Insects have gained increasing attention as an alternative protein and nutrient rich food source for humans. This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and harmful components of edible crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) in the 6 districts of Yeonggwang (YG), Jeongseon (JS), Wonju (WJ), Hwaseong (HS), Geochang (GC), and Chungju (CJ). The average crude protein and crude lipid contents on a dry basis were 64.34% and 16.60%, respectively. The crude protein content of CJ was the highest (67.40%), whereas YG (59.42%) had the lowest content. On the other hand, the crude fat content of YG was the highest (20.61%), whereas CJ (14.04%) had the lowest content. The unsaturated fatty acid contents were 57.97-63.93 g/100 g of the total fatty acid content in the crickets of the 6 districts. The major fatty acids of the crickets in the 6 districts were palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Among the essential amino acids, valine, leucine, and lysine were the most abundant. GC had the highest total amino acids (57.93 g/100 g), whereas YG (48.65 g/100 g) had the lowest. Major mineral contents included potassium (K, 0.92~1.01 mg/100 mg) and phosphorus (P, 0.74~0.88 mg/100 mg). The mineral composition was fairly similar among the crickets. Crickets in the 6 districts were verified to have safe levels of residual heavy metals according to the Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) advisory levels.

본 연구는 V. nashicola에 의해 발생하는 배 검은별무늬병 에 저항성을 가지는 유전자를 선발하고자 고도 저항성 ‘93-3-98’과 고도 감수성 ‘스위트스킨’에 병 접종후 24시간, 48시간후 엽을 채취하여 suppression subtractive hybridization 을 수행하였다. ESTs 분석결과 ‘93-3-98’에서만 발현된 유전 자는 24H(tester, 24시간 ’93-3-98; driver, 24시간 ‘스위트스킨’)과 48H(tester, 48시간 ’93-3-98; driver, 48시간 ‘스위트 스킨’)에서 각각 9개, 14개였으며 방어 또는 스트레스에 관련 된 유전자의 비율은 각각 40%와 42%였다. 식물의 방어반응에 관련된 PR protein family 유전자로써는 24H에서 pathogenesisrelated protein 1a, major allergen Pyr c 1과 allergen mal d 1, 48H에서는 major allergen Mal d 1.03B 유전자가 특이 적으로 발현되었고 다수의 방어반응에 관련된 유전자들도 확 인되었다. Major allergen Pyr c 1, F-Box/kelch-repeat protein, flavoprotein wrbA, hypothetical protein POPTRDRAFT_ 783792은 고도저항성 ‘Bartlett’과 ‘93-3-98’에서만 높게 발 현 되었으며 중도저항성 ‘감천배’와 감수성 ‘원황’, 고도 감수 성 ‘신고’와 ‘스위트스킨’에서는 낮게 발현되어 검은별무늬병 저항성 연관 유전자로 확인되었다.

사과는 배우체형 자가불화합성을 나타내는데 이는 S-locus의 복대립유전자에 의해 조절된다. 본 연구는 S-allele specific PCR분석을 통해 신품종을 포함한 24종의 사과 주요 재배품종과 7종의 꽃사과 품종의 자가불화합성 유전자형(S-genotype)을 결정하고자 수행하였다. 31종의 재배품종과 꽃사과 품종 을 23종의 S-allele specific primer을 이용하여 분석한 결과 12개의 S-allele (S1, S2, S3, S5, S7, S9, S10, S16, S21, S23, S26, S29)이 동정되었다. 그 중에서 24종의 재배품종에는 S1(41.7%), S3(58.3%), S7(29.2%), S9(54.2%)의 S-allele이 흔히 존재하는 것으로 확인되었다. 국내육성 신품종인 ‘아리수’와 ‘황옥’의 S-genotype은 각각 S3S7과 S3S9으로 동정되었다. 본 실험에서 얻은 S-genotype 정보는 안정적인 사과 과실생산에 적합한 수분수 선발과 육종프로그램에서 교배조합 작성에 유용 하게 활용될 것이다.

