바이오 오염물에 의한 막오염을 저감하기 위해 폴리도파민/탄소 나노 튜브 복합 분리막을 제작하였다. 분리막은 기존 계면중합반응에 탄소 나노 튜브를 첨가하여 초박형 복합 분리막을 제조한 후, 폴리도파민으로 코팅시켜 제조하였다. 제작 된 분리막은 알긴산나트륨(Sodium alginate)용액과 미생물(Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01) 부착 실험을 통하여 수투과도와 막오염도를 평가하였다. 그 결과, 폴리도파민/탄소 나노 튜브 복합 분리막은 복합되지 않은 분리막에 비하여 높은 수투과도와 낮은 막오염 성능을 보였다.

This experiment evaluated the interaction effect of extreme heat diet(EHD), inverse lighting, and cool water on the growth performance of broiler chickens under extreme heat stress. There were 4 experimental groups (T1: EHD 1, 10:00-19:00 dark, 19:00-10:00 light, cold water 9℃; T2: EHD 2, 10:00-19:00 dark, 19:00-10:00 light, cold water 9℃; T3: EHD 1, 09:00-18:00 dark, 18:00-09:00 light, cold water 14℃; T4: EHD 2, 09:00-18:00 dark, 18:00-09:00 light, cold water 14℃), each group composed of 25 broilers and the experiment was repeated 3 times. EHD 1 contained soybean oil, molasses, methionine and lysine. EHD 2 contained all nutrients of EHD 1 and vitamin C additionally. As a result, T1 and T2 displayed higher body weight increase and diet intake compared to T3 and T4 (p<0.05). The weights of their liver and gizzard were similar but the weights of the thymus and bursa F were higher for T1 and T2 compared to that of T3 and T4 (p<0.05). It was observed that T1 and T2 displayed higher concentrations of blood triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-C and blood sugar compared to that of T3 and T4 but LDL-C level was higher for T3 and T4 compared to that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). T1 and T2 displayed higher levels of immunity substances such as IgG, IgA and IgM compared to T3 and T4 but the blood level of corticosterone displayed to be lower for T1 and T2 compared to T3 and T4 (p<0.05). The T1 and T2 contained a higher amount of fecal lactobacillus compared to that of T3 and T4 but the T3 and T4 contained a higher amount of fecal E. coli, total aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria compared o that of T1 and T2 (p<0.05). T1 and T2 displayed higher concentrations of cecal acetic acid, ropionic acid and total short chain fatty acids compared to T3 and T4 but T3 and T4 displayed igher concentrations of butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid and isovaleric acid compared to T1 and T2 (p<0.05). These results have been observed that broiler chickens exposed to extreme eat stress with feeding EHD, inverse lighting and cold water would improve blood lipid, and elevate the production of immunity substance, beneficial microorganisms, and short chain fatty acids. This provision would also reduce the blood sugar consumption rate as energy sources and these effects will improve the growth performance of the broilers exposed to extreme heat.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of feeding the broilers that are exposed to extreme heat stress by control of inverse lighting times with night restricted feeding of extreme heat diet(EHD1, 2: extreme heat diet) containing different amount of soy oil, molasses, amino acids and vitamin C on short chain fatty acid and blood lipid profile. 300 broiler chickens(Abaica strain) were randomized into four dietary treatment groups according to a randomized block design on the day they were hatched. The four dietary treatment groups were: T1(EHD 1, 10:00~19:00 Dark, 19:00〜10:00 Light), T2(EHD 2, 10:00〜19:00 Dark, 19:00〜 10:00 Light), T3(EHD 1, 09:00〜18:00 Dark, 18:00〜09:00 Light), T4(EHD 2, 09:00〜18:00 Dark, 18:00~09:00 Light). The body weight gain of the broilers was highest in T2, and high in order T1, T4, T3(p<0.05). Weights of the lymphoid organ, thymus and bursa of Fabricius were high in T1, T2 as compared to T3, T4 but spleen was lower in T4 than T1, T2, T3(p<0.05). Blood triglyceride, total cholesterol and glucose were higher in T1, T2 than T3, T4(p<0.05). LDL-C was high in orderT4, T3, T2, T1 but HDL-C showed the opposite trend(p<0.05). Blood concentrations of IgG, IgG and IgM were higher in T1, T2 than inT3, T4, but the corticosterone concentration decreased significantly in them. In T1 and T2, Lactobacillus in the feces increased, but total aerobic bacteria, E.coli, coliform bacteria was decreased rather significantly, compared with those in T3 and T4(p<0.05). Concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid and total SCFA in cecum were high in order T2, T1, T3, T4, but butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid were lower in T1, T2 than in T3, T4 (p<0.05).

