본 논문은 칼 라너가 주장한 근본적 인간 경험의 개념이 인간 주체 안에서 이루어지는 초월적 경험을 이해하는데 있어서 매우 중요한 새로운 방법을 제시하고 있음을 연구하고자 한다. 계몽주의 시대 이후로 인간에 대한 새로운 이해의 시각이 대두되기 시작했으며, 특별히 인간이 주체적으로 의미를 형성하는데 중심적인 역할을 하기 시작했다. 신적 계시 보다는 사고하는 주체로서 인간의 내면적 자아가 어떤 측면에서 의미의 원천이 되는 경향을 보이기 시작했다. 라너의 사고의 중요성은 근본적 인간 경험에 대한 이해의 깊이를 심화 시켰다는 것과 초월의 개념을 초월의 유신론적 이해를 넘어서, 더 확장 시켰다는 것이다. 따라서 본 논문은 첫번째로 근본적 인간 경험이 모든 사람들에게 존재한다는 것과 동시에 신에 대한 경험을 피할 수 없다는 것을 보여 주고자 한다. 두번째로 인간은 질문이라는 역동성과 존재에 대한 선험적 인식을 통해서 초월 할 수 있다는 것을 도출할 것이다. 세번째로 에르네스트 블로흐와 발터 벤야민에서 드러나는 무신론적 초월의 개념이 초월의 유신론적 이해와 매우 연관이 깊다는 것을 연구 할 것이다.

Osteoarthritis is a disorder characterized by a loss of cartilage as common aging-associated disease in humans and animals. However, unlike human clinical trials, investigational studies in pet animals are constrained by a lack of interest and funds. In addition, pet owners would often prefer the lowest cost method to treat arthritis of pet animals. Here, we report the outstanding and inexpensive way to prepare chondrocytes for cartilage repair using rabbit adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This study focused on the development and enhancement of pre-chondrogenic condensation under external electric fields even without additional growth factors. We found that highly compact structures were formed within 3 days in micromass cultures of rabbit MSCs under electrical stimulation (ES), showing increased COL2A1 gene expression compared with their control 3D micromass cultures and 2D monolayer cultures. We further found that ES enhanced the production of proteoglycan, a highly produced extracellular matrix component in chondrocytes. Collectively, these results provide the commercial potential of electrical stimulation driving chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells for repair of cartilage, which is a budget-friendly regimen.

This study aimed to identify the key factors influencing the U.S. millennial consumers’ willingness to recycle their denim apparel to brands or retailers. Consumer perceived value model provides the theoretical framework and guides data analysis. Five main values identified are the perceived social, financial, emotional, convenience and ecological values.

This study aimed to identify the effects of shopping environmental stimuli on Chinese consumers’ functional and symbolic value perceptions toward luxury lifestyle fashion stores. An enhanced S-O-R (stimulus-organism-response) model was used as the theoretical foundation. Significant relationships were identified between shopping environmental stimuli and the perceived values.

Pleurotus nebrondensis is a new type of commercially cultivated edible mushroom in china. It is well knowned for its large and fat body, pure white color and tender character, the most of delicious taste in many kinds of mushroom and ample nutrition. However, it is not spreaded because there are no domestic cultivar and stable cultivation method. For the new cultivar, we aim to find the superior strains for better mycelial and fruit body growth. So, we carried out to obtain morphological and physiological characteristics for an artificial cultivation of Pleurotus nebrodensis for collected strains. Twenty strains were cultivated with bottle and bag culture selected of high quality yield two strains. GMPN65034 was the highest yield with 133g/900㎖ for bottle cultivation. GMPN65027 was the highest yield with 145g/1.0kg for bag cultivation. In the future, we have the research project of Pleurotus nebrondensis breeding and culture system for stable production of a new reasonable substrate.

This study was conducted to investigation species of microbes collected form SMS(spent mushroom substrate) of oyster mushroom. SMS samples were collected from two farms and mushroom research Institute in Gyeonggi-Do. 52 microbial isolates form SMS of oyster mushroom were collected. 24 of these isolates identified Bacillus sp. By using 16s rDNA. Among the isolates, Bacillus sp. was the most abundant with 46% of total isolates, followed by Lactococcus sp. with 20% and Saccharomycetales contained Galactomyces sp. with 19%. To define the optimum conditions for the cell mass of major isolates collected from SMS of oyster mushroom, we have investigated optimum culture condition such as pH, temperature, and incubation time. Optimum initial pH, temperature and incubation time of Bacillus sp. were determined as pH 6.0, 25°C and 48 hours, respectively. In the Lactococcus sp, optimum initial pH 6.0, optimum initial temperature 35°C and optimum growth period 48 hours. Optimum initial conditions of Saccharomycetales were investigated as pH 7.0, temperature 25°C and growth period 36 hours, respectively.