신선편이 연근의 갈변도를 분석하는 방법으로써 이미지 분석법에 대한 가능성에 대해서 연구하였다. 우선 신선편 이 연근의 갈변 저해 처리를 위해서 50℃의 증류수에 5분간 블랜칭 처리(DB), 50℃의 1% ascorbic acid에 5분간 블랜칭 처리(AB), 50℃의 1% citric acid에 5분간 블랜칭 처리(CB) 하고, 절단 후 아무 처리도 하지 않은 것을 대조구로 하였다. 갈변 저해 처리 후 0.04 mm의 polyethylene film(25 cm×30 cm)에 열 접합 포장 후 4℃에서 9일 동안 저장하면서 관능 평가, 갈변도, polyphenol oxidase 활성을 분석하였다. 연근 의 갈변도 분석은 사진 자료를 바탕으로 3가지 컬러 모델을 사용하였는데, 우선 RGB와 CIE L*a*b* 컬러 모델에서 각각 의 색 지표를 분석하고 HSV 컬러 모델을 이용하여 갈변 면적을 분석하였다. 관능 평가에서 AB와 CB 처리구가 저 장 9일째까지 갈변 현상이 가장 많이 억제된 것으로 나타났 고, RGB 컬러 모델에서 R, G, B 값이 모든 처리구에서 감소하는 것을 확인하였으며, 특히 AB와 CB 처리구에서 감소하는 정도가 가장 적은 것으로 나타났다. CIE L*a*b*와 HSV 컬러 모델에서는 저장 기간이 지남에 따라서 L*값은 감소하고 a*, b* 값과 갈변 면적은 증가하는 것으로 확인되 었는데 AB와 CB 처리구에서 값의 변화 정도가 가장 낮은 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. Polyphenol oxidase 활성 분석에서 도 모든 저장 기간 동안 AB와 CB 처리구에서 효소의 활성 이 가장 낮게 나타났으며, 위의 결과들을 토대로 유기산과 블랜칭 병용 처리에 의해서 연근의 갈변이 억제되었음을 확인하였다. 관능 평가와 모든 실험 결과 값의 상관관계 분석에서는 최소 0.84 이상의 상관관계가 있었는데, 특히 L* 값이 0.93으로 상관관계가 가장 높은 것을 확인 하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 실시한 이미지 분석법은 다양한 컬러 모델을 이용하여서 신선편이 연근의 갈변도를 분석하기에 적합한 것으로 판단된다.

The turtle leg (Pollicipes mitella), which belongs to the family Pollicipes, is widely distributed in the rock along the shore areas of the southern sea, Jeju island and Ulleungdo island of Korean Peninsula. Generally, the size, type, stripe pattern, and color of this species vary in accordance with water depth, turbidity, nutrition, growth period, water temperature, and other environmental aspects. Genomic DNAs were isolated from 21 individuals of three turtle leg (P. mitella) populations of Tongyeong, Yeosu and Manjaedo located in the southern sea of the Korean peninsula. After incubation, we added 300 l of 3 M NaCl, and gently pipetted for a few minutes. 600 l of chloroform was then added to the mixture and inverted (no phenol). The DNA pellets were then incubation-dried for more than 10 hours, maintained at -40℃ until analysis, then dissolved in the ultra-pure water. The concentration of the extracted genomic DNA was measured by its absorbance ratio at 260 nm, with a spectrophotometer (Beckman DU 600 series, UK). Seven primers were exposed to generate the unique loci to each population and number of shared loci by the three populations of turtle leg which could be clearly scored. The hierarchical clustering tree was analyzed by the similarity matrices to generate a dendrogram using pc-package program Systat version 10. As regards average bandsharing value (BS) results, the higher fragment sizes (>1,200 bp) are much more observed in the Yeosu population. The number of unique loci to each population and number of shared loci by the three populations generated by PCR using 7 decamer primers in the turtle leg (P. mitella) population of Tongyeong, Yeosu and Manjaedo. Genetic distances among different individuals of the Tongyeong population of the turtle leg (lane 01~07), Yeosu population of the turtle leg (lane 08~14) and Manjaedo population of the turtle leg (lane 15~21), respectively, were generated using the CLASSIFICATION option in Systat version 10 according to the bandsharing values and similarity matrix. Tongyeong population could be evidently discriminated with the other two Yeosu and Manjaedo populations among three populations. The longest genetic distance (0.305) was found to exist between individuals' no. 02 of the Tongyeong population and no. 13 of the Yeosu population. It seems to the author that this is a result of a high degree of inbreeding in narrow region for a long while. Three turtle leg (P. mitella) populations can be clearly distinguished, especially, by their morphological characters and PCR-based approach.

A new powdery mildew resistant squash (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) ‘Miso' was bred from a cross between powdery mildew resistant true variety ‘Sangol’ and powdery mildew susceptible inbred line ‘Seoulmadi’ at National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science (NIHHS). The ‘Miso’ variety was vigorous and highly resistant to powdery mildew. It showed white green fruit color. The variety yielded 21.3MT/ha which is 52% more than control variety.