본 연구는 폭염 스트레스(extreme heat stress, EHS, 33±2℃)에 노출된 브로일러에서 대두유, 당밀, 아미노산, 비타민 C를 적절하게 함유하는 폭염사료 (extreme heat stress diet, EHSD)급여가 짧은 사슬지방산 및 성장능력에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 부화 당일 Ross 308 병아리 500 마리를 5처리구로 완전임의배치 하였다. 각 처리구는 4반복을 가졌으며 각 반복은 25마리씩 배치하였다. 처리구는 역전점등과 함께 T1 (일반환경+기초사료 basal diet, BD), T2 (EHS+BD), T3 (EHS+BD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체 및 당밀 2%를 함유하는 EHSD), T4 (EHS+BD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체, 당밀 2%, 메치오닌과 라이신을 각각 일반사료의 1.5배씩 함유하는 EHSD), T5 (EHS+BD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체, 당밀 2%, 메치오닌과 라이신을 각각 일반사료의 1.5배씩 추가 및 비타민 C 200 ppm을 함유하는 EHSD)로 구분하였다. 브로일러의 증체량은 T1, T2와 비교할 때 T4, T5에서 유의하게 증가하였다. 그리고 면역기관, F낭, 흉선, 비장의 무게는 서로 비슷하였다. 또한 혈청 IgG, IgA, IgM 농도는 T4, T5가 T1, T2에 비교할 때 높았으나 코르티코스테론 농도는 유의하게 낮아졌다. 특히 맹장의 Lactobacillus는 T4, T5가 T1, T2에 비해서 증가하였으나 Escherichia, Coliform, Total aerobic bacteria는 오히려 유의하게 감소하였다. 초산, 프로피온산 및 총 짧은 사슬지방산 함량은 T4, T5가 T1, T2와 비교할 때 유의하게 높았다.

본 연구는 연속조명과 함께 폭염 스트레스(extreme heat stress, EHS)에 노출된 브로일러에서 폭염사료 급여가 혈액지질, 성장능력, 면역기관, 혈청 면역물질, 맹장 미생물 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 일반 환경온도 (25℃) 또는 폭염스트레스 (33±2℃)하에서 사육한 병아리는 일반사료(chow diet, CD)와 폭염사료(extreme heat diet, EHD)를 섭취하였다. 부화 당일 Ross 308 병아리 500 마리를 5 처리구 4 반복(반복 펜 당 25 마리)으로 완전임의배치 하였다. T1 (일반환경+CD), T2 (EHS+CD), T3 (EHS+CD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체 및 당밀 5%를 함유하는 EHD), T4 (EHS+CD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체, 당밀 5%, 메치오닌과 라이신을 각각 CD 의 1.5 배씩 함유하는 EHD), T5 (폭염+CD 내 우지를 대두유로 대체, 당밀 5%, 메치오닌과 라이신을 각각 CD 의 1.5 배씩 추가 및 비타민 C 300 ppm 을 함유하는 EHD)로 구분하였다. EHS 는 체중 및 사료섭취량을 유의하게 감소하였다. 혈액지질, 혈액 면역물질, F 낭, 흉선 그리고 비장의 무게는 브로일러를 EHS 에 노출하였을 때 유의하게 낮아졌다. 일반 환경온도 처리군과 비교할 때 EHS 처리군에서 맹장 Lactobacillus sp.는 낮았으나 Escherichia sp., Salmonella sp. 및 총호기성균은 높게 나타났으며 각 처리구 사이의 통계적인 유의차가 인정되었다.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the reasonable levels of energy and protein for the production of large broilers. A total of nine hundred sixty, day old broiler chickens (Ross) were randomly divided into six groups with four replicates of forty birds each. Experiments were factorial designed with 3,100, 3,000, and 3,030 kcal of ME/kg and 22, 21, and 21% CP for the first week; and 3,100, 3,035, and 3,050 kcal of ME/kg and 19, 19, and 18.5% CP for the second and third week; and 3,100, 3,175, and 3,100 kcal of ME/kg and 17, 18, and 17.5 CP for the fourth and fifth week; and 3,100, 3,175, and 3,250 kcal of ME/kg and 17, 17, and 18% CP for the sixth and seventh week. Body weight and feed conversion ratio were higher in T3 than the other treatments groups (p<0.05). Feed intake was higher in than males than females treatment group (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in carcass percent and leg meats production rate was 22.5% in T1 treatment of male and female were 22.5% of the T5 treatment. In addition, 21.4% in females treated T4 and T6 treatment was 21.5%. Abdominal fat was higher in males than females. After seven weeks, the moisture content of litter did not differ among the treatments. In the experimental results, large male broilers at the end of the feeding in protein and energy levels should be increased. However, females did not suggest a need to increase.

본 연구의 목적은 경기도에 거주하는 북한이탈주민의 정신건강 수준을 파악하고 이러한 정신건강에 어떠한 요인들이 영향을 미치는지를 알아보고 향후 이들의 정신건강 증진을 위한 실천적 함의를 제시하는데 있다. 이를 위해 경기도 6개 권역소재 하나센터의 협조를 받아 경기도 거주 20세 이상 북한이탈주민 212명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과, 북한이탈주민의 교육수준과 국내 거주기간에서 정신건강에 유의미한 차이를 나타내었다. 또한 교육수준과 자아존중감, 탈북과정 외상 경험이 정신건강에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 제시되었다. 이러한 연구결과에 대하여 향후 추진되어야 할 북한이탈주민의 정신건강 증진은 기존 정신보건서비스 전달체계 범위 내에서 인접 자원의 조정과 연계를 통해 접근성과 포괄성, 전문성이 확보되는 방향으로 접근하는 것이 필요하다고 제언하였다.