This experiment was conducted to establish the best salting for oyster mushrooms fermented pickles to develop new product and enhance quality for long term preservation. Changes of brine solution and mushroom were investigated during salting 10, 13, 16, 19% for 20 days by raw, blanched and dried type. The pH of the brine solution in the raw and dried mushroom form decreased and increased in the blanched form during storage. There was general increasing tendency of salinity of the brine solution as preservation period increases. The final salinity of mushroom after 20 days was generally lower than initial salinity and moisture content tended to be lowered as the salinity increases. The final hardness of mushroom after 20 days was mostly high in dried type and tended to be lowered in high salinity. The L value on the stand part of mushroom was brighter as the salinity decreases and the b value tended to be lowered as the salinity increases.

By adopting transactional social commerce functions from mobile apps, individuals can sell products and services directly to friends on their contact list. This drives micro entrepreneurs with fewer than ten employees and less than a €2million annual balance (European Union Law, 2013) to become key drivers for economic growth (Paoloni & Dumay, 2011). In particular, individuals aged 18-34 become inspired by images on social networks for clothing and fashion products. Hence, fashion products are popular business items for micro-entrepreneurs. Despite potential benefits for social commerce, micro-fashion entrepreneurs in many countries are still unaware of apps’ use in social commerce to sell products, and to create and manage social capital for their business. This exploratory research aimed to investigate how micro-fashion entrepreneurs adopt transactional-focused social commerce and utilize social capital embedded in network ties for their marketing and sales, based on innovation diffusion and social capital theory. Research questions included: (1) How do micro-fashion entrepreneurs adopt social commerce? (2) How does social capital in network ties contribute to marketing and sales in social commerce? To answer these research questions, qualitative data from phone interviews with 16 micro-fashion entrepreneurs selling fashion products through WeChat in China were analyzed, adopting a thematic analysis. Data indicated micro-fashion entrepreneurs have positive attitudes, based on their experience and knowledge of WeChat. They adopt social commerce to (1) sell products in a new way, (2) connect with customers, and (3) reduce financial risk, while an innovative channel for entrepreneurship. Also, operating a business through WeChat required less time commitment compared with brick and mortar, and online stores, because accessing services like WeChat have payment systems, share images and messages. Free calls and messages are already available. The interview data demonstrated micro-entrepreneurs have an advantage when adopting social network ties in WeChat and implementing social capital embedded in marketing sales networks. Structural, relational, and cognitive capital contribute to micro-entrepreneurs’ marketing and sales interactively. An individual could access target customers, based on networks already established social media platforms and facilitate entrepreneurs’ adoption of social commerce. Also, since trust, shared goals, and languages exist on these network ties, there exists an increase for entrepreneurs’ accessibility to use social commerce to initiate their business, while decreasing business operating expenses, promoting products, and building relationships with customers. In addition, relational capital built by interactions with each customer brings cognitive capital to promote products and strong network ties.

A total of nine Korean indigenous goats were used in a cross-over arrangement to give nine replicates per treatment, and they were housed individually assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments. Nine treatments were 0, 500, and 1000 ppm of quercetin supplementation in diets by mixing roughage and concentrate with different ratios (RC ratio) of 3:7 (RC 30), 5:5 (RC 50) and 7:3 (RC 70). Nutrient utilizations of dry matter, crude fat and NDF were not affected by neither RC ratio nor dietary quercetin (p>0.05), but the rate of crude protein and ADF increased in animals in RC 70 group regardless of quercetin supplementation (p<0.05). In addition, higher RC ratio increased (p<0.05) N retention and N retention rate. Total VFA, acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, iso-valeric acid and valeric acid contents were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary quercetin. Meanwhile, lower total cholesterol level exhibited in animals in RC 70 group compared to RC 30 or 50 groups, unrelated to dietary quercetin (p<0.05), however other plasma parameters were not influenced (p>0.05) by RC ratio and dietary quercetin. Our results indicated that both RC ratio and dietary quercetin may not directly affect the production indices and immune responses in Korean indigenous goat