본 실험은 동남참게, Eriocheir japonicus의 명확한 생식년주기를 밝히기 위하여, 그들의 자연 서식처인 섬진강에서 채집한 성체 참게의 생식소 조직의 계절적인 변화 그리고, 암 참게 생식소의 성숙과 산란에 미치는 환경요인 즉, 온도, 광주기 그리고, 염분 농도에 대하여 조사하였다. 암 참게의 생식소 발달과 GSI의 계절적 변화를 기초로하여 생식년주기를 다음과 같이 4단계로 구분하였다: 난황형성전기월), GSI는 낮았으며, 난소내에는 난황형성전난황형성전기와 감수분열전기의 난모세포들을 가지고 있었다; 성숙기(11월～다음해 3월), GSI는 점차적으로 증가하여 난모세포내에는 난황구들이 축적되었다; 산란기(4～6월), 암 참게의 GSI는 최고치를 나타내며, 포란한 암 참게들이 나타난다; 휴지기(7～8월), GSI가 급격하게 감소하며, 난황형성기의 난모세포들은 퇴화한다. 암컷 생식소의 성숙은 수온에 의한 영향을 받으나, 광주기에는 영향을 받지 않았다. 광주기 조건(12L12D, 9L15D)에 관계없이, 10℃ 실험군의 암 참게보다, 18℃ 실험군의 암 참게의 GSI가 더욱더 증가하였다. 그리고, 26℃ 실험군에서 두 개의 광주기 조건(12L12D, 9L15D)에서 암 참게의 GSI는 변화하지 않았으며, 난소내에는 난황이 축적되고 있는 난모세포들은 없었다. 산란은 수온과 염분 농도에 의하여 많은 영향을 받으며, 난황형성중인 암 참게는 두 달간 사육하여도, 10℃에서는 전혀 산란을 하지 않았으며, 18℃와 26℃에서 사육한 암 참게의 반 이상은 염분 농도 9.6‰와 19.2‰의 조건하에서 산란하였다. 그러나, 염분 농도 0.0‰의 조건에서는 산란한 암 참게가 한 마리도 없었다.

This study was conducted to develop the effects of site environmental factors on estimation of site index function for Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher stands. We derived nonlinear growth equation and the draw site index curves by applying this estimated equation. This study with Chapman-Richards function showed significant P-value which was less then 0.0001 and R2 value 0.5947. This study was conducted to develop the feasible site index equation of Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher. For the table, the data of 82 sample areas that were thought to be without errors among the data of Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher sample area located on the value-oriented forest location chart were used and estimated. After analyzing the quantification method I based on 13 environmental factors to develop the score table for the site-index estimation of Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher, R2 value of the model was 0.7555. It has been analyzed that the scope value of Soil moisture in horizon A was 7.5045, that of total soil depth was 6.3896, that of topography was 5.3471, that of slope was 4.7000 and that of aspect was 3.2038. After analyzing the partial correlation to examine the factors that affected most the site-index of Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher, it has been noted that the partial correlation of climatic zone was 0.4987, which was highest, and it was followed by Soil moisture in horizon A (0.4592), slope (0.4537), topography (0.3299) and total soil depth (0.1035). As a result of conducting the significance test for partial correlation, it has been found that topography, climatic zone, parent rock, slope, altitude, aspect, Soil moisture in horizon A, soil hardness in horizon A and total soil depth were recognized significant with 1% of significance level and sedimentary type and soil texture in horizon A were recognized significant with 5% of significance level.

To investigate the changes in the composition and pool size of nitrogen metabolites under drought stress, white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were exposed to -0.04MPa (well-watered, control) or to -0.12MPa (drought-stressed) of soil water potential during 28 days. Dry weight of leaves in drought-stressed plants was remarkably decreased by 45% and 74% within 14 days and 28 days, respectively, compared with control. For nitrate concentration after 28 days of treatment, a significant difference (1.6 times higher in drought-stressed plants) was observed only in stolon. NH3 -NH4 + concentration in all three organs of drought-stressed plants linearly increased to more than 1.6 times higher level at 28 day when compared to the initial level (day 0), while the increasing rate in control was much less than that of drought-stressed plants. Proline concentrations in drought-stressed plants remarkably increased and reached to 7, 13 and 17 times higher level at 28 day compared to control. Protein concentration in leaves of drought-stressed plants tended to decrease, while it slightly increased during the first 14 days and reached a plateau afterward in control. There was not significant difference in the proteins concentration of stolon and roots throughout experimental period. On SDS-PAGE analysis, two major proteins specifically induced by drought stress (16-kD and 18-kD) were detected in stolon.n.