The beneficial effects of EM on plant growth, yield, quality in agriculture have been consistently demonstrated. In this study, EM of four types used is Lactobaillus sp., saccharomyces cerevisiea, Rhodobacter sp. and Bacillus sp.. Bacillus sp. inhibited Mycelium growth of the oyster mushroom in agar plate. Bacillus sp. is known to suppress plant pathogenic microorganism in soil. The other three type of EM did not inhibit mycelium growth of oyster mushroom. Also when filtering media of Lactobacillus sp. and saccharomyces cerevisiea cultivation add to liquid media(PDB) of oyster mushroom, mycelium growth was a little faster than control. In the column test, Mycelium growth of the medium inoculated with 0.5% saccharomyces cerevisiea was faster than the control. In the substrate inoculated Rhodobacter sp. was similar to the control. In the substrate inoculated Lactobacillus sp. of higher concentration, mycelium growth of the oyster mushroom was showed late than control.

This study carried out to develop a healthy vinegar with mushrooms mycelia (Cordyceps militaris, Phellinus baumi, Pleurotus cornucopiae, Ganoderma lucidum). As results of analysis of functionality, mycelia culture with brown rice were higher than that of brown rice. The highest beta-glucan contents was showed in Phellinus baumi culture as 78.7mg/g and cordycepin was detected in Cordyceps militaris culture as 0.34mg/g. Physicochemical properties of mushroom mycelia vinegars(MMV), Cordyceps militaris and Pleurotus cornucopiae vinegar is higher acidity and reducing sugar content. Sensory evaluation of MMV, Cordyceps militaris and Pleurotus cornucopiae vinegar was 7.29 and 6.59, respectively. In case of analysis of functional and bioactive components, Cordyceps militaris vinegar was excellent polyphenol, antioxidant activity, and also contained 786ppm of cordycepin. Pleurotus cornucopiae vinegar was showed the highest content of beta-glucan as 20.9mg/g. Cordyceps militaris vinegar was higher antihypertensive activity and anti tyrosinase activiy than that of brown rice vinegar. In addition, Pleurotus cornucopiae vinegar was showed the highest anti-gout activity.

Mycelial growth of oyster mushroom is very important. Because the management of careless mycelial growth can be caused contamination and low yield of fruit body. To reduce contamination, it is necessary to maintain clean the cooling room, inoculation room and cultivation room. In generally, most farmers maintain clean cooling room and inoculation room. However It is very difficult to cleanly manage the culture room. So we set up HEPA filter in the culture room of three farms, investigated the density and type of drop microorganism before and after using HEPA filter in the cultivation room. The density of drop microorganism after using HEPA filter in cultivation room was lower than that of before using HEPA filter. The density of drop microorganism of three farms was showed same results. Also when using a HEPA filter in the cultivation room, the contamination rate was reduced.

Mycelial growth of Oyster mushroom is very important. Because the management of careless mycelial growth can be caused contamination and low yield of fruit body. To reduce contamination, it is necessary to maintain clean cooling room, inoculation room and cultivation room. First of all, we investigate death rate of microorganism according to ultraviolet(uv) irradiation in cooling room, inoculation room and contamination rate according to sterilization condition of substrate. Though contamination rates according to sterilization conditions were not showed big differences, the amount of electricity-used was the lowest at 121°C for 90 minute. As results of UV irradiation time effect on death rate of microorganism, density of bacteria was not detected after UV irradiation for 6 hours by using UV lamp(40watt) in the room of 56m3. However the death rate of fungi is not big in the same UV irradiation conditions.

In previous studies, we selected green LED(light emitting diodes) for suitable wavelength of light by higher commercial yields and lower ratio of abnormal fruit body in Lentinula edodes. In this study, we aim to select efficient irradiation intensity of green LED. Stronger irradiation intensity of green LED resulted in more polyphenol contents of fruit body. In four level of irradiation intensity, 5, 10, 15, 20umol/m2/sec there was no big difference in commercial yields and characteristics of fruit body. In addition, Lower irradiation intensity resulted in smaller amount of electircity used. In conclusion, we selected 5umol/m2/sec for suitable irradiation intensity in Lentinula edodes with sawdust substrate cultivation.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the agreement and test-retest repeatability of two methods for measuring magnitude of toric lens rotation. The two methods assessed were using the slit lamp biomicroscope and a newly developed software tool for the iPhone platform called “Toric App” which uses the built-in camera of the iPhone. Methods: Thirty three participants (66 eyes) wore toric lens (silicon hydrogel material with the prism ballast design) both eyes. Two operators, both registered optometrists, measured toric lens rotation using the two methods. One operator used the same method twice for an assessment of test-retest repeatability of each method. Inter- and intra-operator agreement and repeatability were assessed using Bland-Altman analysis. Results: The ninety-five percent confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the limits of agreement between the silt-lamp biomicroscope and Toric App methods was ±9.1 degrees. Measurements using the two different methods showed no statistically significant mean difference (0.40) (paired t-test, p=0.32). Inter-observer agreement of lens rotation was ±7.9 degree (95% CIs) using the slit-lamp microscope and ±7.8 degree using the Toric App. Intra-observer repeatability was ±6.6 degree using the slit lamp microscope and ±6.8 using the Toric App. Conclusions: The results should be considered in view of the fact that toric lenses are not static but move with the blink thus the location of the reference point is unlikely to be at exactly the same location at the different measurement times. Despite this source of variability in the results, the newly developed software tool for iPhone provides clinically comparable performance to slit lamp biomicroscope measurement which does not appear to be operator dependent. This software tool may be a useful for those optometric practices have limited access to a slit-lamp biomicroscop

Myanmar is located in the Southeastern region of Asia. It lies between latitudes 9° and 29°N, and longitudes 92° and 102°E. The bordering countries are China on the northern side, Thailand and Laos on the eastern region, Bangladesh on the western side and India on the northwestern region. Myanmar has a total area of 678,500 square kilometers (262,000 sq mi). The rainy season exists primarily during the months between June and September. Whiledry season stays during the months between December and April. Northern regions of the country are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 ℃ (70 ℉). Coastal and delta regions have an average temperature of 32 ℃ (86.9 ℉). This expedition was conducted four times for three years. Among them we explored three area including Popa Mountain, Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park and Nat Ma Taung National Park[Popa Mountain(8.7~8.17, 2011; 7.24~8.3 2012; 2.18~2.28 2013), Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park(2.2~2.9, 2012) and Nat Ma Taung National Park(2.18~2.28 2013)]. Collecting methods was sweeping net, lignt trap, burket trap, pitfall trap with other method, and collected especially mainly Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. As the result, totally about 30 families in Coleoptera and 7 families in Lepidoptera were collected, among them Carabidae and Nymphalidae was revealed most diversity species. Main collect specimens, expedition activities and collections data etc. were provided herein.

Piracy poses a great danger to international security and peace. It is necessary for the international community and individual States to take actions to suppress piracy. Despite international cooperation and existing international antipiracy laws, the international community lacks an effective legal regime to suppress piracy. China has fundamental interests in fighting against piracy and has actively cooperated in accordance with the relevant UNSC resolutions. However, China’s domestic antipiracy laws are defective in their substantive and procedural aspects. Further efforts should be made at both the national and international levels in order to effectively suppress global piracy.

Graphite has hexagonal closed packing structure with two bonding characteristics of van der Waals bonding between the carbon layers at c axis, and covalent bonding in the carbon layer at a and b axis. Graphite has high tolerant to the extreme conditions of high temperature and neutron irradiations rather than any other materials of metals and ceramics. However, carbon elements easily react with oxygen at as low as 400C. Considering the increasing production of today of hydrogen and electricity with a nuclear reactor, study of oxidation characteristics of graphite is very important, and essential for the life evaluation and design of the nuclear reactor. Since the oxidation behaviors of graphite are dependent on the shapes of testing specimen, critical care is required for evaluation of nuclear reactor graphite materials. In this work, oxidation rate and amounts of the isotropic graphite (IG-110, Toyo Carbon), currently being used for the Koran nuclear reactor, are investigated at various temperature. Oxidation process or principle of graphite was figured out by measuring the oxidation rate, and relation between oxidation rate and sample shape are understood. In the oxidation process, shape effect of volume, surface area, and surface to volume ratio are investigated at 600℃, based on the sample of ASTM C 1179-91.