To investigate the changes in the composition and pool size of carbohydrates under drought stress, white clover (Triforium repens L.) were exposed to -0.04 Mpa(well-watered, control) or to -0.12 Mpa (drought-stressed) of soil water potential during 28 days. Dry weight of leaves in drought-stressed plants was remarkably decreased by 45% within 14 days and 74% within 28 days compared to those of the control. Glucose concentration in drought-stressed plants was increased, while that of control was slightly decreased or remained at same level throughout experimental period. Fructose and sucrose concentrations in leaves were not significantly changed for drought-stressed plants, but those of the control were significantly decreased on plant after 14 days. Fructose and sucrose concentrations in stolon of control plants were sharply decreased, while that of drought-stressed plants was less varied. Those concentrations in roots were generally increased in drought-stressed plants. The concentration of total soluble sugars at 28 day was 438.0 and 632.6 mg g-l dwt. in control and drought stressed plants, respectively. Starch concentration of stolon and roots of control plants was significantly increased to 2.0 and 1.4 times of initial level, respectively, whereas those of drought stressed plants was nearly same level or slightly decreased compared to initial level.l.

To investigate the partitioning of newly absorbed N derived from NO3 - and NH4 + , 6 mM K15 NO3 or 3 mM (15 NH4 )2 was fed continuously in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflrum L.) for 7 days. Nitrogen metabolites (nitrate, amino acid, soluble- and insoluble protein) were analyzed at the end of 15 N feeding. Dry weight in shoot, stubble and root was not significantly different between NO3 [-10] and NH4 + feeding. Total nitrogen content in all three organs was significantly higher in NH4 + than NO3 [-10] feeding. Sum on N content in reduced N fractions (amino acids + proteins) in shoot, stubble and roots in NH4 + feeding increased by 13.3, 12.5 and 35.4 %, respectively, compared to NO3 [-10] feeding. The Relative Specific Activity (RSA, percentage of newly absorbed 15 N relative to total N in a sample) values of amino acids and insoluble proteins were significantly higher in NH4 + feeding. Total amount of newly absorbed 15 N in NO3 [-10] and NO3 [-10] feeding was 52.3 and 69.5 mg/plant on dry matter basis, respectively. In both NH4 + and NO3 [-10] grown plants, most of the N was allocated to the shoot, 67.5% in NH4 + feeding and 58.8% NO3 [-10] feeding, respectively. The 15 N amount incorporated in the reduced N compounds (amino acids and proteins) in NH4 + grown plants significantly increased by 74.8% compared to NO3 [-10] grown plants. The increase of the 15 N amount assimilated to amino acids in NH4 + grown plants was remarkably higher in roots as more than 7.25 times compared to NO3 [-10] feeding. These results indicated that Italian ryegrass was much efficiently utilized NH4 + -N for the synthesis of reduced N compounds.reduced N compounds.

To investigate of C and N metabolisms in response to phosphorus-deficient stress during regrowth of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), C and N metabolites were analyzed at 0, 6, 12 and 24 days after defoliation. P-sufficient (control, +P) and P-absent (-P) nutrient solutions were applied from 7 days before defoliation, and continued for one cycle of 24 day-regrowth period. During 24 days of regrowth, dry matter of regrowing shoots and remaining tissues were not significantly different between +P and -P treatment. In remaining stubble, 70% to 91 % decline of the initial level (at day 0) in all C compounds occurred during the first 6 days of regrowth. Initial amounts of nitrate and amino acids in roots were significantly higher in the +P medium. Nitrate contents in stubble in the +P medium significantly decreased for the first 12 days and then rapidly recovered, while that of the -P medium continuously decreased until day 24. Amino acids in stubble in the P medium were continuously increased during the whole regrowth period. Soluble proteins in stubble in the +P medium also largely fell down (46.0% of the initial) for only the first 6 days, however the decline in the -P medium continued until day 12. In regrowing shoots, the accumulation of C compounds was significantly higher, while that of N compounds except amino acids was largely lower in the -P medium. These results showed a stimulation of carbohydrate synthesis and a compensatory utilization of organic reserves occurred to support regrowth under P-deficient condition.